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The government has announced its strategy to meet its promise to cut emissions to net zero by 2050.

In the 368-page document, Boris Johnson said the aim is to “meet the global climate emergency but not with panicked, short-term or self-destructive measures”.

The prime minister added the plan will be driven forward by the “unique power of capitalism” to bring down the costs of going green “so we can make net zero a net win for people, for industry, for the UK and for the planet”.

Prime Minister Boris Johnson (right) appears on stage in conversation with American Businessman Bill Gates during the Global Investment Summit at the Science Museum, London. Picture date: Tuesday October 19, 2021.
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Boris Johnson and Bill Gates (L) announced a green investment partnership

These are the key pledges and policies – and Treasury concerns over how it will be paid for:

Power

The government confirmed a target for all electricity to come from low carbon sources by 2035 – subject to security of supply – which brings the plan forward by 15 years.

That includes:

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• 40 gigawatts from offshore wind, including 1GW of floating offshore wind by 2030

• Deploying a carbon capture, utilisation and storage power plant

Wind turbines at Whitelee Windfarm in East Renfrewshire
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The government wants 40GW to come from offshore wind farms by 2030

• By the end of this parliament (May 2024), the government wants to secure a final investment decision on a large-scale nuclear plant and make decisions after that for more nuclear projects

• Providing £380m for the offshore wind sector

• Fixed minimum annual installation targets of smart meters for energy suppliers from 1 January 2022 so everyone has one by 2026

• Ensuring energy prices are fair and affordable and consumers can use services that will support net zero

Fuel supply and hydrogen

The government wants to deliver 5GW of hydrogen production capacity by 2030 while halving oil and gas emissions.

It plans to do that by:

• Providing up to £140m to establish a scheme that will fund new hydrogen and industrial carbon capture business models

• Implementing a £240m Net Zero Hydrogen Fund in 2022

• Working with the transport sector to develop a low carbon fuel strategy in 2022

• Working with companies to get rid of anything preventing the electrification of oil and gas production by October 2022

• Establishing a climate compatibility check for future licensing on the UK Continental Shelf – the water around the UK to which the country has mineral rights, including large resources of oil and gas

Britain's Prime Minister Boris Johnson looks on as he visits a trade stall inside the conference venue at the annual Conservative Party conference, in Manchester, Britain, October 5, 2021. REUTERS/Phil Noble
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The PM wants hydrogen to become one of the main fuels used in the UK

Industry

The ambition is for 6 metric tonnes of carbon dioxide (MtCO2) to be delivered per year of industrial carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) by 2030, and 9 MtCO2 per year by 2035.

The government wants to set up four CCUS “clusters” by 2030.

To achieve this, it wants to:

• Set up a £1bn carbon capture and storage infrastructure fund

• Give £315m to the Industrial Energy Transformation Fund to support the installation of energy efficiency and on-site decarbonisation measures – £289m for England, Wales and Northern Ireland, £26m for Scotland

How will this all be paid for?

A Treasury report has said funding the proposals will be difficult, especially as fossil fuel taxes will not be contributing, and warned “new sources of revenue” would be needed.

It added that passing the costs onto future taxpayers through borrowing would “deviate from the polluter pays principle” and would not be fair so the government “may need to consider changes to existing taxes and new sources of revenue”.

But, it said additional revenue could be raised from those doing the most polluting via “expanded carbon pricing”, therefore reducing the need to raise other taxes.

• Support switching from fuel to low carbon alternatives, with the aim of replacing around 50 TeraWatt Hours (TWh) of fossil fuels per year by 2035

• Consider the business and financial implications of setting targets for ore-based steelmaking to reach near-zero emissions by 2035

• Incentivise a cost-effective way of ending the reliance on carbon-emitting fuels in industry

Coal is one of the most carbon-intensive fossil fuels and creates harmful air pollution. File pic
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The government will support the switch from a reliance on carbon-emitting fuels in industry

Heat and buildings

The government wants to wean UK homes and all buildings off a reliance on fossil fuels by 2035 by making it affordable and achievable for everyone.

