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In the first part of this series, I projected and explained the plummeting hydrogen demand from petroleum refining and fertilizer, the biggest sources of demand today, through 2100. In the second part, I explored the flat demand segments, and the single source of significant demand increase I see for hydrogen in the next 20 years. In this final assessment, I look at the great but false hopes for a hydrogen economy: transportation, long-term storage, and heat.

Hydrogen demand through 2100 by author

Hydrogen demand through 2100, by author.

Transportation — 0 rising to 1 (one) million tons H2

This is one of the great hopes of the current fossil fuel industry, and a couple of car companies which have managed to capture their governments in Korea and Japan. However, there’s no significant place for hydrogen or synthetic fuels made from it in ground transportation. Electrification is simply too easy, prevalent, cheap, and effective. Hydrogen can’t compete outside of tiny niches like vintage vehicles. For short- and medium-haul aviation, and short- and medium-haul water freight shipping, the clear path is battery electric as well.

That only leaves long-haul shipping and long-haul aviation as areas where hydrogen might have a play. Mark Z. Jacobson and I discussed this on CleanTech Talk a year and a half ago. His perspective was that in order to get to a zero-carbon world, hydrogen would have to be used for long-haul shipping and aviation.

His perspective on shipping was that we needed to eliminate black carbon, with its 100-year global warming potential of 1,055–2,240. Subsequently, I spent a couple of hours talking with Hadi Akbari, a PhD of mechanical engineering who has spent the last several years of his fascinating career spanning two continents building scrubbers for heavy marine vessels. Just as particulates are scrubbed from coal plant emissions, they can be scrubbed from marine emissions, and so biofuels with their lower black carbon emissions will be fit for purpose in my opinion. (Note: this is my opinion after talking with Hadi and researching further, not Hadi’s expressed opinion.) Biofuels use nature to do most of the heavy lifting and have advanced substantially over the past decade. There is no value in using them in ground transportation, they no longer consume food sources and there is little real concern about them competing with agriculture, although there is a lot of expressed concern nonetheless.

On aviation, Jacobson rightly points out that we have to solve emissions, but it’s a hard problem, with CO2 emissions, nitrous oxide emissions (anything burned in our atmosphere combines the nitrogen and oxygen into nitrous oxides), and the water vapor which creates contrails. In discussion with Paul Martin, it’s clear that both hydrogen storage and fuel cells would have to be in the fuselage, leaving a lot less room for passengers and luggage or making the fuselage bigger with attendant efficiency losses, and creating a heavy burden of excess heat from the fuel cells that makes them deeply unlikely. In his perspective, hydrogen would be burned directly in jet engines in this model, and that wouldn’t eliminate nitrous oxides or water vapor hence contrails.

Once again, low-carbon biofuels are likely to be the solution here. Certified versions have existed since 2011, after all, while there are exactly zero certified hydrogen drive train planes in the world. And contrails require fairly minimal operational changes, as a regular CleanTechnica reader who holds my feet the fire pointed out (and thank you for doing so, Hazel). Those operational changes still have to be mandated for the airlines, but it’s not as significant a problem as I had originally assumed.

Biofuels are enhanced with some hydrogen in some cases, and there are always going to be edge cases where hydrogen persists, but my projection for all modes of transportation including biofuel use is still only an increase from effectively 0 tons today to a million tons a year by 2100.

Long-term storage — 0 rising to 1 (one) million tons

Hydrogen is also projected as a solution for the dunkelflaute, long dreary periods when there is little wind or sunshine. However, it only makes into the also-ran categories of my projections for grid storage, not into the three major technologies.

Projection of grid storage capacity through 2060 by major categories by author

Even there, it’s not going to be a big player in the also ran category, fighting for scraps with all the other contenders a long way back in the pack. Some of the reasons are the same as always. It’s ineffective, it’s inefficient and it will be vastly more expensive. But more than that, the need just isn’t there unless you assume a whole bunch of other solutions aren’t already occurring.

