As communities, cities, and states develop ambitious energy efficiency and decarbonization goals, energy storage is an increasingly critical component of our energy economy. Renewable energy sources like solar and wind are changing how we power our buildings, industries, and grid; however, they are intermittent ― we need continuous power even after the sun sets or the wind dies down. As such, energy storage is critical to ensuring continuous power and allows energy producers to take full advantage during times of overgeneration on sunny (or windy) days.
When it comes to short-duration energy storage, lithium-ion batteries are considered the front-runner, but batteries are not the whole story. Our buildings, businesses, industries, and grid need more storage, at lower cost, for longer durations, and at larger capacities than batteries can provide to displace fossil fuels for a sustainable future.
To meet this energy storage challenge, researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) are in the late stages of prototype testing a game-changing new thermal energy storage technology that uses inexpensive silica sand as a storage medium. Economic Long-Duration Electricity Storage by Using Low-Cost Thermal Energy Storage and High-Efficiency Power Cycle (ENDURING) is a reliable, cost-effective, and scalable solution that can be sited anywhere.
The ENDURING Mechanism: Storable, Electrically Heated Sand Delivers On-Demand Electricity
ENDURING uses electricity from surplus solar or wind to heat a thermal storage material — silica sand. Particles are fed through an array of electric resistive heating elements to heat them to 1,200°C (imagine pouring sand through a giant toaster). The heated particles are then gravity-fed into insulated concrete silos for thermal energy storage. The baseline system is designed for economical storage of up to a staggering 26,000 MWh of thermal energy. With modular design, storage capacity can be scaled up or down with relative ease.
Particle thermal energy storage systems can be constructed with existing infrastructure from retired coal and gas power plants. Image by Al Hicks and Besiki Kazaishvili, NREL
When energy is needed, the hot particles are gravity-fed through a heat exchanger, heating and pressurizing a working gas inside to drive the turbomachinery and spin generators that create electricity for the grid. The system discharges during periods of high electricity demand and when limited solar photovoltaic or wind power are available, such as early in the morning and evening, during dinner preparation, and when TVs are on. Once discharged, the spent, cold particles are once again fed into insulated silos for storage until conditions (and economics) are appropriate again for charging.
How Hot Sand in a Silo Is Revolutionizing Energy Decarbonization
ENDURING offers several advantages relative to other electricity storage technologies.
As a storage medium, abundant silica sand is stable and inexpensive at $30‒$50/ton, and has a limited ecological impact both in extraction and end of life. For comparison, lithium-ion batteries have an exceptional energy storage density ― important for certain sectors such as transportation, where weight matters ― but it comes at a high cost. Particle thermal energy storage is a less energy dense form of storage, but is very inexpensive ($2‒$4 per kWh of thermal energy at a 900°C charge-to-discharge temperature difference). The energy storage system is safe because inert silica sand is used as storage media, making it an ideal candidate for massive, long-duration energy storage.
ENDURING systems have no particular siting constraints and can be located anywhere in the country. These systems may also be constructed using existing infrastructure from retired coal- and gas-fired power plants.
ENDURING technology can support the expansion of renewable energy generation across our country. Building these cost-effective particle thermal energy storage systems around the United States could help utilities to continue using solar and wind without running the risk of destabilizing the grid or needing to curtail renewable energy generation. Particle thermal energy storage will also provide energy reserves so our communities can better navigate through extended weather events, whether a week-long cold front or a summer heat wave.
Multiple Potential Economical Use Cases Support Decarbonization by 2050
The Biden Administration seeks to achieve a carbon-free power sector by 2035 and a net zero emissions economy by 2050. Zhiwen Ma, principal investigator of the ENDURING project, sees an important role for particle thermal energy storage in achieving these goals. “While decarbonization of electricity has a clear path, decarbonization of the whole economy ― which includes things like building heat and industrial processes ― is more challenging because natural gas is very cheap, making it hard to displace,” he said. “Decarbonizing industrial processes and building heat is very tough.”
Converting renewable electricity into heat is one way to decarbonize these sectors. Ma sees an opportunity for particle thermal energy storage to play a role in cost-effectively supplanting natural gas. By using a heat pump, one unit of electricity is transformed into two to three units of heat, which can be stored in the particle thermal energy storage system and then later delivered to the end user (depending on the coefficient of performance of the heat pump or the use of an emerging pumped thermal energy storage technology). These technologies can be used for building and industry process heating to replace coal or natural gas.
In addition to providing grid storage and building heat, ENDURING offers a steady source of heat for industrial and chemical processes that are otherwise incompatible with the intermittency associated with solar and wind power.