It has published the Heat and Buildings Strategy, which aims to:

• Support 175,000 green-skilled jobs by 2030 and 240,000 by 2035

• Phase out the installation of new gas boilers by 2035

• Introduce a £450m Boiler Upgrade Scheme so grants of £5,000 will be available from April 2022 for people to replace gas boilers with low carbon heat pumps (currently around £10,000) at the same cost – with the aim of making heat pumps as cheap to buy and run as gas boilers by 2030

• Invest £60m in heat pump innovation to make them more aesthetically pleasing, smaller and easier to install

• Insulate and upgrade poor homes and social housing so they are more efficient by 2030 with a £1.75bn investment

• Set standards for privately rented homes so they are more energy-efficient by 2028 (and will consider doing this for social housing)

• Invest £1.425bn to reduce direct emissions from public sector buildings by 75% by 2037

• Set a minimum energy efficiency standard of EPC Band B (the second most efficient) by 2030 for privately rented commercial buildings in England and Wales

• Trial hydrogen heating on a large-scale to make a decision by 2026 on its future role

Transport

The government has pledged to end the sale of new petrol and diesel cars and vans from 2030 and from 2035 all new cars and vans must be zero-emission.

To achieve that it wants to:

• Set targets for a percentage of new vehicle sales to be zero-emission each year from 2024

• End the sale of all new, non-zero emission road vehicles by 2040 – including motorcycles, buses and HGVs

• Ensure the UK’s vehicle charging network is reliable

• Commit an additional £620m on top of the £1.9bn already pledged for zero-emission vehicle grants and electric vehicle infrastructure

• Have 25% of the government’s car fleet ultra-low emission by December 2022 and all zero-emission by 2027

Pod Point offers electric vehicle chargers for home, business and public use
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Electric vehicle charging points will be boosted under the plan

• Invest £12bn in local transport systems by May 2024

• Invest £2bn in cycle lanes and low-traffic neighbourhoods so half of all town and city journeys can be walked or cycled by 2030

• Invest £3bn in buses, including 4,000 new zero-emission buses, more bus lanes and more frequent services

• Electrify all railway lines by 2050 and remove all diesel-only trains by 2040

• Phase out the sale of new non-zero emission domestic shipping vessels

• Use £180m of funding so 10% of commercial flights use sustainable aviation fuels by 2030

Natural resources, waste and fluorinated gases (man-made gases such as HFCs and PFCs used in industry that contribute to the greenhouse effect)

The government wants 75% of farmers in England to be using low carbon practices by 2030 and 85% by 2035.

It aims to do this by:

• Increasing research and development funding into how to deliver net zero in agriculture and horticulture

• Trebling tree growing to meet the target of 30,000 hectares of planting per year by May 2024 and maintain that from 2025 onwards

Bill Gates boosts UK green investment

Boris Johnson and Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates announced a £400m partnerships to boost green investment.

Mr Gates and the government are going 50/50 on the investment.

The tech billionaire said the money will go towards funding clean technologies and reducing their costs “so they can compete with and replace the high-emitting products we use today”.

• Adding £124m to the existing £640m Nature for Climate Fund to restore at least 35,000 hectares of peatland in England, and create and manage woodlands by 2025 – helping farmers to change land use

• Restoring about 280,000 hectares of peat in England by 2050

• Supporting private investment in tree planting and peat restoration

• Increasing the use of timber in construction in England

• Putting £295m into English local authorities to implement free separate food waste collections for all households from 2025 to eliminate biodegradable municipal waste going to landfill from 2028

• Completing a review of F-gas regulations and seeing if they can go further

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Greenhouse gas removals (GGR)

The plan is to engineer the removal of at least 5 MtCO2 per year of greenhouse gases by 2030.

