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As states reach higher toward 100% renewable operation, energy storage will be key to enabling a more variable power supply. But no single technology will be a silver bullet for all our energy storage needs.

Rather, a portfolio of storage solutions makes best economic sense for future energy systems, according to a recent National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) analysis titled “Optimal energy storage portfolio for high and ultrahigh carbon-free and renewable power systems,” published in Energy & Environmental Science.

“The fact is, every energy system is different, with different demand, renewable deployment, weather, etc.,” said Omar J. Guerra, NREL researcher and lead author on the paper. “We have found that energy storage enables the lowest cost of energy across different timescales and economic circumstances on high-renewable systems, which means we are looking at a combination of storage technologies for the future grid.”

Storage Technology Trade-Offs

Guerra and researchers Joshua Eichman and Paul Denholm used a custom high-resolution optimization model to compare energy storage combinations across the United States. The researchers found that geographic variation, among other factors, can drastically shape an energy storage portfolio. For example, the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) grid is solar-driven, discharging seasonal storage for around 50 days to cover winter months in the model, whereas the wind-driven Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) could deploy shorter-duration seasonal storage (but still much longer than most currently deployed storage technologies) with capacity of 5–14 days.

Normalized state of charge (SOC) for short-duration (SD), long-duration (LD1 and LD2), and seasonal storage (SS) in CAISO and MISO. (a) Normalized SOC for devices on CAISO with 100% renewable energy mix. (b) Normalized SOC for devices on MISO with 100% renewable energy mix. SOC = 1 (dark red) implies that the storage device is full. SOC = 0 (light red) implies that the storage device is empty.

The storage technologies face fundamental trade-offs in efficiency and capital costs for both the power and energy component, which is exactly why multiple technologies are useful. Short-duration (intraday) storage like Li-ion batteries have higher efficiencies but also high energy-related costs, while longer-duration (daily) storage like compressed air or pumped thermal have lower energy-related costs but are less efficient.

“With very high or 100% renewable power systems, we need to be conscious of what storage mix is best for which locations or systems. The costs, including costs of avoided CO2 emissions, vary substantially with choice of storage portfolios,” Guerra said.

Storage Portfolio for 100% Renewables

The researchers produced some surprising results for ultrahigh renewable systems: As a system approaches 100% renewable operation, an increasing portion of its storage portfolio would benefit from multiple-day to seasonal storage capacity. This is because of the increasing seasonal mismatch of the remaining load and the supply of renewable resources. However, on a grid like CAISO, shorter-duration storage is more effective at smoothing the diurnal swings of solar.

As seasonal storage becomes a bigger player when nearing 100% renewable systems, another surprising strategy appears in which storage-to-storage charging becomes economically advantageous. And, as a result, renewable curtailment begins to drop because more of the renewable power can be directed to storage. These dynamics for ultrahigh renewable systems highlight how competing factors can widely affect an optimal storage portfolio.

As the CAISO (top) and MISO (bottom) systems approach 100% renewable operation, curtailment of renewables begins to decline because seasonal storage becomes cost-effective and increases the system’s storage capacity.

Impact on Power Industry

Findings from the study are imminently important for system operators, technology developers, power providers, and the wider industry. The chief message for these groups is that an ideal energy storage portfolio could look significantly different from one region to the next and will vary with the percentage of renewables. As more cities and states set clean-energy targets, stakeholders that are planning 10 or 20 years ahead should be tuned-in to the broader energy storage technology space and how it fits into their systems.

What Is Next?

Now that the researchers have established substantial cost differences in storage deployments, future work will focus on a more comprehensive assessment of the value of storage.

“We need a more holistic approach,” Guerra said. “Storage technologies are very flexible and can be used for a variety of grid services. Our next step will be to understand the full range of energy storage benefits to inform optimal storage portfolios.”

Learn more about NREL’s energy analysis and energy storage research.

Article courtesy of National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).

 

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BMW hits pause on EV production in the US, but don’t expect prices to rise yet

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BMW hits pause on EV production in the US, but don't expect prices to rise yet

BMW told dealers it plans to freeze EV production in the US in May as it deals with the uncertainty surrounding the new auto tariffs. Despite the pause, BMW said it won’t raise prices on most imported vehicles. At least, for now.

Why is BMW pausing EV production in the US?

After celebrating the assembly of its seven millionth vehicle in the US this week, BMW, like most major automakers, is bracing for a shakeup under the Trump Administration.

According to Automotive News, BMW told its dealers on April 29 that it will “postpone” EV production in the US in May. The note didn’t specify a reason, but it’s more than likely due to Trump’s 25% tariff on vehicle imports.

The luxury automaker has had more success than most of its peers with four electric vehicles: the i4, i5, i7, and iX. However, all four are built in Germany.

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In the first three months of 2025, BMW sold 13,538 EVs, up 26% from Q1 2024. The i4 was BMW’s top seller with sales surging 57% to 7,125, followed by the iX at 3,626. In comparison, Mercedes-Benz sold just 3,472 electric vehicles in the US in the first quarter, down 58% year-over-year (YOY).

BMW-EV-production-US
2025 BMW i4 M50 xDrive (Source: BMW)

Sebastian Mackensen, President & CEO of BMW of North America, said the company “remains in a strong position in the US, where the majority of the vehicles we sell in this market are also assembled.”

BMW also told dealers in the memo that it will not raise prices on most imported vehicles through June. The only exception is the 2 Series and M2 performance coupe.

BMW-EV-production-US
2026 BMW iX xDrive60 (Source: BMW)

The news comes after most major automakers, including GM, Volvo, Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, and Stellantis, withdrew their financial guidance this week due to the uncertainty caused by Trump’s tariffs.

