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NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has given new insights into Jupiter’s Great Red Spot. Researchers have noticed that the speed of the winds in the massive planetary storm has increased over the last decade. This observation came after the analysis of Hubble’s regular “storm reports”. The average speed of the winds near the boundary has increased by 8 percent between the years 2009 and 2020. The current wind speed exceeds 400 miles per hour. This outer green circle is also called the high-speed ring. Interestingly, the winds at the vortex of the storm continue to move significantly slower.

The change in the peripheral wind speed recorded with the Hubble Space Telescope is, however, minuscule. The change amounts to less than 1.6 miles per hour per Earth year. Amy Simon, the NASA scientist who contributed to the research, said, “We’re talking about such a small change that if you didn’t have eleven years of Hubble data, we wouldn’t know it happened”.

The counter-clockwise and vortex spin of the massive storm is bigger than Earth. Astronomers have brooded over the Great Red Spot for almost 150 years, since the 1870s. The storm’s centre spurts out high clouds from Jupiter’s interior. These, then, run cascading down the sides over the outer layers of clouds. Its current diameter is 10,000 miles, which is almost three times bigger than the Earth’s diameter.

Michael Wong of the University of California, Berkeley, led the analysis and praised the Hubble Space Telescope for the data that led to the observation. “This is something only Hubble can do. Hubble’s longevity and ongoing observations make this revelation possible,” he said.

Scientists don’t have a storm chaser plane at Jupiter. That’s why they cannot continuously measure the winds on the planet. “Hubble is the only telescope that has the kind of temporal coverage and spatial resolution that can capture Jupiter’s winds in this detail,” said Simon. She added, “With Hubble, we have the precision we need to spot a trend”.

Wong analysed Hubble’s data by using software that tracked thousands of wind vectors whenever Hubble observed Jupiter. “I also ran a battery of statistical tests to confirm if it was justified to call this an increase in wind speed. It is,” he added.

In 2017, researchers also found an abrupt change in the storm’s wind speed when there was a major storm near the spot. Other recent observations about the Great Red Spot include the change in its size. Over a century’s observation shows that it has become more circular than oval.

This week on Orbital, the Gadgets 360 podcast, we discuss the Surface Pro 8, Go 3, Duo 2, and Laptop Studio — as Microsoft sets a vision for Windows 11 hardware. Orbital is available on Spotify, Gaana, JioSaavn, Google Podcasts, Apple Podcasts, Amazon Music and wherever you get your podcasts.

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Mice now use VR headsets to help scientists study brain activity and behaviour

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December 27, 2024

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Mice now use VR headsets to help scientists study brain activity and behaviour

Innovative VR headsets have been designed for mice, enabling scientists to study brain activity in highly immersive environments. Using these headsets, researchers can observe neural responses during specific behaviours, potentially unlocking new understanding of human neurological disorders. Crafted from readily available components such as smartwatch screens and miniature lenses, these devices are seen as a breakthrough in neuroscience research, offering precise insights into how mammals interact with their surroundings.

Development and Functionality of the Headsets

According to a study published in Nature Methods, the VR headsets—known as “MouseGoggles”—are paired with a spherical treadmill that keeps the mice stationary while simulating movement. These goggles attach to the mice’s heads, displaying sharp, high-contrast visuals that mimic real-world experiences. Dr. Matthew Isaacson, a postdoctoral researcher at Cornell University, stated in a press release that prior methods using projector screens failed to engage mice effectively, but the new goggles produced significant behavioural responses, such as startled reactions to simulated predators.

Verification of the Technology

To confirm the efficacy of the MouseGoggles, researchers examined activity in two critical brain regions. The primary visual cortex revealed that the mice could perceive the projected images clearly, while the hippocampus indicated accurate mapping of virtual environments. These findings underline the potential for the technology to deepen understanding of how mammals navigate and interact with their surroundings.

