Some of the world’s biggest oil companies are currently paying negative tax on their fossil fuel extraction and production operations in the North Sea.
Official data published by the UK government-backed Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative shows that in the tax year 2019-20, ExxonMobil received £117m in total from HMRC, Shell got £110m, and BP received £39m.
But these organisations are not alone.
Image: Shell got £110m from HMRC in the 2019 to 2020 tax year
A third of all significant energy companies operating in the North Sea paid negative tax last year.
This is possible in large part because of a UK tax policy that was brought in just a few months after the Paris climate accord was agreed in 2015.
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The policy allows oil and gas companies to claim back public money in order to help with decommissioning rigs and infrastructure as the UK progresses towards its net zero carbon emissions targets.
Since the Paris agreement, Exxon has received net tax repayments of £360m on its North Sea operations, BP £490m, and Shell £400m, rounded to the nearest 10 million.
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Some of these sums relate to corporate tax arrangements, but significant portions relate to money for decommissioning.
The UK government’s Oil and Gas Authority has estimated that the total bill for decommissioning will be £51bn.
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But because of the government’s tax policy, the British taxpayer will be responsible for nearly 40% of that over the coming decades.
HMRC has estimated that the cost to the exchequer will be £18.3bn between now and 2065.
This comes as total government income from taxes on oil revenue is decreasing, largely due to falling demand and the cost of decommissioning payments.
Energy Research company Rystad Energy recently named the UK as the country that offers oil and gas companies the “best profit conditions” in the world “to develop big offshore fields.”
This has been illustrated by researchers like Greg Muttitt, who is a senior policy adviser at the International Institute for Sustainable Development.
He has calculated that in 2019 the UK government took $1.72 (£1.24) in taxes per barrel of oil, while the Norwegian government took $21.35 (£15.44).
Campaign groups say the current tax policy effectively amounts to the British public subsidising fossil fuel extraction, even as they are being urged to make greener choices in their own lives.
Image: ExxonMobil received £117m from HMRC in the 2019 to 2020 tax year. Pic: AP
Environmental lawyer and campaign group Uplift founder Tessa Khan told Sky News: “These companies are allowed to extract oil and gas for private gain, not the public’s benefit and certainly not the Treasury’s.
“They’re not helping to pay for our hospitals and schools, they’re taking public money and handing it to their executives and shareholders.
“The harm to the climate from their actions will be borne by us all, with the poorest hit the hardest.
“There can be no excuses for propping them up with subsidies in a climate emergency. That era is over.”
Image: A section of the BP Eastern Trough Area Project oil platform seen in the North Sea in 2014. File pic
A Treasury spokesperson told Sky News: “We’re leading the world in building back better and greener from the pandemic.
“We were the first major economy to commit to net zero by 2050 and one of the first to phase out petrol and diesel car sales by 2030.
“The UK oil and gas industry has paid around £375bn in production taxes to date.
“Relief for decommissioning costs is a fundamental part of the UK’s tax system, contributing to the safe removal of oil and gas infrastructure from our natural environment whilst ensuring companies are encouraged to invest in the UK.”
A spokesperson from ExxonMobil said: “The figures in the UK EITI report relate only to extractive operations (oil & gas production), several of which are nearing the end of their economic life.
“ExxonMobil also has downstream and chemical operations in the UK, and overall made a contribution to the UK of £5.2bn in direct and indirect taxes and duties in 2020.
“Over the lifetime of the North Sea, we have been a major, net contributor to the tax revenues generated by the basin and the recent refunds simply represent a repayment of some prior paid taxes as some of our older fields enter the decommissioning phase of their life.”
A spokesperson from Shell told Sky News: “We are open about our tax payments so that people can understand what we pay and why.
“We voluntarily disclose more information than we are required to and lead best practice in this area.
“The question you raise is whether it is right that companies get tax relief for decommissioning assets.
“Decommissioning is part of the lifecycle of oil fields.
“This phase of work is heavily regulated and subject to tax legislation that enables tax relief.
“The concept of granting tax relief for genuine business expenses is fundamental to regimes that tax profits and is applicable and available to all businesses in all industries with few exceptions.
“Decommissioning costs in the oil and gas industry are treated consistently as a business expense.”
A spokesperson for BP told Sky News: “The EITI’s data cover only the extractive part of our business in the UK, our North Sea business.
“All BP’s North Sea assets are owned by companies subject to UK tax in accordance with UK law.
“BP has contributed over £40bn in taxes to the UK government with respect to its North Sea business.”
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Sky News has launched the first daily prime time news show dedicated to climate change.
The Daily Climate Show is broadcast at 6.30pm and 9.30pm Monday to Friday on Sky News, the Sky News website and app, on YouTube and Twitter.
Hosted by Anna Jones, it follows Sky News correspondents as they investigate how global warming is changing our landscape and how we all live our lives.
The show also highlights solutions to the crisis and how small changes can make a big difference.
The M&S website is down – hours after the retailer revealed it’s facing a £300m hit to profits following last month’s ransomware attack.
A holding page told customers that they are currently unable to browse the site, adding: “We’re making some updates and will be back soon.”