High-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission has been around since the 1950s, but in 2012 they finally solved a major technical inhibitor to its wide scale use. Despite the presence of multiple grids on continents already sharing electricity with HVDC asynchronous connections between high-voltage alternative current (HVAC) synchronized grids, despite massive HVDC construction projects under way, planned and proposed, despite electricity already being transmitted long-distances today with much more lossy HVAC, many people seem to think that electricity won’t be transmitted from renewables between opposing ends of continents and even across continents.

Electricity already flows from Africa to Europe across the Bosphorus Strait. Expanding that with big HVDC pipes from solar installations and wind farms in northern Africa is trivial, just as getting more HVDC pipes to ease the logjam from North Sea offshore wind into the population centers of Europe is straightforward and being constructed.

Renewables are cheap to build, and just as with every other form of electrical generation except nuclear, will be overbuilt and run under capacity part of the year.

Demand management strategies vs V2g projection

Demand management strategies vs V2g projection by author

And the emergence of massive electrification increases the ability to do demand management at much larger scales.

The assumption of the need for long-term storage assumes narrow geographical boundaries, an archaic concept of energy independence in a world of global trade, and actively hostile neighbors. Liebreich and I have started this conversation online, with his opening salvo being a question of whether Japan would ever accept the proposed HVDC links with China, to which I respond now that China is already 20% of Japan’s annual trade, so why is electricity different?

Germany will likely be the one outlier in this space. They have underground salt deposits that they can turn into caverns, they have a weird love affair with hydrogen too, and dunkelflaute being a German word isn’t a coincidence. If anybody builds significant hydrogen storage, it will probably be them.

As a result, my projection for global demand for hydrogen for electricity storage rises from effectively zero tons today to a million tons in 2100. Someone will waste the money, but very few.

Heating — 0 tons rising to … 0 (zero) tons

And finally, heating, the beloved hope of natural gas utilities globally, all of whom are lobbying hard to convince governments to let them ship hydrogen into homes and buildings to replace natural gas, and to allow them to inject tiny amounts of hydrogen into existing natural gas lines to produce close to zero emissions reductions.

There are no certified hydrogen home furnaces or stoves today. The existing natural gas distribution network would have to be completely replaced to handle hydrogen. Current challenges with leaking natural gas would be multiplied vastly by leaking hydrogen due to the tiny size of the molecule. SGN in Scotland is trying to retrofit 300 homes in Fife with hydrogen appliances for free, one of the many efforts going on around the world by utilities whose life is rapidly ending.

No, what will happen is that all of that natural gas distribution infrastructure will be shoved into electrical minimills to create steel for useful things, and the world will convert to heat pumps and induction stoves.

My projection for global demand for hydrogen for heating is effectively zero tons today, and remaining at so far under a million tons through 2100 that it rounds down to zero.

And so, that’s the projection. It’s flawed, of course, but not fatally in my opinion. It’s my first iteration of the projection, and it’s withstood me writing 4,000 words over three articles explaining it, so there’s that. But as with my projections on grid storage and vehicle-to-grid, I offer it to create a useful discussion about what the world will become, and welcome challenges to it.

Hydrogen demand today is two-thirds for petroleum refining and fertilizer manufacturing. Both of those uses are going to drop precipitously in the coming decades. The one growth area, steel, will not replace them, in my opinion. Green hydrogen only has to replace the useful two-thirds of hydrogen demand seen today, and grow to 75% of 2021 demand by 2100 to fulfill all needs.

 

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Tenways AGO T mid-drive e-bike at $2,399 low, DJI Power 2000 station hits new $999 low, EcoFlow 48-hour flash sale, tools, more

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July 15, 2025

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Tenways AGO T mid-drive e-bike at ,399 low, DJI Power 2000 station hits new 9 low, EcoFlow 48-hour flash sale, tools, more

Today’s Green Deals are headlined by the low price on Tenways’ AGO T Premium Mid-Drive Urban e-bike that comes with a free front carrier ($50 value) for $2,399, among other models seeing discounts during this sale. We also spotted DJI’s recently released Power 2000 Portable Power Station hitting a new $999 low, as well as EcoFlow’s latest four 48-hour flash sale offers that include two power stations, a WAVE 3 bundle, and a DELTA Pro 3 expansion battery at up to 53% off starting from $1,199. From there, we have Greenworks’ 40V 20-inch Cordless Pole Hedge Trimmer kit at its $114 low alongside the Worx Aerocart 8-in-1 Yard Cart down at $169.50. Plus, there’s all the hangover Prime Day savings in our Prime Day Green Deals hub at the bottom of the page, as well as yesterday’s EcoFlow phase 3 Prime Day Sale, and more.