The government says it will do this by:

• Putting £100m of investment into GGR innovation and developing incentives to remove greenhouse gases

• Trying to amend the Climate Change Act to enable engineered GGR to contribute to UK carbon budgets

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The Lib Dems want to be the nice guys of politics – but is that what voters want?

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The Lib Dems want to be the nice guys of politics - but is that what voters want?

Lib Dems don’t tend to listen to right-wing podcasts.

But if they did, they may be heartened by some of what they hear.

Take the interview Kemi Badenoch gave to the TRIGGERnometry show in February.

Ten minutes into the episode, one of the hosts recounts a conversation with a Tory MP who said the party lost the last election to the Lib Dems because they went too far to the right.

Everyone laughs.

Then in March, in a conversation with the Canadian psychologist Jordan Peterson, the Tory leader was asked to describe a Liberal Democrat.

“Somebody who is good at fixing their church roof,” said Ms Badenoch.

She meant it as a negative.

Lib Dems now mention it every time you go near any of them with a TV camera.

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‘It’s a two-horse race!’

The pitch is clear, the stunts are naff

At times, party figures seem somewhat astonished the Tories don’t view them as more of a threat, given they were beaten by them in swathes of their traditional heartlands last year.

Going forward, the pitch is clear.

Sir Ed Davey wants to replace the Tories as the party of middle England.

Ed Davey rides on a rollercoaster during a visit to the BIG Sheep theme park in Bideford.
Pic: PA
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Sir Ed rides on a rollercoaster. Pic: PA

One way he’s trying to do that is through somewhat naff and very much twee campaign stunts.

To open this local election race, the Lib Dem leader straddled a hobbyhorse and galloped through a blue fence.

More recently, he’s brandished a sausage, hopped aboard a rollercoaster and planted wildflowers.

Senior Lib Dems say they are “constantly asking” whether this is the correct strategy, especially given the hardship being faced by many in the country.

They maintain it is helping get their message out though, according to the evidence they have.

“I think you can take the issues that matter to voters seriously while not taking yourself too seriously, and I also think it’s a way of engaging people who are turned off by politics,” said Sir Ed.

Ed Davey tries his hand at hobby horsing during the launch of the party's local election campaign in Walled Garden of Badgemore Park in Henley-on-Thames.
Pic: PA
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Sir Ed on a hobby horse during the launch of the party’s local election campaign in the Walled Garden of Badgemore Park in Henley-on-Thames. Pic: PA
Pic: PA


‘What if people don’t want grown-ups?’

In that way, the Lib Dems are fishing in a similar pool of voters to Reform UK, albeit from the other side of the water’s edge.

Indeed, talk to Lib Dem MPs, and they say while some Reform supporters they meet would never vote for a party with the word “liberal” in its name, others are motivated more by generalised anger than any traditional political ideology.

These people, the MPs say, can be persuaded.

But this group also shows a broader risk to the Lib Dem approach.

Put simply, are they simply too nice for the fractured times we live in?

“The Lib Dems want to be the grown-ups in the room,” says Joe Twyman, director of Delta Poll.

“We like to think that the grown-ups in the room will be rewarded… but what if people don’t want grown-ups in the room, what if people want kids shitting on the floor.”

Liberal Democrat leader Sir Ed Davey canoeing in the River Severn in Shrewsbury with North Shropshire MP Helen Morgan, while on the local election campaign trail. Picture date: Friday April 11, 2025.
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Sir Ed canoeing in the River Severn in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. Pic: PA

A plan that looks different to the status quo

The party’s answer to this is that they are alive to the trap Lib Dems have walked into in the past of adopting a technocratic tone and blandly telling the public every issue is a “bit more complicated” than it seems.

One senior figure says the Lib Dems are trying to do something quite unusual for a progressive centre-left party in making a broader emotional argument about why the public should pick them.

