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Somewhat buried in ethereum’s big software makeover that rolled out Thursday is a code update known as Ethereum Improvement Proposal 3554, or EIP-3554 for short. It threatens to hasten the end of ethereum mining as we know it.

Since its launch, the ethereum community has talked about overhauling the way that it mints ether, which is the token associated with the ethereum blockchain. But getting people to make the change is going to require a push – and that push is something known as a difficulty bomb.

“It’s a mechanism in ethereum that makes it exponentially harder to mine,” said Tim Beiko, the coordinator for ethereum’s protocol developers. “It’s like we’re artificially adding miners on the network, which raises the difficulty, making it harder for every other miner that’s on the network to actually mine a block.”

EIP-3554 moves up the detonation date of that difficulty bomb by six months to December. Once it goes off, it will essentially make ethereum unmineable. 

Ethereum 2.0

Cryptocurrencies like ethereum and bitcoin regularly receive flack for the process of mining, which is how new coins are generated. Both currently use a so-called “proof-of-work” mining model, where machines solve complex math equations to create new coins. This makes it impossible for any centralized body to create new coins arbitrarily – there’s no equivalent of a central government to print new dollars – which crypto enthusiasts believe helps preserve the value of these cryptocurrencies.

However, this effort requires significant energy to power the computers used to perform the calculations, which has drawn criticism from outsiders concerned about energy shortages and carbon emissions.

The ethereum community has coalesced around the idea of migrating from proof-of-work to “proof-of-stake,” which requires users to leverage their existing cache of ether as a means to verify transactions and mint new tokens. This will still limit the amount of new coin created, but without requiring the energy used to run massive banks of computers to solve math equations.

Beiko tells CNBC the original proposal required these so-called validators to have 1,500 ether, a stake now worth around $4.2 million. To lower the barrier to entry, the new proof-of-stake proposal would only require interested users to have 32, or about $90,000.

“It’s still not a trivial sum, but it’s a much more accessible system,” said Beiko.

Since December 2020, the ethereum community has been testing out the proof-of-stake workflow on a chain called Beacon. 

Though proof-of-stake has been the plan for ethereum since the outset, developers have pushed back the rollout, because they had seen serious flaws in previous implementations. Beacon solves these problems, according to Beiko.

“We knew that there would be a lot of technical work to address things like the increased centralization that we see in other proof-of stake-systems,” he said. “We’ve achieved that with the Beacon chain, where there’s one or two orders of magnitude more validators…than any other proof-of-stake networks.”

Migrating the entire ethereum ecosystem to Beacon, an upgrade being dubbed “ethereum 2.0,” is the next step in the process. Getting everyone on board with the move is where the difficulty bomb becomes significant. 

The Ice Age

This isn’t the first time in ethereum’s history that a difficulty bomb has detonated.

It’s happened a few times, including in 2017, 2019, and again last year.

When a difficulty bomb detonates, it floods the system with artificial miners, driving up the mining difficulty. That means new blocks will appear more and more slowly on the network. “If you increase the difficulty really, really quickly, it’s just not profitable for new miners,” explained Beiko.

But each time it’s gone off, the community has reset the clock in order to bring the difficulty level back down to normal levels.

Etherscan.io

While you don’t need a bomb to go off to roll out proof-of-stake mining, it certainly helps move things along by closing the on-ramp to proof-of-work mining. Beiko calls it more of a stopgap measure. 

In essence, the point of the difficulty bomb is to force miners and node operators to upgrade their software after a predetermined amount of time has passed, according to Nic Carter, Castle Island Ventures general partner and Coin Metrics co-founder.

In December, if the deadline for detonation isn’t pushed back, the bomb will go off, and you’ll see another parabolic rise in difficulty, like the ones pictured in the chart above. But this time, developers won’t be rewinding the clock.

It will be the start of ethereum’s proof-of-work “Ice Age.”