According to NREL researcher Patrick Davenport, the economic environment, decarbonization goals, and technology have aligned for particle thermal energy storage. “Sand and concrete silos with refractory insulation are very inexpensive materials that can lead to low-cost energy storage,” he said. “Traditional four-hour storage technologies don’t scale well to the grid or city scale. Now that we are in need of large-scale energy storage, this technology makes a lot of sense.”
Early Achievements and ENDURING Promise
The ENDURING project is seeing promising progress and early interest. The team recently won the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Advanced Energy Systems Division and Solar Energy Division 2021 First-Place Best Paper Award and several U.S. Department of Energy technology funding awards. Patents on concentrating solar power integration have been awarded, and several more are being filed.
The ENDURING prototype heaters and heat exchangers are currently undergoing testing in high-temperature conditions. If the prototype tasks are successful this fall, Ma is confident that ENDURING technology will offer great potential to support renewable integration for future carbon-free energy supply.
Ma is not the only one who sees promise: NREL and clean-energy technology firm Babcock & Wilcox have an exclusive intellectual property option agreement to license the ENDURING particle thermal energy storage technology. Babcock & Wilcox are among several industry and academic research partners that contributed to the ENDURING project, including General Electric, Allied Mineral Products, Worley, Purdue University, and Colorado School of Mines.
In central Kentucky, Ford plans to build a dedicated battery manufacturing complex with SK Innovation – the $5.8 billion BlueOvalSK Battery Park – creating 5,000 jobs. Twin battery plants on the site are intended to supply Ford’s North American assembly plants with locally assembled batteries for powering next-generation electric Ford and Lincoln vehicles. Concept designs. Final design subject to change.
In a massive shakeup for the US electric vehicle supply chain, Ford and South Korean battery giant SK On announced today that they are ending their massive “BlueOval SK” joint venture.
The two companies will effectively split the custody of the three massive battery factories they were building together, with Ford taking the Kentucky site and SK On taking the Tennessee site.
Back in 2021, Ford and SK Innovation (SK On’s parent) announced a massive $11.4 billion investment to build three battery gigafactories in the US: two in Kentucky and one in Tennessee. It was, at the time, the single largest manufacturing investment in Ford’s 118-year history.
The idea was to create a vertically integrated battery supply chain for Ford’s next-generation electric trucks and SUVs.
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But today, SK confirmed reports that they are dissolving the JV structure entirely.
According to the announcement, Ford will take full ownership of the two battery plants in Kentucky. One of these plants had already begun initial operations earlier this year, while the second is still under construction.
SK On, meanwhile, will take full ownership of the BlueOval City battery plant in Tennessee.
Ford acknowledged the announcement from SK, but it refused to comment:
We are aware of SK’s disclosure and we have nothing further to share at this time.
The South Korean battery maker was surprisingly candid about the reasoning, stating that the split allows them to “supply batteries for both electric vehicles and energy storage systems not only to Ford but to a wider range of customers.”
This confirms that SK On didn’t want to be tied exclusively to Ford’s production volumes, which have been fluctuating wildly over the last year as the automaker adjusts its EV strategy. SK On explicitly mentioned expanding into the Energy Storage System (ESS) market,a sector that is booming right now, using the capacity at the Tennessee plant.
The deal is expected to close in the first quarter of 2026.
This comes amid narratives of “slowing EV demand” from legacy automakers and a changing political landscape in the US that has introduced uncertainty following the end of federal incentives.
Electrek’s Take
This is a huge deal, and frankly, it smells like trouble for Ford’s original volume targets.
When you form a multi-billion-dollar JV, you do it to lock in supply and share the massive capital burden. Breaking it up less than four years later, before all the plants are even running, suggests that the original plan is effectively dead.
In short, it would suggest Ford does not want the battery capacity from the factory it gave to SK.
For SK On, this looks like a smart pivot. If Ford isn’t buying enough cells to fill the lines because they are delaying EV models or pivoting to hybrids, SK needs the freedom to sell those batteries to Hyundai, VW, or into the energy grid storage market, which is insatiable right now.
They basically just freed up 45 GWh of capacity in Tennessee to sell to whoever writes the biggest check.
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Another EV is reportedly on the chopping block from Hyundai’s US lineup. Here’s what we know so far.
Is Hyundai pulling the IONIQ 6 EV from the US?
The sporty “N” model may be the only IONIQ 6 trim Hyundai offers in the US for the 2026 model year. Hyundai confirmed the 2026 IONIQ 6 N will be “extremely limited” in the US, but has not offered any updates on the standard version.