This source says that approach runs through the stunts but also through the focus on care and the party leader’s personal connection to the issue.

Presenting a plan that looks different to the status quo is another way to try to stand apart.

It’s why there has been a focus on attacking Donald Trump and talking up the EU recently, two areas left unoccupied by the main parties.

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‘A snivelling cretin’: Your response?

The focus on local campaigning

But beyond the national strategy, Lib Dems believe it’s their local campaigning that really reaps rewards.

In the run-up to the last election, several more regional press officers were recruited.

Many stories pumped out by the media office now have a focus on data that can be broken down to a constituency level and given to local news outlets.

Party sources say there has also been a concerted attempt to get away from the cliche of the Lib Dems constantly calling for parliament to be recalled.

“They beat us to it,” said one staffer of the recent recall to debate British Steel.

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Steel might have been ‘under orders’ from China

‘Gail’s bakery rule’

This focus on the local is helped by the fact many Lib Dem constituencies now look somewhat similar.

That was evidenced by the apparent “Gail’s bakery rule” last year, in which any constituency with a branch of the upmarket pastry purveyor had activists heaped on it.

The similarities have helped the Lib Dems get away from another cliche – that of the somewhat opportunist targeting of different areas with very different messages.

“There is a certain consistency in where we won that helps explain that higher vote retention,” said Lib Dem president Lord Pack.

“Look at leaflets in different constituencies [last year] and they were much more consistent than previous elections… the messages are fundamentally the same in a way that was not always the case in the past.”

Ed Davey in a swan pedalo on Bude Canal in Bude, Cornwall.
Pic: PA
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Sir Ed in a swan pedalo on Bude Canal in Cornwall. Pic: PA

A bottom-up campaign machine

New MPs have also been tasked with demonstrating delivery and focusing doggedly on the issues that matter to their constituents.

One Home Counties MP says he wants to be able to send out leaflets by 2027, saying “everyone in this constituency knows someone who has been helped by their local Lib Dem”.

In the run-up to last year’s vote, strategists gave the example of the Lib Dem candidate who was invited to a local ribbon-cutting ceremony in place of the sitting Tory MP as proof of how the party can ingratiate itself into communities.

With that in mind, the aim for these local elections is to pick up councillors in the places the party now has new MPs, allowing them to dig in further and keep building a bottom-up campaign machine.

‘Anyone but Labour or Conservative’

But what of the next general election?

Senior Lib Dems are confident of holding their current 72 seats.

They also point to the fact 20 of their 27 second-place finishes currently have a Conservative MP.

Those will be the main focus, along with the 43 seats in which they finished third.

There’s also an acronym brewing to describe the approach – ABLOC or “Anyone but Labour or Conservative”.

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Keir Starmer and Kemi Badenoch aren’t exactly flying high in the opinion polls

9% swing could make Sir Ed leader of the opposition

The hope is for the political forces to align and Reform UK to continue splitting the Tory vote while unpopularity with the Labour government and Conservative opposition triggers some to jump ship.

A recent pamphlet by Lord Pack showed if the Tories did not make progress against the other parties, just 25 gains from them by the Lib Dems – the equivalent of a 9% swing – would be enough to make Sir Ed leader of the opposition.

What’s more, a majority of these seats would be in the South East and South West, where the party has already picked up big wins.

As for the overall aim of all this, Lord Pack is candid the Lib Dems shouldn’t view a hung parliament as the best way to achieve the big prize of electoral reform because they almost always end badly for the smaller party.

Instead, the Lib Dem president suggests the potential fragmentation of politics could bring electoral reform closer in a more natural way.

“What percentage share of the vote is the most popular party going to get at the next general election, it’s quite plausible that that will be under 30%. Our political system can’t cope with that sort of world,” he said.

Whether Ms Badenoch will still be laughing then remains to be seen.

This is part of a series of local election previews with the five major parties. All five have been invited to take part.