Future Applications and Advancements

Dr. Chris Schaffer, Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Cornell, noted to phys.org that these headsets could transform neuroscience by enabling the study of naturalistic behaviours. Plans are underway to create lightweight versions for larger rodents like rats and to incorporate sensory elements such as smell and taste into the VR experience. This expanded capability could provide more comprehensive insights into complex decision-making processes and sensory integration.
The research team believes this technology could significantly enhance studies into conditions like Alzheimer’s, offering critical understanding of spatial navigation and memory deficits.

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How Human Activity Fuels Pandemics: Climate Change and Biodiversity at the Core

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December 27, 2024

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How Human Activity Fuels Pandemics: Climate Change and Biodiversity at the Core

The rise in pandemics has been attributed to disruptions caused by human activities to the planet’s ecosystems. Infectious diseases, which have historically resulted in significant loss of life, are appearing more frequently. This resurgence has raised concerns among experts about the factors driving this trend. Modern advancements in science, including vaccinations and antibiotics, initially seemed to have controlled these outbreaks. Yet, the occurrence of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, SARS, and COVID-19 highlights the ongoing challenges.

Ecosystem Disruption and Its Role

According to a study published by researchers from the University of Adelaide, the disruption of ecosystems is central to the emergence of pandemics. Healthy ecosystems regulate diseases by maintaining natural balances, including predator-prey dynamics and vegetation growth. However, activities such as deforestation, climate change, and biodiversity loss have altered these balances, enabling pathogens to spread more easily. For instance, changes in climate have allowed disease-carrying mosquitoes to expand their range into previously temperate regions.

The Impact of Biodiversity Loss

Reports have indicated that biodiversity loss has created opportunities for pathogens to move from wildlife to humans. The case of vampire bats in South America is often cited, where deforestation and agricultural expansion provided new feeding grounds, leading to the spread of rabies. Similarly, the HIV virus emerged through the hunting of apes for food, eventually spreading globally. These examples underscore the link between human activity and the rise of zoonotic diseases.

The Importance of Planetary Health

Experts advocate for a “planetary health” approach, emphasising the interdependence of human health and the natural environment. This strategy aims to address fundamental drivers like climate change while also tackling immediate causes such as wildlife-human interactions. Educational institutions are increasingly integrating planetary health into their curricula to equip future leaders with tools to mitigate pandemic risks effectively.

It is widely believed that without addressing the root causes, the likelihood of future pandemics remains significant. Efforts to balance human development with ecological preservation have been suggested as key to safeguarding global health.

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Parker Solar Probe to make record-breaking Sun flyby on Christmas Eve

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December 27, 2024

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Parker Solar Probe to make record-breaking Sun flyby on Christmas Eve

The Parker Solar Probe, a mission by NASA, is set to make its closest approach to the Sun on Christmas Eve, December 24, 2024. This milestone flyby is expected to occur at precisely 6:53 a.m. EST, as reported by multiple sources. The spacecraft will reach an unprecedented proximity of 6.1 million kilometers from the Sun’s surface, marking the 22nd close encounter of its mission. This approach represents a record-breaking moment in space exploration, achieved through seven Venus flybys that incrementally brought the probe closer to the Sun.

Details of the Flyby

According to mission updates from NASA and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (JHUAPL), the Parker Solar Probe will travel at a staggering speed of 692,000 kilometers per hour during its journey through the Sun’s outer atmosphere, or corona. This high-speed encounter aims to shed light on the corona’s extreme temperatures and its role in solar wind generation. The probe’s heat shield, built to endure temperatures up to 1,377 degrees Celsius, will ensure the spacecraft remains operational as it navigates the intense environment.

Updates and Tracking

While the event itself will not be broadcast live, updates will be provided through NASA’s official channels and the Parker Solar Probe mission blog. A status check from the spacecraft is expected on December 27, followed by the first telemetry data on January 1, 2025. The initial scientific findings, including data on solar activity, are anticipated by late January.

What Comes Next

This flyby is part of the probe’s seven-year mission, concluding in 2025 after a total of 24 solar encounters. Subsequent flybys in March and June 2025 will continue to gather valuable data, with decisions about the probe’s orbit to be made thereafter, as per the mission team’s updates.

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