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Technicians make repairs to bitcoin mining machines at a mining facility operated by Bitmain in Ordos, Inner Mongolia, China, on Friday, Aug. 11, 2017.
Qilai Shen | Bloomberg | Getty Images

China has long been home to more than half the world’s bitcoin miners, but now, Beijing wants them out ASAP. 

In May, the government called for a severe crackdown on bitcoin mining and trading, setting off what’s being dubbed in crypto circles as “the great mining migration.” This exodus is underway now, and it could be a game changer for Texas.

Mining is the energy-intensive process which both creates new coins and maintains a log of all transactions of existing digital tokens. 

Despite a lack of reserves that caused days-long blackouts last winter, Texas often has some of the world’s lowest energy prices, and its share of renewables is growing over time, with 20% of its power coming from wind as of 2019. It has a deregulated power grid that lets customers choose between power providers, and crucially, its political leaders are very pro-crypto – dream conditions for a miner looking for a kind welcome and cheap energy sources.

“You are going to see a dramatic shift over the next few months,” said Brandon Arvanaghi, previously a security engineer at crypto exchange Gemini. “We have governors like Greg Abbott in Texas who are promoting mining. It is going to become a real industry in the United States, which is going to be incredible.”

China’s mining dominance

2021 data for the global distribution of mining power is not yet available, but past estimates have shown that 65% to 75% of the world’s bitcoin mining happened in China – mostly in four Chinese provinces: Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Sichuan, and Yunnan. Sichuan and Yunnan’s hydropower make them renewable energy meccas, while Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia are home to many of China’s coal plants. 

The drawdown in miners has already begun in Inner Mongolia. After failing to meet Beijing’s climate targets, province leaders decided to give bitcoin miners two months to clear out, explicitly blaming its energy misses on crypto mines. 

Castle Island Ventures founding partner Nic Carter says that while it’s not totally clear how China will handle next steps, it a phased rollout is likely. “It seems like we’re going from policy statement to actual implementation in relatively short order,” he said.

The way this exodus is measured is by looking at hashrate, an industry term used to describe the computing power of all miners in the bitcoin network.

“Given the drop in hashrate, it appears likely that installations are being turned off throughout the country,” continued Carter, who also thinks that probably 50 to 60% of bitcoin’s entire hashrate will ultimately leave China. 

Although China’s announcement hasn’t been cemented in policy, that isn’t stopping miners like Alejandro De La Torre from cutting their losses and making an exit.

“We do not want to face every single year, some sort of new ban coming in China,” said De La Torre, vice president of Hong Kong-headquartered mining pool, Poolin. “So we’re trying to diversify our global mining hashrate, and that’s why we are moving to the United States and to Canada.”

One of bitcoin’s greatest features is that it is totally location agnostic. Miners only require an internet connection, unlike other industries that must be relatively close to their end users. 

“The cool thing about bitcoin that is under appreciated by a lot of the naysayers is that it’s a portable market; you can bring it right to the source of energy,” explained Steve Barbour, founder of Upstream Data, a company that manufactures and supplies portable mining solutions for oil and gas facilities.

That said, the exodus won’t be instantaneous, in part, because it will take miners some time to either move their machines out of China or liquidate their assets and set up shop elsewhere. 

Where they’re going

Because miners at scale compete in a low-margin industry, where their only variable cost is typically energy, they are incentivized to migrate to the world’s cheapest sources of power. 

“Every Western mining host I know has had their phones ringing off the hook,” said Carter. “Chinese miners or miners that were domiciled in China are looking to Central Asia, Eastern Europe, the U.S., and Northern Europe.”

One likely destination is China’s next-door neighbor, Kazakhstan. The country’s coal mines provide a cheap and abundant energy supply. It also helps that Kazakhstan has a more lax attitude to building, which bodes well for miners who need to construct physical installations in a short period of time. 

Didar Bekbauov runs Xive, a company that provides hosting services to international miners. Xive also sells the specialized equipment needed for mining. 

Bekbauov says that he’s stopped counting the number of Chinese miners who have called him to ask about relocation options, ranging from operations with 15 rigs to thousands. 

“One miner told us that only government electricity plants have restricted mining and private ones will continue to service miners,” Bekbauov told CNBC. 

“But most of the electricity is generated by government power plants, so miners will have to move. That makes them uncertain and desperate to find other locations,” he said.

Whether Kazakhstan is a destination or simply a stopover on a longer migration west remains to be seen. 

Arvanaghi is bullish on North America and thinks the hashrate there will grow over the next few months.