Not everyone’s happy

While the upgrade to ethereum 2.0 has a lot of backers, not everyone is happy about the change.

“There are some miners who are against it, but it’s in their financial interest to be against it,” said Beiko. 

Once the protocol has fully migrated to a proof-of-stake model, there won’t be any revenue to be made from ethereum mining.

At that point, miners have a few options for what to do next. 

There are a lot of other chains that support GPU-based mining, so miners could simply choose to start mining other cryptocurrencies.

They could also decide to just shut down mining operations entirely and sell their mining equipment. Beiko expects to see a lot of that.

“We’ve also seen many mining farms and mining pools on ethereum start to get into staking,” he said.

“We’ve seen mining pools use their profits to set up validators on ethereum. We’ve also seen them offer pooling services for their users who might not have 32 ether but still want to validate the network.” So even if you don’t have $90,000 parked in ether, you still might be able to keep some skin in the mining game.

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U.S. prosecutors seek 36-month sentence for ex-Binance CEO Changpeng Zhao

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U.S. prosecutors seek 36-month sentence for ex-Binance CEO Changpeng Zhao

Changpeng Zhao, founder and CEO of Binance, attends the Viva Technology conference dedicated to innovation and startups at Porte de Versailles exhibition center in Paris on June 16, 2022.

Benoit Tessier | Reuters

U.S. prosecutors are seeking an above-guidance sentence of 36 months for the former CEO of cryptocurrency exchange Binance on charges of enabling money laundering, according to a sentencing memorandum out late Tuesday.

The memorandum, which was filed with the court for the western district of Washington, states that Zhao should serve a higher sentence that suggested under advisory guidelines to “reflect the gravity of his crimes.”

Under advisory guidelines, Zhao’s sentencing would come in at a range of 12 to 18 months in prison.

“A custodial sentence of 36 months—twice the high end of the Guidelines range—would reflect the seriousness of the offense, promote respect for law, afford adequate deterrence, and be sufficient but not greater than necessary to achieve the goals of sentencing,” U.S. prosecutors said.

Zhao is accused of wilfully failing to implement an effective anti-money laundering program as required by the Bank Secrecy Act, and of effectively allowing Binance to process transactions involving proceeds of unlawful activity, including transactions between Americans and individuals in sanctions jurisdictions.

Binance has separately been sued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission over the alleged mishandling of customer assets and the operation of an illegal, unregistered exchange in the U.S.

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The U.S., which separately accuses Binance and Zhao of violating the U.S. Bank Secrecy Act and sanctions on Iran, ordered Binance to pay $4.3 billion in fines and forfeiture. Zhao agreed to pay a $50 million fine.

Zhao stepped down as Binance’s CEO in November last year after reaching this plea and was replaced by the former Abu Dhabi markets regulator’s chief, Richard Teng.

Zhao was not immediately available for comment when contacted via social media platform X. Binance has yet to return a request for comment when contacted by CNBC.

‘Unprecedented scale’ of financial crime

Prosecutors say that Zhao violated U.S. law on an “unprecedented scale,” and that he had a “deliberate disregard” for Binance’s legal responsibilities.

In the memorandum of Tuesday, prosecutors said that, under Zhao’s control, Binance operated on a “Wild West” model.

“Zhao bet that he would not get caught, and that if he did, the consequences would not be as serious as the crime,” the memorandum stated.

“But Zhao was caught, and now the Court will decide what price Zhao should pay for his crimes.”

Zhao’s official sentencing is expected to take place on April 30.

New Binance CEO: Building a robust compliance program after an immature past

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Amazon is opening cloud regions in Southeast Asia to meet customer demand, CTO says

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Amazon is opening cloud regions in Southeast Asia to meet customer demand, CTO says

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Amazon is opening cloud regions in Southeast Asia because customers want their data stored securely in their own countries, Amazon Chief Technology Officer Werner Vogels said in an exclusive interview.

