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Astronomers have found the first evidence of water vapour in the atmosphere of Jupiter’s moon Ganymede, the largest moon in the Solar System. They believe Ganymede may hold more water than all of Earth’s oceans. But finding water in liquid form there is difficult. The temperatures are so cold that all the water on the surface is frozen solid and the ocean lies roughly 100 miles (160km) below the crust, said the European Space Agency. Still, scientists believe finding water is a crucial first step in knowing whether life could exist on a celestial body or not. The astronomers analysed archival datasets of the Hubble Telescope over the past two decades to come to this conclusion.

The ESA said identifying liquid water on other planets is crucial to understand whether they are habitable.

The research is based on datasets going back to 1998, when Hubble took the first ultraviolet (UV) pictures of Ganymede. These images revealed a particular pattern in the observed emissions from the moon’s atmosphere which was somewhat similar to those observed on Earth and other planets with magnetic fields.

Scientists later found that Ganymede’s surface temperature varies extremely throughout the day. Around noon, it may become warm enough that the icy surface releases some small amounts of water molecules. Since the oceans lay miles below the crust, it is unlikely that the water vapour could be from them.

“Initially only the O2 (molecular oxygen) had been observed,” said lead researcher Lorenz Roth, adding that this is produced when charged particles erode the ice surface.

He said the water vapour his team has found originates from ice sublimation.

NASA, too, has released a video that describes the new finding. Watch it here:

This development has led to curiosity ahead of ESA’s planned Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) mission in 2022. The mission is expected to reach Jupiter in 2029 and will spend the next three years studying Jupiter and three of its largest moons, including Ganymede.

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Mice now use VR headsets to help scientists study brain activity and behaviour

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December 27, 2024

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Mice now use VR headsets to help scientists study brain activity and behaviour

Innovative VR headsets have been designed for mice, enabling scientists to study brain activity in highly immersive environments. Using these headsets, researchers can observe neural responses during specific behaviours, potentially unlocking new understanding of human neurological disorders. Crafted from readily available components such as smartwatch screens and miniature lenses, these devices are seen as a breakthrough in neuroscience research, offering precise insights into how mammals interact with their surroundings.

Development and Functionality of the Headsets

According to a study published in Nature Methods, the VR headsets—known as “MouseGoggles”—are paired with a spherical treadmill that keeps the mice stationary while simulating movement. These goggles attach to the mice’s heads, displaying sharp, high-contrast visuals that mimic real-world experiences. Dr. Matthew Isaacson, a postdoctoral researcher at Cornell University, stated in a press release that prior methods using projector screens failed to engage mice effectively, but the new goggles produced significant behavioural responses, such as startled reactions to simulated predators.

Verification of the Technology

To confirm the efficacy of the MouseGoggles, researchers examined activity in two critical brain regions. The primary visual cortex revealed that the mice could perceive the projected images clearly, while the hippocampus indicated accurate mapping of virtual environments. These findings underline the potential for the technology to deepen understanding of how mammals navigate and interact with their surroundings.

Future Applications and Advancements

Dr. Chris Schaffer, Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Cornell, noted to phys.org that these headsets could transform neuroscience by enabling the study of naturalistic behaviours. Plans are underway to create lightweight versions for larger rodents like rats and to incorporate sensory elements such as smell and taste into the VR experience. This expanded capability could provide more comprehensive insights into complex decision-making processes and sensory integration.
The research team believes this technology could significantly enhance studies into conditions like Alzheimer’s, offering critical understanding of spatial navigation and memory deficits.

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How Human Activity Fuels Pandemics: Climate Change and Biodiversity at the Core

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December 27, 2024

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How Human Activity Fuels Pandemics: Climate Change and Biodiversity at the Core

The rise in pandemics has been attributed to disruptions caused by human activities to the planet’s ecosystems. Infectious diseases, which have historically resulted in significant loss of life, are appearing more frequently. This resurgence has raised concerns among experts about the factors driving this trend. Modern advancements in science, including vaccinations and antibiotics, initially seemed to have controlled these outbreaks. Yet, the occurrence of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, SARS, and COVID-19 highlights the ongoing challenges.

Ecosystem Disruption and Its Role

According to a study published by researchers from the University of Adelaide, the disruption of ecosystems is central to the emergence of pandemics. Healthy ecosystems regulate diseases by maintaining natural balances, including predator-prey dynamics and vegetation growth. However, activities such as deforestation, climate change, and biodiversity loss have altered these balances, enabling pathogens to spread more easily. For instance, changes in climate have allowed disease-carrying mosquitoes to expand their range into previously temperate regions.

The Impact of Biodiversity Loss

Reports have indicated that biodiversity loss has created opportunities for pathogens to move from wildlife to humans. The case of vampire bats in South America is often cited, where deforestation and agricultural expansion provided new feeding grounds, leading to the spread of rabies. Similarly, the HIV virus emerged through the hunting of apes for food, eventually spreading globally. These examples underscore the link between human activity and the rise of zoonotic diseases.

The Importance of Planetary Health

Experts advocate for a “planetary health” approach, emphasising the interdependence of human health and the natural environment. This strategy aims to address fundamental drivers like climate change while also tackling immediate causes such as wildlife-human interactions. Educational institutions are increasingly integrating planetary health into their curricula to equip future leaders with tools to mitigate pandemic risks effectively.

It is widely believed that without addressing the root causes, the likelihood of future pandemics remains significant. Efforts to balance human development with ecological preservation have been suggested as key to safeguarding global health.

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Parker Solar Probe to make record-breaking Sun flyby on Christmas Eve

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December 27, 2024

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Parker Solar Probe to make record-breaking Sun flyby on Christmas Eve

The Parker Solar Probe, a mission by NASA, is set to make its closest approach to the Sun on Christmas Eve, December 24, 2024. This milestone flyby is expected to occur at precisely 6:53 a.m. EST, as reported by multiple sources. The spacecraft will reach an unprecedented proximity of 6.1 million kilometers from the Sun’s surface, marking the 22nd close encounter of its mission. This approach represents a record-breaking moment in space exploration, achieved through seven Venus flybys that incrementally brought the probe closer to the Sun.

Details of the Flyby

According to mission updates from NASA and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (JHUAPL), the Parker Solar Probe will travel at a staggering speed of 692,000 kilometers per hour during its journey through the Sun’s outer atmosphere, or corona. This high-speed encounter aims to shed light on the corona’s extreme temperatures and its role in solar wind generation. The probe’s heat shield, built to endure temperatures up to 1,377 degrees Celsius, will ensure the spacecraft remains operational as it navigates the intense environment.

Updates and Tracking

While the event itself will not be broadcast live, updates will be provided through NASA’s official channels and the Parker Solar Probe mission blog. A status check from the spacecraft is expected on December 27, followed by the first telemetry data on January 1, 2025. The initial scientific findings, including data on solar activity, are anticipated by late January.

What Comes Next

This flyby is part of the probe’s seven-year mission, concluding in 2025 after a total of 24 solar encounters. Subsequent flybys in March and June 2025 will continue to gather valuable data, with decisions about the probe’s orbit to be made thereafter, as per the mission team’s updates.

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