“Texas not only has the cheapest electricity in the U.S. but some of the cheapest in the globe,” he said. “It’s also very easy to start up a mining company…if you have $30 million, $40 million, you can be a premier miner in the United States.”

Wyoming has also trended toward being pro-bitcoin and could be another mining destination, according to Arvanaghi.

There are, however, a few major limitations to the U.S. becoming a global mining destination.

For one, the lead time to build the actual physical infrastructure necessary to host miners is likely six to nine months, Carter told CNBC. “The U.S. probably can’t be as nimble as other countries in terms of onshoring these stray miners,” he said.

The move logistics may also prove difficult. There is a shipping container shortage, thanks to the tailwinds of the Covid pandemic. 

But perhaps the biggest question is the reliability of the Texas power grid. A storm that devastated large swaths of the state in 2020 has reignited a debate over whether Texas should winter-proof its systems, a potentially costly project that might affect taxes or other fees for those looking to tap into the state’s power grid. More recently, ERCOT, the organization that operates Texas’ grid, asked consumers to conserve energy amid what officials called an unusual number of “forced generation outages” and an upcoming heat wave.

Answering the Musk critique

Tesla CEO Elon Musk has bashed bitcoin mining, claiming that it is bad for the environment. It’s not a new criticism.

For years, skeptics have maligned the world’s most popular digital token for polluting the planet, while supporters have extolled the virtues of bitcoin and its role in accelerating the rise of renewable energy. 

It is unclear whether the China mining exodus will make or break the case for bitcoin enthusiasts in the debate around the token’s carbon footprint. The dominant narrative, to date, has been that much of the world’s bitcoin is mined with Chinese goal. 

“From a narrative perspective, it’s definitely an improvement,” said Carter. “But China also has the most abundant stranded hydro resources in the world.”

The country offers significant energy vectors from wind, solar, and especially hydropower in the south. Xinjiang’s grid, for example, is 35% powered by wind and solar energy inputs.

If all the miners do end up leaving China, it will mean less fossil fuel-powered mining, but it will also mean that the network’s share of renewable energy-powered mining will drop. This is why the question of where these migrant miners end up could prove critical to bitcoin’s future. “It’s the biggest story of the year for bitcoin,” said Carter. 

De La Torre says they’re looking to expand operations using green energy, a trend that is already years in the making. He says that hydro plants are generally cheaper than fossil fuels in most parts of the world.

“Mining is price sensitive, so as to seek out the lowest cost power and the lowest cost power tends to be renewable because if you’re burning fossil fuels…it has extraction, refinement, and transport costs,” explained Blockstream CEO Adam Back. 

Lazard

Each year, investment bank Lazard releases a breakdown of energy costs by source. Its 2020 report shows that many of the most common renewable energy sources are either equal to or less expensive than conventional energy sources like coal and gas. And the cost of renewable power keeps going down.

But there are limitations to running crypto mines purely on renewable energy.

Though solar and wind are now the world’s least expensive energy sources, both power supplies face limitations at scale, so there is concern over the viability of miners turning exclusively to wind or solar energy.

Next six months

For the time being, there isn’t that much mining capacity worldwide that is ready to absorb the Chinese miner diaspora. While they scramble to find a new home, we could see hashrate go offline – and stay offline. 

In practice, that would mean all the remaining miners are more profitable for a period of time. 

Having more geographic dispersion would even out the global balance of power, and it would also reduce the ability of any one sovereign nation to co-opt or control the network.

We may also see special crypto economic zones pop up in the next few months.

“You will see jurisdictions adopting a very favorable stance and creating the equivalent of special zones to encourage miners to host locally,” said Carter. “We’re seeing it at the state level here. You’re also gonna see it at the country level, you might even see subsidized electricity for mining.”

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BYD is offering free car insurance on select EVs in new end-of-year sales promo

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BYD is offering free car insurance on select EVs in new end-of-year sales promo

China’s EV leader wants to close the year strong with a new sales promotion. BYD is now offering free car insurance on certain EVs ahead of the upcoming Chinese New Year. Will it be enough to take the global EV sales crown in 2024?

BYD offers free insurance on some EVs to boost sales

With a record 506,804 NEVs (EV and PHEV models) sold in November, BYD has now had two straight months with over 500,000 in vehicle sales.

The EV giant has no plans to slow down. On Thursday, BYD announced its latest “New Year GO New Car” sales promotion on its Weibo page.

From today, December 26, 2024, through January 26, 2025, BYD is offering free car insurance on select PHEVs and EVs in its Ocean and Dynasy lineups. The promo includes several top-selling EVs, including the Dolphin, Seal, and Sea Lion 07.