Head below for other New Green Deals we’ve found today and, of course, Electrek’s best EV buying and leasing deals. Also, check out the new Electrek Tesla Shop for the best deals on Tesla accessories.

Tenways AGO T mid-drive e-bike with a 62-mile range and $50 in free gear at $2,399 low in latest sale

Tenways has launched a new Summer Sale that is taking up to $600 off its e-bike lineup while also offering an additional $300 savings when buying two models together. Among the offers this time, we’re seeing the lowest price to date continuing on the AGO T Premium Mid-Drive Urban e-bike for $2,399 shipped while also getting a free front carrier valued at $50. Normally, this higher-end model would cost you $2,699 at full price, which we saw brought down to the $2,399 low for the first time during the brand’s July 4th Sale. Now you’re getting another chance at that $300 markdown here while the savings last, dropping the costs back to the best price we have tracked. As always, there is an extra $150 savings available for medical providers, first responders, military personnel, and teachers with verification through ID.me on any of the e-bikes’ landing pages.

Aside from Tenways’ new CARGO ONE e-bike that recently released, the AGO T Urban e-bike is the highest-end of the brand’s models, cruising into view with a Bafang M420 mid-drive motor coupled with a 504Wh battery to provide up to 62 miles of pedal-assisted travel at up to 20 MPH top speeds. It shouldn’t be surprising that this premium model also comes with a superior torque sensor to support its PAS capabilities, with the settings controlled via the TFT LCD color display screen.

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There’s plenty of high-quality features you’ll be getting here too, like a hydraulic front lockout fork, the hydraulic disc brakes, puncture-resistant tires with fenders over each, a Gates CDX carbon belt drive, an Enviolo stepless shifting hub, an integrated rear cargo rack, integrated front and rear lighting, a suspension seat post, and more. There are even connectivity options through its companion app, the standout of which is the ability to cast directions from your phone onto the bike’s display for more seamless navigation.

If you want to check out the full lineup of e-bike deals that we’re seeing in this current sale, be sure to check out our original coverage here.

DJI Power 2000 Portable power station

Score DJI’s latest Power 2000 2,048Wh LiFePO4 station with $900 savings at a new $999 low

By way of its official Amazon storefront, DJI is giving folks a lower-than-ever price on its new Power 2000 Portable Power Station at $999 shipped, after using the promo code DJIPOWER2000 at checkout. This model was just released at the top of the month, with it waiting no time before dropping from its original $1,899 price tag to $1,299, which held out all of last week until falling to $1,099, with the promo code taking things even further. You’re looking at a combined 47% markdown that gives you $900 off its tag, landing it at a new all-time low price. You can also alternatively pick up its Power 1000 predecessor at $549 shipped right now, after redeeming the on-page coupon.

If you want to learn more about this all-new backup power solution, be sure to check out our original coverage here.

EcoFlow DELTA Pro power station

EcoFlow flash sale takes up to 53% off two power station offers, a WAVE 3 bundle, and an extra battery starting from $1,199

As part of its ongoing Phase 3 Prime Day Sale, EcoFlow has launched the next 48-hour flash sale through July 16, with four units getting up to 53% discounts to some of the best prices we have tracked. Among the two power station deals, you’ll find the brand’s DELTA Pro Portable Power Station with a free protective bag at $1,749 shipped, with the extra savings unfortunately not applicable here. Priced at $3,699 in full, we regularly see it down between $1,799 and $1,999, especially at Amazon, where it’s currently sitting $50 higher in price. While we have seen it go as low as $1,694 in the past, you’re still looking at a larger-than-normal 53% markdown off the going rate, giving you $1,950 in savings and landing it $55 above the all-time low. Head below for more on this unit and the others we’re seeing included in this flash sale.

