September was a rough month for crypto investors, in particular for those betting big on ether, the token tied to the ethereum blockchain.
Etherdropped 13% for the month, its second-biggest monthly decline in the past year, behind only a 16% slide in June. Bitcoin fell 7% in September.
It’s difficult to link short-term price movements to any specific event, and with the historic rally in crypto over the past 12 months, pullbacks are to be expected. Ethereum, the second most-valuable cryptocurrency behind bitcoin, is still up about 830% in the past year.
Investors are now buying the September dip. On Friday, the first day of October, ether and bitcoin both climbed over 9%.
Ether 12-month price chart
CNBC
But the September roller-coaster reflects a particularly rocky stretch for the ethereum ecosystem, which has given investors and developers reasons for concern.
The speed of the network and high transaction fees continue to be a problem. The “London” upgrade in August was supposed to make transaction fees less volatile, but it’s had a limited effect.
Meanwhile, rival blockchains dubbed “ethereum killers” are taking advantage of ethereum’s challenges.
Ethereum also unexpectedly split into two separate chains in late August, after someone exploited a bug in the software that most people use to connect to the blockchain. That exposed the network to an attack, and not for the first time.
“All these factors could be having some impact on the speculation side, no doubt,” said Mati Greenspan, founder and CEO of Quantum Economics, in an interview. “But don’t forget that ethereum has appreciated quite handsomely so far this year and the entire market seems to be in consolidation at this time. So I wouldn’t try to read too deeply into these short-term movements.”
Still, ethereum, which serves as the primary building block for all sorts of crypto projects, like non-fungible tokens (NFTs), smart contracts and decentralized finance (DeFi), has some major hurdles to overcome to fend off the emerging competition.
Ethereum’s unexpected split
A central premise of ethereum’s security stems from the existence of only one set of virtual books, meaning you can’t create coins out of thin air. That ledger has to work, because the decentralized nature of the blockchain means there’s no rule keeper or bank that sits in the middle of transactions to act as accountant.
Ethereum developers were rightly alarmed in August when the chain split because of a bug.
“This fork temporarily created two separate records of transactions on the ethereum network – like parallel books,” said Matt Hougan, chief investment officer at Bitwise Asset Management, which created the first cryptocurrency index fund.
For a while, it was unclear whether the split would lead to a “double-spend attack,” where the same token can be spent more than once and transactions can be reversed, Hougan said.Smart contracts overseeing billions of dollars in assets could have also been at risk. Smart contracts allow people to build applications on top of ethereum with self-executing code, eliminating the need of third parties to handle transactions.
Such an attack would have been difficult to execute, since it was clear which nodes were on the correct side of the split and which were not. “But in theory, there was a risk,” Hougan said.
The good news for miners and exchanges is that most of them upgraded their software as recommended and the issue was resolved relatively quickly, said Tim Beiko, the coordinator for ethereum’s protocol developers.
Auston Bunsen, co-founder of QuikNode, which provides blockchain infrastructure to developers and companies, said it was a “responsibly disclosed vulnerability.”
“This is a reminder that blockchains in general and ethereum specifically are new and disruptive technologies,” Hougan said. “They can do amazing things – settle $1 billion transactions in minutes and program money like software – but they are not fully mature.”
Bugs keep happening
The longer-term problem for ethereum is that random glitches like this keep happening.
In April, the ethereum blockchain was hit with a bug in one of the software programs used to access it. And in November, many of ethereum’s DeFi apps temporarily went down after a Geth upgrade debacle, which led to the chain splitting in two.
Geth is short for for Go Ethereum. To access the ethereum blockchain, operators and miners have their pick of software. Most use Geth, which accounts for 64% of the network.
When the ethereum blockchain broke in half a few weeks ago, it was becauseGeth had a bug in its consensus mechanism. That’s what creates the single source of truth for transactions so everyone sees the same thing regardless of what software they’re using.
Developers discovered the bug, put out a new release with a fix and publicly told everyone to update. A lot of users upgraded, but others didn’t. When an unknown actor exploited the bug, ethereum forked, meaning that it broke into two separate chains: one for those who had updated their software and one for those who had not.
Ethereum “sought the veneer of decentralization by having many clients, but as a consequence, they have incompatibilities,” said Nic Carter, co-founder of blockchain data aggregator Coinmetrics.
When the software programs don’t talk to one another, it creates problems for the network.