Through the first 11 months of 2024, BYD sold nearly 3.76 million NEVs, including 1.56 million all-electric models. The promo comes as BYD is in a tight race with Tesla for the global EV sales crown for 2024.

BYD-free-insurance-EVs
BYD is giving free car insurance for select EVs in a new year-end promo (Source: BYD)

Through September, Tesla delivered 1.3 million EVs compared to BYD’s 1.17 million. Since Tesla doesn’t report monthly sales numbers, we will have to wait until the end-of-year numbers come out to determine who will take the EV sales crown in 2024.

BYD-Seagull-cheapest-EV
BYD Seagull (Source: BYD)

The Seagull EV, BYD’s cheapest electric car starting under $10,000, was once again China’s best-selling vehicle last month after topping the Tesla Model Y. BYD sold 56,156 Seagull EVs last month alone in China.

Although the global EV sales race between BYD and Tesla is heating up into the end of the year, the Chinese EV leader is quickly outselling some of the largest global automakers.

BYD sold more vehicles globally than Nissan and Honda in the third quarter, and it is now closing in on Ford.

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The rate at which China has rebuilt its car industry is truly staggering

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The rate at which China has rebuilt its car industry is truly staggering

After starting off slow, China’s EV industry has reorganized itself in record time, going from a global laggard to a global leader in about 5 years – showing other countries how it ought to be done.

In 2020, China was still early in its EV transition, lagging behind many other countries and regions. With EVs only consisting of 5.4% of the country’s car market, it lagged behind California and almost all of Europe – even the slower-adopting countries, like Romania. It was only barely ahead of the 4.6% global average that year.

It set a relatively unambitious goal of 50% EV sales by 2035 – and those 50% didn’t even need to be gasoline-free, they could be hybrids or plug-in hybrids which still have a gas engine inside (what China classifies as “New Energy Vehicles” or NEVs). Around that time, both California and Europe were thinking about banning gas car sales by 2035 – and each of those targets probably could have been earlier, too.

Now, with 2025 coming in just a week, China is likely to hit that 2035 target ten years early – closer to the year that it set the target than the year that the target was set for. It even moved its target forward to 45% NEVs by 2027 this January… and exceeded that target within less than a year.

It’s an indication of how much China is able to do when they put their minds to it – and how other countries have completely failed to keep up due to bickering and resistance from companies or governments being hostile to better technology.

The rapid rise in Chinese EVs

2020 was a turning point for the Chinese EV industry. China responded strongly to the start of the COVID-19 pandemic (and as a result, had a lower death rate than almost any country, despite life within China being relatively normal after initial lockdowns), which meant a large drop in vehicle sales in the country (much like the rest of the world).

But when sales recovered, China’s eyes had turned inwards. Not only had domestic EV makers started to ramp up production rates and quality (after a decade of smart industrial policy focusing on mineral supply and encouraging domestic manufacturers), but the rest of the world had spent years blaming China for all sorts of ills (like carbon emissions, which China was criticized for not doing enough about, and now is criticized for doing too much). Technology blockades and discussions about tariffs led to consumer nationalism, with Chinese consumers expressing interest in domestic goods more than they had before.

This, coupled with new emissions rules that the rest of the world’s automakers hadn’t prepared properly for (despite having 7 years notice) led to a glut in gas car supply – mostly from foreign brands – which we called the “canary in the coal mine” for where the global ICE car market was going.

Chinese auto dealers could have responded to this by asking the government to reverse the rules, but instead they asked for (and were granted) a six month amnesty in order to clear unsold cars off of their lots, and otherwise demanded that auto manufacturers shape up and build EVs faster.

As a result of this mentality, China became the top global exporter of automobiles this year – a title that Japan had for decades.

Meanwhile, the West drags its feet

It’s a stark difference to how automakers and governments usually behave in the West (and in Japan), working to slow down transitions and add protectionist measures instead of gearing up for an inevitable change in the industry that already started.

And the regressive portions of Western governments are all too happy to oblige, with for example the US republicans promising to hold the US auto industry back even further, ensuring it isn’t ready for the present, and their far-right ilk in European governments arguing for similar measures.

President Biden’s administration did do its part to try to turn US industrial policy around to be ready for EVs with the excellent Inflation Reduction Act, which brought hundreds of billions in investment and hundreds of thousands of EV jobs to the US. Biden’s EPA and DOT also improved several emissions rules (despite softening them somewhat after industry pressure) to move the industry forward. But it also implemented large tariffs, which could help to breed complacency.