If you want to learn more about this power station or the other units included in this flash sale, be sure to check out our original coverage here.

Greenworks 40V 20-inch Cordless Pole Hedge Trimmer

Cover hedge jobs with this Greenworks 40V 20-inch pole trimmer at $114 low

Amazon is offering the Greenworks 40V 20-inch Cordless Pole Hedge Trimmer for $113.99 shipped. Coming down from its usual $170 pricing, where the brand’s direct website currently has it listed, we only saw discounts in 2025 dropping costs to $140 until this past week, when Prime Day brought it lower than ever to the rate that is continuing into this week. You’re looking at a $56 markdown to the best price we have tracked and giving you the chance to save big while Prime Day benefits linger.

To learn more about this lawn care solution’s capabilities, be sure to check out our original coverage here.

Worx Aerocart 8-in-1 yard cart

Tackle yard work with 8-in-1 versatility using Worx’s transforming Aerocart at $169.50

Amazon is offering the Worx Aerocart 8-in-1 Yard Cart at $169.50 shipped, which comes in $0.50 under the current Best Buy Deals of the Day pricing. Usually going for $200 to $230 at full price, we’ve mainly seen it in 2025 keeping near $173, with it more recently keeping down between $169 and $170 at the lowest. While it’s fallen lower in the past, those rates haven’t reappeared this year at all, with today’s deal being a solid $60.50 markdown at the second-best price of the year – just $0.50 above the annual low.

If you want to learn more about this handy yard cart, be sure to check out our original coverage here.

Best Summer EV deals!

Best new Green Deals landing this week

The savings this week are also continuing to a collection of other markdowns. To the same tune as the offers above, these all help you take a more energy-conscious approach to your routine. Winter means you can lock in even better off-season price cuts on electric tools for the lawn while saving on EVs and tons of other gear.

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Range Rover’s first EV looks the part, but with a few surprises

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July 15, 2025

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Range Rover's first EV looks the part, but with a few surprises

Range-Rover-first-EV

Range Rover’s first electric SUV will finally arrive later this year. Ahead of its official launch, early reviews show the upcoming EV stays true to the Range Rover heritage, but there are a few things you should know.

Range Rover will launch its first EV later this year

Since launching its first vehicle 55 years ago, the Range Rover brand has become an iconic symbol of off-road capabilities, elegant design, and luxurious interiors.

With its first all-electric SUV due out later this year, Range Rover promises it will “refine and craft the epitome” of the luxury brand.

Although Range Rover is currently putting the electric SUV through “the most intensive testing” any of its vehicles has endured, Autocar got their hands on a prototype for an early review.

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The Range Rover Electric may look like the iconic SUV we’ve grown to love, but with an electric powertrain, it offers even more.

“A Range Rover more calm and assured, almost regardless of circumstance, than any in its 55-year lineage. Electrification yields a lot, but sacrifices little,” Matt Sanders, Autocar’s chief car tester, said after driving the prototype.

Range-Rover-first-EV
Range Rover Electric testing in Sweden (Source: JLR)

Based on the MLA platform, the electric SUV features JLR’s new in-house powertrain. The dual-motor setup packs a combined 542 hp and 627 lb-ft of torque.

The EV draws power from a massive 118 kWh battery, which is expected to deliver around 300 miles of real-world range. Sanders said he had about 160 miles of range remaining at half charge during the review.

Range-Rover-first-EV
Range Rover Electric SUV prototype testing (Source: JLR)

However, even JLR’s engineers admit that due to the SUV’s (not so) aerodynamic profile, 300 miles may be optimistic during longer-range highway driving. The engineers highlighted that the vehicle’s 800V architecture offers some of the fastest DC charging speeds on the market.

The electric SUV can also tow over 7,700 lbs (2.5 tons). Although this is less than the current Range Rover’s 3.5-ton towing capacity, it’s still on par with other luxury SUVs, such as the Mercedes G-Class.