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PM and Trump step up trade talks – as chancellor warns it’s ‘foolish’ not to engage with China

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PM and Trump step up trade talks - as chancellor warns it's 'foolish' not to engage with China

It would be “foolish” to stop engaging with China, the chancellor has said, as Sir Keir Starmer held his first call with Donald Trump since he put 10% tariffs on goods imported from the UK.

Rachel Reeves will hold talks with the US next week amid efforts to establish a trade deal, which the government hopes will take the sting out of the president’s tariffs.

There has been speculation Washington may press the government to limit its dealings with China as part of that deal, having launched a tit-for-tat trade war with its economic rival.

But Ms Reeves told The Daily Telegraph:”China is the second-biggest economy in the world, and it would be, I think, very foolish, to not engage.

“That’s the approach of this government.”

She suggested she would back the fast fashion firm Shein launching an initial public offering (IPO) in the UK, saying the London Stock Exchange and Financial Conduct Authority have “very strict standards” and “we do want to welcome new listings”.

Shein, which was founded in China but is now based in Singapore, has faced several obstacles to its efforts to float, including UK political pressure over alleged supply chain and labour abuses.

Read more from Sky News:
Trump says he might give up on Ukraine peace talks
Pub hours extended for 80th VE Day celebrations

How Japan could shape the future of the NHS

Sir Keir Starmer the Trump charmer.
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Sir Keir Starmer and Donald Trump met in February. Pic: PA

‘Productive discussions’

When it comes to a UK-US deal, The Daily Telegraph has reported officials in Washington believe an agreement could be weeks away.

But on Thursday, Mr Trump said he was in “no rush” to reach any deals because of the revenues his new tariffs are generating.

During Sir Keir’s call with the US president on Friday, the two leaders talked about the “ongoing and productive discussions” on trade between the two nations, according to a Downing Street spokesperson.

“The prime minister reiterated his commitment to free and open trade and the importance of protecting the national interest,” Number 10 said.

As well as the 10% levy on all goods imported to America from the UK, Mr Trump enacted a 25% levy on car imports.

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How Japan could shape the future of the NHS

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How Japan could shape the future of the NHS

The health secretary is taking inspiration from Japan in his bid to change how Britons are treated by the NHS.

Wes Streeting has said he’s interested in the idea of “health MOTs” for Britain’s older citizens, evoking how the Asian island nation relies on personalised medical plans for its ageing population.

Japan combines genomics and AI machine learning to offer hyper-bespoke programmes for individuals, helping to predict and prevent illnesses before they really take hold.

Mr Streeting said such an approach could be a “game-changer” in the UK, as he prepares to publish his 10-year plan for the health service later in 2025.

He has repeatedly spoken about his desire to move more of the NHS’s work out of hospitals and into local communities, focusing more on preventative care than more expensive and invasive emergency treatment.

Last year, NHS England – which is due to be scrapped – announced patients over 65 or those with frailty-related conditions would be given health MOTs outside emergency departments to avoid unnecessary admissions.

The tests checked for blood pressure, heart health and mobility.

Read more from Sky News:
Why families face agonising funeral delays
‘Andrew Tate phenomena’ sweeping schools

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Why has Starmer axed NHS England?

‘A lot of opportunity’

Speaking to The Telegraph, the minister said Japan was an “interesting” case study to follow because it’s got a “very significant ageing society”.

Japan’s population has been shrinking and growing older for decades as young people delay marriage and having children largely due to unstable jobs and economic difficulties.

A 2023 survey found more than 1 in 10 people in Japan were aged 80 or older for the first time.

Mr Streeting has reportedly been briefed by an ex-Japanese health official about the country’s health programmes.

He told The Telegraph while the NHS faced “enormous challenges”, he believed advances in technology – notably around artificial intelligence – offered “a lot of opportunity and hope”.

He said he hoped personalised programmes like Japan’s could eventually be offered to everyone in the UK.

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