Hyundai gave the electric fastback a major refresh for 2026, complete with a sharp new look, a bigger battery for more range, a refined interior, and more.
That sounds nice and all, but will we ever get to see it in the US? According to a report from Jalopnik, the IONIQ 6 N may be the only trim available next year.
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When asked whether the updated IONIQ 6 would be coming to the US, Hyundai said no updates were available at the moment. On Hyundai’s website, the 2026 IONIQ 6 is listed with “more details to come.”
The Hyundai IONIQ 6 N (Source: Hyundai)
Although the Hyundai brand has not scrapped any EVs from its US lineup, its luxury Genesis brand dropped the Electrified G80 and is shifting from initial plans for an all-electric lineup to launching its first hybrid and extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs).
Hyundai’s sister company, Kia, has indefinitely delayed the EV4 electric sedan and the high-performance EV9 GT for the US market.
2025 Hyundai IONIQ 6 Limited (Source: Hyundai)
Is the IONIQ 6 next? A Hyundai spokesperson told TheKoreanCarBlog there are currently no new updates on plans to bring the updated IONIQ 6 to the US. The high-performance N variant remains the only 2026 IONIQ N trim confirmed to launch.
Hyundai has yet to reveal prices for the 641 hp electric sports car, but given the 2025 IONIQ 5 N starts at $66,200, the IONIQ 6 N will likely be slightly more expensive.
With the 2026 models arriving at dealerships, Hyundai is offering a few deals worth checking out. The IONIQ 5 remains one of the most affordable EVs in the US, with leases starting at just $189 a month. You can use the links below to find available models by you.
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As promised, we are here in Palo Alto, California, live at Rivian’s inaugural AI and Autonomy day, which the American automaker has been teasing for a month now. The event was filled with numerous exciting updates, including new in-house technology, a new AI assistant, the addition of LiDAR, and a uniquely wrapped Rivian R2.
Today’s AI and Autonomy event has been on our radar since Rivian released its Q3 2025 financial report, back in early November. At the time, the American automaker shared it had recently founded a new AI-focused company called Mind Robotics, joining its recently launched e-bike brand, ALSO.
When Rivian’s comms team shared the news about Mind Robotics, it said not to bother asking any additional questions, as the company wasn’t sharing any other details at the time. Instead, more would be revealed at an upcoming event called Rivian’s AI and Autonomy Day, slotted for December 11, 2026.
Here we are, and if you’re reading this, Rivian’s livestream of the inaugural event is either happening or has recently taken place. In addition to AI news, Rivian shared a slew of exciting updates, including some new component integrations as the automaker joins the race to achieve full-fledged Level 4 autonomy someday.
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There’s a lot to unpack here, so let’s dig in.
An R2D2 themed R2, with LiDAR! / Source: Rivian
Rivian to deliver new AI and autonomy tech in early 2026
Since today’s event was partially an AI Day, let’s start there. To begin, it revealed a new Rivian Autonomy Processor (RAP1) and Gen 3 Autonomy Computer, powered by a new in-house silicon chip designed for vision-centric AI.
According to Rivian, RAP1 will power its Gen 3 Autonomy computer, called the Autonomy Compute Module 3, or “ACM3.” Here are some key specs:
1,600 sparse INT8 TOPS (Trillion Operations Per Second)
Processing power of 5 billion pixels per second
RAP1 features RivLink, a low-latency interconnect technology allowing chips to be connected and multiply processing power
RAP1 is enabled by an AI compiler and platform software developed in-house by Rivian
Rivian’s new AI Assistant / Source: Rivian
Additionally, AI plays a key role in Rivian’s business infrastructure and user experience through a shared, multi-modal, and multi-LLM data foundation it calls “Rivian Unified Intelligence” (RUI).
Rivian says RUI will integrate AI into diagnostics to assist techs and quickly identify “complex issues.”Rivian states that the AI platform will also aid in the development of powerful new features, enhance service infrastructure, and facilitate predictive maintenance.
A notable addition that stood out to me in this new architecture is the Rivian Assistant (pictured above), which we’ve learned will launch in early 2026 on Gen 1 and Gen 2 R1 vehicles. Here are some highlights, per Rivian:
Built on Rivian’s edge models to understand your vehicle, your digital life, and the world around you
Connects vehicle systems with third-party apps using an in-house agentic framework, with Google Calendar named as the first integration
Augmented by frontier large language models for grounded data, natural conversation and
powerful reasoning.
