The economy has always relied on the labour of people whose work is insecure.
But the pandemic left vulnerable workers in precarious and short-term employment at an even higher risk of exploitation, according to a new report seen exclusively by Sky News.
The research, compiled by charity Focus on Labour Exploitation (FLEX), found that reports of exploitative practices increased markedly in the year to July 2021, with low-paid and migrant workers reporting abuses such as wages being withheld, terms and conditions being changed, intimidation and sexual harassment.
It also maintains that the social security system often leaves the most vulnerable “unprotected” with few alternatives and little choice but to accept mistreatment from unscrupulous employers.
The fear is that as winter sets in and the cost of living spirals, people will feel increasingly unable to leave exploitative situations.
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The research was undertaken in collaboration with the Independent Workers Union of Great Britain (IWGB) and United Voices of the World (UVW), two trade unions supporting workers in low-paid and insecure sectors of the economy.
It found that 44% of members surveyed had their wages withheld at some point during the pandemic.
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Nearly a quarter were forced to accept worse terms or conditions and one in five were too scared to take time off sick for fear of losing work.
Ivan Andino is one of them. He is originally from Ecuador and works as a cleaner in an office block in west London.
Image: Office cleaner Ivan Andino claims he was exploited by his employer during the pandemic
He claims that when the pandemic hit and workers in other teams were made redundant, he was expected to pick up the workload of a whole extra person with no extra pay.
He claims that he was harassed when he took a break and wasn’t even allowed to leave the building when on shift.
“They started to intimidate us by watching over us, telling us not to sit down and wanting us to be visible the whole time,” he says.
“It was a bad, stressful time, not just for me but also for my colleagues. The way our supervisor treated us was really bad, they wouldn’t ask for things politely but instead they would just order us around.
“We tried to defend ourselves but since we couldn’t speak the language, we couldn’t do anything more.”
With the help of his union he has since launched a formal grievance against his employer.
The report also found that a significant proportion of workers like this were simply made redundant rather than being furloughed (33%), while one in 10 were simply not given any work.
There are a variety of reasons why workers may be susceptible to exploitative practices. Very low pay and insecure employment might be layered with other vulnerabilities such as language barriers or immigrant status which may restrict someone’s access to welfare. Taken together workers may feel they have no choice but to accept exploitative conditions.
The report also argues that social security safety nets are insufficient to protect the most vulnerable.
Statutory sick pay, for example, is one of the least generous in Europe at just £96.35 per week and it can only be claimed from the fourth day of illness.
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While the five-week wait for payment as a new Universal Credit claimant means the very poorest face destitution in the meantime.
There are calls to reform these systems, as well as to increase funding for labour standards enforcement.
“When the system allows poor behaviour, poor behaviour happens,” explains Meri Ahlberg, research manager at FLEX and the report’s author.
“It’s not necessarily that employers are bad but they’re under pressure, and if the rules and protections aren’t there and the enforcement isn’t there, then people will be taken advantage of.”
Image: Meri Ahlberg, the report’s author, and a research manager at Focus on Labour Exploitation
Although recent labour shortages might imply there is more choice and bargaining power for workers, the most vulnerable may often feel trapped.
“If you’re working and you know that if you lose your job, you’re not going to have a safety net to fall back on, you’re really loath to let go of that job,” says Ms Ahlberg. “That makes it really hard to assert your rights or complain about poor treatment.”
The energy supplier Ovo is plotting the sale of a stake in its software arm at a ‘unicorn’ valuation as part of efforts to strengthen the balance sheet of Britain’s fourth-largest residential gas and electricity group.
Sky News has learnt that Ovo, which has just under 4m retail customers, has appointed Arma Partners, the investment bank, to explore options for Kaluza.
It replicates a move by larger rival Octopus Energy – revealed by Sky News – to hire advisers to work on a demerger of its Kraken software arm at a potential valuation of well over $10bn (£7.4bn).