“The reason for this is that many of our customers have been asking for that. They really wanted something local such that they can meet, for example, local data storage requirements, or protection of personal identifiable information,” Vogels told CNBC’s JP Ong.

Amazon’s cloud computing division, Amazon Web Services, was the world’s largest cloud service provider in the fourth quarter, accounting for 31% of total cloud spending, according to a Feb. 26 report from Canalys.

An AWS region is a physical location where data centers are clustered. Within each AWS region are a minimum of three separate availability zones. Each zone has its own power, cooling and physical security and is connected through redundant, ultra-low-latency networks.

“And it’s not just startups that are looking for that. Big enterprises and government agencies as well. You can imagine government agencies want to go through a digital transformation as well,” Vogels said.

“And for them, it’s important to have these kinds of technologies on the ground, in [the] country to make sure that they can serve their customers best or their citizens best,” said Vogels.

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Amazon in November said it is launching a new AWS Region in Malaysia this year. It previously committed a 25.5 billion Malaysian ringgit ($6 billion) investment by 2037 to support the government’s ambitions to transform Malaysia into a “high-income” digital economy by 2030.

“This new AWS Region will also enable customers with data residency preferences to store data securely in Malaysia, help customers to achieve even lower latency, and serve demand for cloud services across Southeast Asia,” the statement said.

This comes after AWS opened a cloud region in Indonesia in December 2021 and in Singapore in 2010. AWS is also planning to launch an infrastructure region in Thailand.

AWS already operates multiple regions across North America, South America, Europe, China, Asia Pacific, South Africa and the Middle East.

“And especially, of course, the security capabilities that AWS has, that allows us to protect these customers. Security, will be, and is forever, our number one priority. [It] is our number one investment area,” said Vogels.

“And to be able to keep customers safe in our compute regions, [it] is of great attraction to companies here in the region and also governments.”

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Oracle is moving its world headquarters to Nashville to be closer to health-care industry

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Oracle is moving its world headquarters to Nashville to be closer to health-care industry

Larry Ellison, co-founder and chairman of Oracle, speaks during the Oracle OpenWorld 2017 conference in San Francisco on Oct. 3, 2017.

David Paul Morris | Bloomberg | Getty Images

Oracle Chairman Larry Ellison said Tuesday that the company is moving its world headquarters to Nashville, Tennessee, to be closer to a major health-care epicenter.

In a wide-ranging conversation with Bill Frist, a former U.S. Senate Majority Leader, Ellison said Oracle is moving a “huge campus” to Nashville, “which will ultimately be our world headquarters.” He said Nashville is an established health center and a “fabulous place to live,” one that Oracle employees are excited about.

“It’s the center of the industry we’re most concerned about, which is the health-care industry,” Ellison said.

The announcement was seemingly spur-of-the-moment. “I shouldn’t have said that,” Ellison told Frist, a longtime health-care industry veteran who represented Tennessee in the Senate. The pair spoke during a fireside chat at the Oracle Health Summit in Nashville.

Shares of Oracle were mostly flat in extended trading Tuesday.

Oracle moved its headquarters from Silicon Valley to Austin, Texas, in 2020. The company has been making a major push into health care in recent years, most notably with its $28 billion acquisition of the medical records software giant Cerner. Ellison said Tuesday that Oracle is relatively new to the health-care sector, but he believes the company has a “moral obligation” to solve problems facing the industry.

Nashville has been a major player in the health-care scene for decades, and the city is now home to a vibrant network of health systems, startups and investment firms. The city’s reputation as a health-care hub was catalyzed when HCA Healthcare, one of the first for-profit hospital companies in the U.S., was founded there in 1968.

HCA helped attract troves of health-care professionals to Nashville, and other organizations quickly followed suit. Oracle has been developing its new $1.2 billion campus in the city for about three years, according to The Tennessean

“Our people love it here, and we think it’s the center of our future,” Ellison said.

Oracle did not immediately respond to CNBC’s request for comment.

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