Now for the second part of Rivian’s special event – autonomy. This morning, Rivian shared details of its new Autonomy Platform as well as an end-to-end data loop used to train it. This Large Driving Model (LDM) is trained similarly to a Large Language Model (LLM), but programmed to achieve foundational autonomy, with the ultimate aim of reaching Level 4 self-driving capabilities.
The new LDM will gather ideal driving strategies from massive datasets using Group-Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) and will then incorporate those techniques into a compatible Rivian vehicle. According to Rivian, those autonomy software enhancements will be rolled out to Gen 2 R1 models in the near future, unlocking Universal Hands-Free (UHF) driving capabilities for over 3.5 million miles of roads across the US and Canada. Check it out:
Universal Hands Free Driving! / Source: Rivian
To access this feature, Rivian has introduced an autonomy subscription called Autonomy+, launching in early 2026 for a one-time fee of $2,500 or a monthly payment of $49.99 to access the feature and its ongoing improvements.
Rivian hinted at some of those autonomy-centric improvements in the works for the Gen 2 R1 and R2 EVs, which include point-to-point, eyes-off, and personal Level 4 driving capabilities. Rivian founder and CEO, RJ Scaringe, spoke to the new tech debuting at AI and Autonomy Day:
I couldn’t be more excited for the work our teams are driving in autonomy and AI. Our updated hardware platform, which includes our in-house 1600 sparse TOPS inference chip, will enable us to achieve dramatic progress in self-driving to ultimately deliver on our goal of delivering L4. This represents an inflection point for the ownership experience – ultimately being able to give customers their time back when in the car.
Last but not least, the upcoming R2 made an appearance, cleverly “dressed” as R2D2 from Star Wars. What was more interesting, however, was that the R2 was equipped with a new piece of autonomy tech new to Rivian EVs – LiDAR.
That’s right; today, Rivian confirmed that it plans to integrate LiDAR into future R2 models, alongside the previously mentioned ACM3. Per Rivian:
LiDAR will augment the company’s multi-modal sensor strategy, providing detailed, three-dimensional spatial data and redundant sensing, and improving real-time detection for the edge cases of driving.
Here’s a peek at how it works:
Multi-Modal Sensors / Source: RivianVisual Comparisons including Camera, Radar, and LiDAR / Source: Rivian
How are we feeling? I know I just threw a lot of technical jargon at you, but here’s the gist – Rivian is continuing to develop, introduce, and integrate its own in-house technologies. Today’s was a purpose-built silicon chip and software-centric autonomy platform bolstered by AI.
LiDAR is likely to be introduced in R2 next year, and future models beyond that, and new autonomy capabilities are on the way (for a fee). That will include more hands-free-friendly routes around the US and Canada. Exciting stuff all around from Palo Alto.
Electrek’s take
While we will still need to see Rivian actually roll out these AI and autonomy technologies to owners for real-world use (and critique), it is exciting to see the American automaker not only deploying technologies like software-first autonomy platforms and silicon chips, but also developing them in-house.
Rivian is by no means the first to do so (Tesla introduced its FSD silicon chip years ago, and several Chinese automakers have followed suit). However, it’s still quite encouraging to see Rivian put a pony in the race to true, Level 4 self-driving.
I also find it interesting (while not surprising) that Rivian has chosen to integrate LiDAR into the R2 to support autonomy as part of its multi-modal approach discussed above. LiDAR remains a hot topic as Tesla still swears by vision cameras and has been joined by other recent converts, such as XPeng Motors. Meanwhile, most other OEMs still see LiDAR as the long-term best option, especially when paired with other sensors.
Rivian has opted for that same route to autonomy, and I can’t disagree with the decision. From a business standpoint, owning IP is a significant advantage, and it’s exciting to see Rivian continuing to develop such technological advancements internally, similar to other American EV brands like Tesla and Lucid.
Their focus on EVs not only promotes a sustainable future but also gives these companies more freedom to invest more heavily in one form of technology (BEVs) compared to legacy automakers, who must spread their R&D budgets across combustion, hybrid, PHEV, and BEV models.
Automakers like Rivian, Lucid, and Tesla have a few proprietary aces up their sleeves that they could one day wield toward other OEMs, whether that’s building and selling that hardware or software to them, or even licensing it. Take, for example, Rivian’s agreement with the Volkswagen Group, which includes EVs from Scout Motors.
Right now, I’m sure those brands are utilizing most of their technology in their own models, but developing their own motors, inverters, chips, and software platforms does have its advantages, whether that’s in Rivian EVs or other makes and models.
I’m personally excited to see Autonomy+ roll out to my Gen 2 R1S and will be sure to test the expanded Hands Free routes when I can. That’s all for now; thank you for reading.
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