Range-Rover-first-EV
Range Rover Electric prototype (Source: JLR)

To add more power, more motors, and bigger batteries would be required, according to Simon Fairbrother, Range Rover’s Chief Program Engineer.

Inside, the cabin is nearly identical to that of the current Range Rover SUV, featuring a plethora of digital screens and physical buttons in front of the driver. If anything, the only thing that could be changed is that the “Range Rover Electric deserves bigger heating and ventilation controls than other derivatives,” Sanders wrote.

Range-Rover-first-EV
Range Rover Electric prototype testing (Source: JLR)

JLR’s new in-house thermal management system (ThermAssist) is about 40% more efficient than the system of the Jaguar I-Pace, its first all-electric vehicle.

Range Rover’s first E will be offered in standard and long wheelbase variants. The extended wheelbase model will be about the same size as the outgoing Range Rover SUV, but it’s expected to still include enough second-row space to take it into “Bentley or Rolls-Royce territory for sheer lounging space.”

Range-Rover-first-logo-EV
JLR reveals new Range Rover logo (Source: JLR)

Since Autocar only drove the vehicle at speeds under 20 mph, we’ll have to wait to hear more about on- and off-road performance.

Sanders did mention that “the Range Rover Electric can simply ease itself up, down, over and around everything before it inspires incredible confidence in its capabilities” while driving through forest racks.

We will learn the prices closer to launch, but JLR is reportedly aiming for a price around the same as the V8 Autobiography, at just under £150,000 ($200,000).

Range Rover’s first EV has already secured over 61,000 clients on the waitlist ahead of its upcoming debut. JLR also revealed the luxury brand’s first logo, which we could see debut on the new electric SUV.

Source: Autocar

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Circle stock drops after House blocks key procedural vote on stablecoin legislation

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July 15, 2025

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Circle stock drops after House blocks key procedural vote on stablecoin legislation

Circle Internet Group Initial Public Offering at the New York Stock Exchange in New York City, U.S., June 5, 2025.

NYSE

Circle shares slid on Tuesday after the U.S. House of Representatives failed to clear a key procedural hurdle that would have teed up votes on long-awaited crypto-related bills.

The move dealt a major setback to the digital asset industry, which had framed this week as a turning point for regulatory clarity in Washington, D.C.

Circle, the stablecoin issuer that’s soared in value since its public market debut last month, fell about 5% after the vote. Crypto exchange Coinbase and bitcoin miner MARA Holdings both slipped about 2%.

Even after Tuesday’s drop, Circle shares are still up more than sixfold from their IPO price. The company is the issuer of USDC, the second-largest dollar-pegged stablecoin, with about 24% of the global market. Circle didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment.

The legislation, including the GENIUS Act, would mark the first time the U.S. sets federal rules for stablecoins, a $260 billion corner of the crypto market that underpins most digital asset trading. The bill establishes full-reserve requirements, mandates monthly audits, and creates a path for private companies to issue regulated digital dollars under the blessing of the U.S. government.

The GENIUS Act passed the Senate last month, a milestone for both the crypto industry and for President Donald Trump, who has pushed to align his administration with digital asset innovation. It also marked a win for the industry, which spent more than $245 million in the 2024 cycle to help elect what’s now seen as the most pro-crypto Congress in U.S. history.

Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent has said the market for U.S. stablecoins could grow eightfold to more than $2 trillion in the coming years if this bill is enacted. White House AI and crypto czar David Sacks had predicted it could unlock “trillions” of dollars in demand for U.S. Treasury notes virtually overnight.

The vote came just hours after Fairshake, the crypto industry’s most powerful PAC, disclosed $141 million in cash on hand as it fights for regulatory victories and backs pro-crypto candidates heading into the 2026 midterms. The committee didn’t provide a comment for this story.

House leadership is tentatively planning a second vote as early as Tuesday evening, though it’s unclear whether the rule or bill text will be modified to satisfy holdouts.

WATCH: Stablecoin showdown moves to the House after Senate clears crypto’s landmark bill

Stablecoin showdown moves to the House after Senate clears crypto’s landmark bill

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