Online purchases have been suspended since the incident on 22 April, and it may be a couple of weeks before services are partially restored.
Sky News understands that the maintenance is routine.
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1:21
Who is behind M&S cyberattack?
M&S recently warned that disruption to its operations could last into July, but chief executive Stuart Machin says the retailer is “on the road to recovery”.
It is widely believed the retailer fell victim to Scattered Spider, a hacking group that has also been linked to similar attacks targeting The Co-op and Harrods.
Passwords were also not affected, but there are reports that contact details such as names, addresses and phone numbers was taken.
Image: Empty shelves were seen in stores in the immediate aftermath of the cyberattack. Pic: SponPlague
The company’s valuation has plunged by more than £1bn as the fallout deepens.
“This incident is a bump in the road, and we will come out of this in better shape, and continue our plan to reshape M&S for customers, colleagues and shareholders,” Mr Machin told analysts on Wednesday.
The pace of inflation surged last month to an annual rate of 3.5%, its highest level in more than a year, according to official figures which pointed to hikes to essential household bills.
The Office for National Statistics (ONS) said the increase, up from a 2.6% rate in March, was explained by an unusual increase to energy bills during April and steeper rises for other staples such as water.
Households on the energy price cap saw a rare spring rise of 6.4% in April, while council tax bills were widely up by the 5% level.
The water regulator allowed suppliers to charge customers an extra £10 per month, on average, across England and Wales while broadband, mobile and TV licence costs also rose.
ONS acting director general Grant Fitzner said of the price picture: “Significant increases in household bills caused inflation to climb steeply.
“Gas and electricity bills rose this month compared with sharp falls at the same time last year due to changes to the Ofgem energy price cap.
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“Water and sewerage bills also rose strongly this year as did vehicle excise duty, which all pushed the headline rate up to its highest level since the beginning of last year.
“This was partially offset by falling prices for motor fuels and clothing, driven by heavy discounting for children’s garments and women’s footwear.”
The consumer prices index measure of inflation is closely-watched as rising numbers make it difficult for the Bank of England to cut interest rates – raised sharply by the Bank from December 2021 to tackle the infancy of the cost of living crisis.
There have been four cuts since August last year, as easing inflation has allowed.
In advance of the ONS data, financial markets had fully priced in two further interest rate reductions this year, with no change expected at the Bank’s next rate-setting meeting in mid-June.
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5:33
‘Growth will come, but will take time’
The inflation numbers also make for tough reading at the Treasury, where Chancellor Rachel Reeves is juggling several challenges.
While the recent economic growth figures have been encouraging, economists widely expect hikes to consumer bills to apply a further choke to consumer spending in the months ahead.
Ms Reeves said: “I am disappointed with these figures because I know cost of living pressures are still weighing down on working people.
“We are a long way from the double digit inflation we saw under the previous administration, but I’m determined that we go further and faster to put more money in people’s pockets.
“That’s why we have increased the minimum wage for millions of working people, frozen fuel duty to protect commuters and struck three trade deals in the past two weeks that will go towards cutting bills.”
Economists have questioned whether the inflation numbers may have also been pushed higher due to firms passing on costs after the chancellor’s decision to raise employer national insurance contributions and the minimum wage last month.
Shadow chancellor Sir Mel Stride blamed Labour’s “damaging” tax increase for the rise in inflation.
He said: “We left Labour with inflation bang on target, but Labour’s economic mismanagement is pushing up the cost of living for families – on top of the £3,500 hit to households from the chancellor’s damaging jobs tax.
“Families are paying the price for the Labour chancellor’s choices.”
Johnson Matthey, the London-listed industrial group, will on Thursday announce the sale of a unit involved in the production of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) as its board fends off pressure from an American activist investor.
Sky News has learnt that Johnson Matthey will announce, as part of its full-year result, that it is selling its Catalyst Technologies arm – one of four main divisions at the company.
Banking sources said the deal had been agreed for a price of between £1.5bn and £2bn – which at the upper end would equate to more than 80% of the group’s entire £2.3bn market capitalisation.
The identity of the buyer could not be established on Wednesday evening.
Selling its Catalyst Technologies is expected to be welcomed by some shareholders who have argued that Johnson Matthey has been insufficiently focused on higher-growth businesses with more obvious potential to generate financial returns.
The London-listed company has been under siege from Standard Industries, the US-based conglomerate which is its biggest shareholder with a stake of over 10%.
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Standard Industries wrote an open letter to Johnson Matthey’s board in January, accusing it of destroying shareholder value.
It said the British company’s directors were guilty of a “continued lack of urgency and incapacity…to do what is necessary to turn Johnson Matthey around and help it to realise its potential”.
The Catalyst Technologies arm accounted for roughly a fifth of group sales in the half-year to the end of August, but about a third of group profit.
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As well as being involved in the production of technology needed to make SAF, the division is a market leader in supplying specialised services to the chemicals and energy sectors, with a particular focus on decarbonisation.
More generally, Johnson Matthey is one of Britain’s most significant industrial names, tracing its history back to 1817.
A spokesman for Johnson Matthey, which has seen its shares slump by nearly a quarter over the last year, declined to comment on Wednesday.