Bitcoin takes a very different approach. It relies on a highly secure software program for nodes to access the blockchain. Bitcoin developers have long sought to avoid hard forks at all costs, so all changes in the core software tend to be opt in rather than pushed out to users,according to Carter.
“Ethereum prioritizes faster development, but that comes at the cost of a more fragile set of software implementations,” Carter said.
Some crypto experts attribute ethereum’s success to its first-mover advantage. Most NFTs and 78% of DeFi apps, or dApps, run on ethereum, according to the website State of The Dapps.
That’s starting to change, thanks to the growing popularity of rival blockchains.
Even before this latest split in the blockchain, users were complaining about ethereum’s heavy congestion and high transaction fees, which touched a record of $70 earlier this year, and just this week, bounced from $20 to $46 and back down to $32.
‘Ethereum killers’
At current prices, fees continue to drive some users away.
They’re turning to blockchains like Cardano, a platform used to build dApps, and Solana, whose native coin has risen nearly 4,800% since September 2020. Launched last year, Solana is gaining traction in the NFT and DeFi ecosystems because it’s cheaper and faster to use than ethereum.
Investors who had been largely focused on ethereum “have been increasingly diversifying their holdings to other cryptocurrencies, fueling alternative blockchains like Algorand, Solana and Cardano,” said Mark Peikin, CEO of Bespoke Growth Partners.
Bunsen tells CNBC that while Solana is making good strides in terms of being a usable blockchain, it’s not yet decentralized enough to satisfy the larger crypto community.
It’s also not immune to bugs. Last month, Solana suffered a 17-hour outage following a denial-of-service attack, which took the form of a flood of transactions caused by bots.
The list of so-called ethereum killers is long, and includes blockchains like Matic and Polygon, which are complementary to ethereum, according to Bunsen, as well Cardano, which is known for its security.
“I think some of those ethereum killers will make it,” said Bunsen. “But they won’t kill ethereum.”
Ethereum also has its own upgrade in the works. For several years, it’s been building ethereum 2.0, which is expected to be ready by the first quarter of 2022.
The makeover will move ethereum to a less energy-intensive mining process and, according to network founder Vitalik Buterin, could boost speed by over 7,000-fold to 100,000 transactions per second.
If it’s successful, Bunsen said, ethereum 2.0 will be a “huge upgrade in terms of throughput to the ethereum network and a huge win for the environment generally.”
Daniel Harvey Gonzalez | In Pictures via Getty Images
Klarna, a provider of buy now, pay later loans filed its IPO prospectus on Friday, and plans to go public on the New York Stock Exchange under ticker symbol KLAR.
Klarna, headquartered in Sweden, hasn’t yet disclosed the number of shares to be offered or the expected price range.
The decision to go public in the U.S. deals a significant blow to European stock exchanges, which have struggled to retain homegrown tech firms. Klarna CEO Sebastian Siemiatkowski had hinted for years that a U.S. listing was more likely, citing better visibility and regulatory advantages.
Klarna is continuing to rebuild after a dramatic downturn. Once a pandemic-era darling valued at $46 billion in a SoftBank-led funding round, Klarna saw its valuation slashed by 85% in 2022, plummeting to $6.7 billion in its most recent primary fundraising. However, analysts now estimate the company’s valuation in the $15 billion range, bolstered by its return to profitability in 2023.
Revenue last year increased 24% to $2.8 billion. The company’s operating loss was $121 million for the year, and adjusted operating profit was $181 million, swinging from a loss of $49 million a year earlier.
Founded in 2005, Klarna is best known for its buy now, pay later model, a service that allows consumers to split purchases into installments. The company competes with Affirm, which went public in 2021, and Afterpay, which Block acquired for $29 billion in early 2022. Klarna’s major shareholders include venture firms Sequoia Capital and Atomico, as well as SoftBank’s Vision Fund.
Docusign rose more than 14% after reporting stronger-than-expected earnings after the bell Thursday.
“We’ve really stabilized and I think started to turn the corner on the core business,” CEO Allan Thygesen said Friday on CNBC’s “Squawk Box.” “We’ve become much more efficient.”
Here’s how the company performed in the fourth quarter FY2025 compared to LSEG estimates:
Earnings per share: 86 cents vs. 85 cents expected
Revenue: $776 million vs. $761 million
The earnings beat was boosted in part by the electronic signature service’s new artificial intelligence-enabled content called Docusign IAM, a platform for optimizing processes involving agreements.