But unfortunately for America, the next occupant of the White House is convicted felon Donald Trump, who finally received more votes than his opponent on his third attempt (despite committing treason in 2021, for which there is a clear legal remedy), with less than half of the country voting to ensure that US manufacturing fall further behind.

In his last stint squatting in the White House, the EPA knowingly worked against clean air and instead of preparing the US to lead the EV transition, it focused on petty losing squabbles with states that are actually trying to move the US forward. We could have had smarter industrial policy, like China, but instead government worked to shatter the regulatory certainty that President Obama had helped to lay out.

Luckily, most Western auto manufacturers may have learned their lessons, and this time they’re finally asking government not to blow up emissions rules. They recently donated money to the famous narcissist, presumably hoping to get in his ear – we’ll have to wait and see whether what they say is actually geared towards the future (and whether the ignoramus they’re saying it to is even able to comprehend it). Though that could all be for naught, because one of Mr. Trump’s closest allies is Elon Musk, CEO of the largest EV maker in the US, who has confusingly focused his advocacy on harming EVs.

Change is coming faster than you think

China’s rapid rise in EV sales, meeting targets well ahead of schedule, may seem anomalous at first blush. It’s not often that a target gets met in one third of the time allotted for it, especially when you’re dealing with a country of 1.5 billion people. That’s a lot of inertia to turn around.

But there are other examples of targets getting met and exceeded early, and companies and governments need to be aware of these and maintain flexibility instead of fighting in the face of positive change.

Norway is one example, where the country was already far ahead of the international community, and set a target to end gas car sales by 2025. While there are still a trickle of non-EVs sold in the country, Norway’s market was already over 90% electrified in 2021.

This is not uncommon with technology adoption curves, as once a technology reaches a critical mass, most consumers consider it the default and will switch to it without much issue. That critical mass has already been met in most Northern European countries and in China, but other places could get there fast.

Once they do, who do you think will come out for the better – the countries and companies whose manufacturing base is ready to supply products that fuel that change, or the ones that have spent decades bickering and trying to slow it down so they can continue spewing poison in all of our lungs?

And as I’ve ended several articles in recent years: we should have been doing more earlier, but as the famous (possibly Chinese) proverb says, “the best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago, the second best time is today.”


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Kia’s new Syros SUV is going electric as a low-cost Hyundai Inster EV twin

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Kia's new Syros SUV is going electric as a low-cost Hyundai Inster EV twin

Kia introduced its new Syros SUV last week. Although it was launched with a gas-powered engine, Kia plans to launch the all-electric version soon. The new Kia Syros EV will share underpinnings with the Hyundai Inster EV as its latest low-cost electric model.

What we know about the upcoming Kia Syros EV

India’s EV market is expected to surge over the next few years. In 2024, the India EV market is projected to be valued at around $24 billion. That number is expected to reach nearly $118 billion by 2032.

Kia is looking to take advantage of the transition. After launching its first vehicle (Seltos) in India in 2019, Kia is already one of the top 10 auto manufacturers in the region.

The Korean auto giant has added several models to its lineup, including the Sonet, Carnival, Caren, and electric EV6 and EV9 SUVs.

Just last week, the Kia Syros made its global debut. Kia calls the compact SUV “revolutionary,” but there’s one problem: it only has two gas-powered engine options. That will soon change. According to Autocar India, Kia will launch the Syros EV in India in early 2025.

Kia-Syros-EV
Kia Syros SUV (Source: Kia)

Although no other details were confirmed, the Kia Syros EV will share its K1 platform with the Hyundai Inster EV. Hyundai’s compact electric crossover has two battery options, 42 kWh and 49 kWh, good for 300 km (186 mi) to 355 km (220 mi) range on the WLTP cycle.

In Europe, the Inster EV starts at around $30,000. In Korea, the electric crossover is known as the Casper Electric, and prices, including incentives, start around $20,000.

Hyundai-Casper-EV-Cross
Hyundai Casper Electric (Inster EV) models (Source: Hyundai)

Kia’s new electric SUV is expected to start in the price range of Rs 15 lakh-20 lakh (ex-showroom), or around $17,500 to $23,500.

Despite the difference in powertrain, the electric version is expected to have the same styling and features as the gas-powered models. Kia expects between 50,000 and 60,000 in sales between the upcoming electric Carens and Syros EV models by 2026.

The company is launching a series of more affordable, mass-market EVs globally, including the EV3, EV4, and EV5, to secure its spot in the industry as it shifts to electric vehicles.

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