Earlier today, Ford CEO Jim Farley told CNN, “We’re all trying to figure this out to do the right thing for the country,” adding, “It’s going to take a little time.” In the meantime, expect to see more drastic measures being taken.

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Ford is still offering big discounts including employee pricing and free EV chargers

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Ford is still offering big discounts including employee pricing and free EV chargers

After extending several promotions this week, Ford is offering significant discounts that could save you thousands. In addition to employee pricing on most Ford and Lincoln vehicles, the company is offering a free home charger with the purchase of an EV. Here’s how you can snag some discounts.

Ford launched its “From America, For America” campaign earlier this month, offering employee prices for all on most 2024 and 2025 models.

The promo was initially expected to end on June 2, but CEO Jim Farley told CNN in an interview on Wednesday that the company is extending it through July 4. Although the campaign now runs another month, Farley said he can’t promise prices won’t go up when the offer expires.

As for how much of a discount, it will depend on the vehicle’s cost. Under the employee pricing plan, the 2025 Mustang Mach-E, with an MSRP of $36,495, costs just $34,599. The 2025 F-150 Lightning, with an MSRP of $62,995, is nearly $5,000 off, at just $58,183.

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“We want to keep our prices competitive and low,” Farley explained. Like most automakers, Ford is bracing for the impact of the new auto tariffs in the US.

Ford-employee-prices
2025 Ford Mustang Mach-E (Source: Ford)

Outside of Tesla, Ford builds a greater percentage of vehicles in the US than any other major automaker. According to Farley, “This is an opportunity for Ford.” He explained that Ford has “a different footprint, a different exposure for tariffs.”

Ford imports around 21% of the vehicles it sells in the US. Crosstown rival GM imports around 46%. According to S&P Global Mobility, Ford made around 2 million cars in the US last year. It also built around 391,000 in Mexico and 54,000 in Canada.

Ford-employee-prices
Ford Mustang Mach-E (left) and F-150 Lightning (right) (Source: Ford)

For EV buyers, Ford is also extending its Power Promise program, which offers a free Level 2 home charger (plus standard installation) with the purchase of an F-150 Lightning or Mustang Mach-E.

Other benefits include 24/7 live electric vehicle support, roadside assistance, and an 8-year, 100,000-mile battery warranty. The promo now runs through July 6.

Ready to take advantage of the savings? We can help you get started. You can use our links below to find deals on the Ford F-150 Lightning and Mustang Mach-E at a dealer near you.

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Waymo and Toyota partner to go after Tesla with personal self-driving vehicles

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Waymo and Toyota partner to go after Tesla with personal self-driving vehicles

Waymo and Toyota have announced a partnership aimed at competing with Tesla in the development of personally owned self-driving vehicles.

Waymo is already widely regarded as the market leader in autonomous driving, as it currently provides approximately 250,000 autonomous paid rides per week in the few markets where it operates.

Tesla is playing catch-up as it plans to offer the same service Waymo offers, starting in Austin in June, with 10 to 20 vehicles.

However, there’s an area of autonomous driving where Tesla is still seen as the market leader: personally owned self-driving vehicles.

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While Tesla has yet to deliver on its promise of unsupervised self-driving capability in its consumer vehicles, it uses the same technology in those as it plans to do in its internal fleet in Austin, albeit with more Austin-specific training and some teleoperation assists.

Some see this as an opportunity for Tesla to take the lead in personally owned autonomous vehicles if it can solve self-driving on its current hardware, which is a big if.

It already has smoothly integrated sensors that don’t clash with the designs of its vehicles, which is something that car buyers care about, but it’s not a big deal for an autonomous ride-hailing fleet, which is what Waymo has focused on so far.

Now, Waymo and Toyota have announced that they are exploring collaboration on autonomous vehicles :

Toyota Motor Corporation (“Toyota”) and Waymo reached a preliminary agreement to explore a collaboration focused on accelerating the development and deployment of autonomous driving technologies. Woven by Toyota will also join the potential collaboration as Toyota’s strategic enabler, contributing its strengths in advanced software and mobility innovation. This potential partnership is built on a shared vision of improving road safety and delivering increased mobility for all.

More specifically, the collaboration will focus on “next-generation personally owned vehicles (POVs)”:

Toyota and Waymo aim to combine their respective strengths to develop a new autonomous vehicle platform. In parallel, the companies will explore how to leverage Waymo’s autonomous technology and Toyota’s vehicle expertise to enhance next-generation personally owned vehicles (POVs). The scope of the collaboration will continue to evolve through ongoing discussions.

This would point to Waymo integrating its technology into Toyota’s vehicles for consumers.

While it’s still early, Waymo appears to be doing something Elon Musk, Tesla’s CEO, claimed Tesla would be doing soon: announcing deals to integrate its ‘Full Self-Driving’ technology in vehicles built by other automakers.

For more than a year, Musk has said that Tesla has been in discussions with other automakers about licensing its self-driving technology, which is still in development; however, no progress has been disclosed about those discussions yet.

Waymo also announced a similar partnership with Hyundai last year, though this one is expected to first focus on Waymo using Hyundai vehicles for its own autonomous ride-hailing fleet.

Electrek’s Take

This is a big deal. The world’s leader in autonomous vehicles is partnering with the world’s largest automaker.

It’s still early in the collaboration, as per the press release, but it does sound like Waymo is going to develop a hardware suite that can be fitted into Toyota’s consumer vehicles.

This would go after Musk’s argument that Waymo can’t compete with Tesla due to the high cost of its autonomous vehicles.

Waymo’s counterargument is that it hasn’t focused on cost because safety is the priority, and the cost of the vehicles doesn’t matter as much if they are to be used in an internal ride-hailing fleet.

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