“It’s tremendously valuable,” Thygesen said. “It’s opening a treasure trove of data. … We’re seeing excellent pickup.”
Looking to fiscal year 2026, Thygesen said Docusign expects IAM to account for low double digits of the total growth of the business by Q4.
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Thygesen said the company is also partnering with Microsoft and Google, which the company does not view as competitors because they’re “not looking to become agreement management specialists.”
Despite consumer sentiment and demand dipping across the board due to tariff uncertainty, Thygesen said the company has not seen anything yet in its transactional activity to indicate a slowdown in demand or growth.
“More and more people are going to want to sign things electronically,” Thygesen said.
The company reported subscription revenue at $757 million, marking a 9% year-over-year increase. Docusign said it expects first-quarter revenue between $745 million and $749 million and projects full-year revenue between $3.129 billion and $3.141 billion.
Docusign reported net income of $83.50 million, or 39 cents per share, compared to net income of $27.24 million, or 13 cents per share, a year ago. Fourth-quarter revenue of $776 million was up 9% from the year-ago quarter.
DocuSign went public in 2018 at a $6 billion valuation. The company’s share price soared during the pandemic as demand for remote services boomed during lockdowns and social restrictions, hitting record highs in 2021 before plummeting. Thygesen, who previously worked at Google, joined the company in September 2022 after DocuSign’s massive slide.
Less than two months ago, the tech industry’s top leaders flocked to Washington, D.C., for the presidential inauguration, part of an effort to strike a friendly tone with President Donald Trump after a contentious first go-round in the White House.
Thus far, they’ve avoided any nasty social media posts from the president. But their treatment by investors has been anything but warm.
Over the last three weeks, since the Nasdaq touched its high for the year, the seven most valuable U.S. tech companies — often called “the Magnificent Seven” — have lost a combined $2.7 trillion in market value. The sell-off has pushed the Nasdaq to its lowest level since September.
As of Thursday, the tech-heavy index was down 4.9% for the week, heading for its worst weekly performance in six months. If it ends up down more than 5.8%, it would be the steepest weekly drop since January 2022.
Sparking the downdraft was President Trump’s promise to slap high tariffs on top trading partners, including China, Mexico and Canada, along with mass firings of government workers. The combination of a potential trade war and rising unemployment is particularly troubling news for consumer and business spending and has raised fears of a recession.
Additionally, many technology companies import key parts from abroad, and rely on trade partners for manufacturing.
This isn’t what Wall Street was expecting.
Following Trump’s election victory in November, the market jumped on prospects of diminished regulation and favorable tax policies. The Nasdaq climbed to a record close on Dec. 16, capping a more than 9% rally over about six weeks after the election.
Since then, electric car maker Tesla has lost close to half its value, despite — or perhaps because of — the central role that CEO Elon Musk is playing in the Trump administration.
The Nasdaq’s high point for the year came on Feb. 19, about a month into Trump’s second term. But it finished that week lower and has continued its precipitous decline.
Here’s how the seven megacaps have fared over that stretch:
Apple, the world’s most valuable company and the only remaining member of the $3 trillion club, has lost $529 billion in market cap since the close on Feb. 19. The iPhone maker is down 17%.
Microsoft, which was previously worth over $3 trillion, has fallen by $267 billion in the past three weeks, a drop of close to 9% for the software giant.
Nvidia, the chipmaker that’s been the biggest beneficiary of the artificial intelligence boom, also slid below $3 trillion over the course of losing $577 billion in value, the biggest dollar decline in the group. Like Apple, the stock is down 17% since the Nasdaq peaked.
Amazon is down by $347 billion, falling by 14%, while Alphabet is off by $275 billion after a 12% decline. Meta has shed $286 billion in market cap, a 16% drop.
Tesla has seen by far the biggest percentage decline at 33%, equaling $386 billion in value.
Goldman Sachs on Wednesday referred to the group as the “Maleficent 7.” Chief U.S. equity strategist David Kostin noted that the basket now trades at its lowest valuation premium relative to the S&P 500 since 2017. Goldman cut its price target on the benchmark index to 6,200 from 6,500. The S&P 500 closed on Thursday at 5,521.52.
“We believe investors will require either a catalyst that improves the economic growth outlook or clear asymmetry to the upside before they try to ‘catch the falling knife’ and reverse the recent market momentum,” Kostin wrote.