Kaluza, which describes itself as an energy intelligence platform and this week announced a licensing partnership with the French-based energy group Engie, is 80%-owned by Ovo.
The remaining 20% is owned by AGL, an Australian energy company which bought a stake last year in a deal valuing Kaluza at $500m (£395m).
Industry sources said that Ovo was likely to seek a valuation for Kaluza in any new transaction of well over $1bn, although they added that there were questions about the software business’s path to sustainable profitability and its pipeline of new customers.
One analyst suggested that Kaluza’s majority-owner could pitch a valuation for Kaluza – run by chief executive Melissa Gander – of as much as $2.5bn based on annual recurring revenue (ARR).
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Kaluza recently bought Beige Technologies, an Australian energy software specialist, in order to strengthen its presence in the Asia-Pacific region.
The prospective Kaluza stake sale comes amid a wider effort by Ovo to bolster its financial position.
Rothschild, the investment bank, has been orchestrating talks with potential investors about a plan to inject in the region of £300m into the company.
At one point, this is understood to have included discussions with Iberdrola, the owner of rival supplier Scottish Power.
Centrica, the owner of British Gas, may also have expressed an interest in examining a deal, according to banking sources.
A deal with another third party is said to be likely before the end of the year.
On Friday, Sky News revealed that the company – like Octopus Energy – had so far failed to meet targets imposed as part of a new capital adequacy regime overseen by Ofgem, the industry regulator.
A spokesperson for Ovo said it had “taken proactive measures to align with Ofgem’s new capital rules, working constructively to meet the requirements.”
Ovo recently named Dame Jayne-Anne Gadhia, the former boss of Virgin Money, as the independent chair of its retail arm.
Founded by Stephen Fitzpatrick, the entrepreneur who now owns London’s Kensington Roof Gardens, Ovo’s existing shareholders include the private equity firm Mayfair Equity Partners, Morgan Stanley Investment Management and Mitsubishi Corporation, the Japanese conglomerate.
Under Mr Fitzpatrick, who launched Ovo in 2009, the company positioned itself as a challenger brand offering superior service to the industry’s established players.
Ovo’s transformational moment came in 2020, when it bought the retail supply arm of SSE, transforming it overnight into one of Britain’s leading energy companies.
Its growth has not been without difficulties, however, particularly in relation to its challenged relationship with Ofgem and a torrent of customer complaints about overcharging.
The group is now run by David Buttress, who was briefly Boris Johnson’s cost-of-living tsar after leaving the top job at Just Eat, as its chief executive.
Kaluza declined to comment on the appointment of Arma Partners.
Harrods has warned its e-commerce customers that their personal data may have been taken in an IT systems breach.
Information like customers’ names and contact details was taken after one of Harrods’ third-party provider systems was compromised, the luxury London department store said.
Affected customers have been informed and reassured that the impacted data is “limited to basic personal identifiers”, a spokesperson said.
Account passwords or payment details were not affected in the breach.
“The third party has confirmed this is an isolated incident which has been contained, and we are working closely with them to ensure that all appropriate actions are being taken. We have notified all relevant authorities,” Harrods added.
“No Harrods system has been compromised and it is important to note that the data was taken from a third-party provider.”
Friday’s breach is “unconnected” to the attempts in May, the spokesman said.
Two men aged 19, a 17-year-old boy and a 20-year-old woman were arrested in July over their suspected involvement in cyber attacks on Harrods, Marks & Spencer, and the Co-op.
They were arrested on suspicion of blackmail, money laundering, offences linked ot the Computer Misuse Act, and participating in the activities of an organised crime group, the National Crime Agency said.
All four have been bailed pending further inquiries.
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It comes as hackers claim to have stolen pictures, names and addresses of thousands of children in a cyber attack on a nursery chain in London.
The group, calling itself Radiant, has released personal information about children and staff at the Kido nursery chain on the dark web and demanded a ransom from the company.
Donald Trump has revealed a fresh round of trade tariffs on several key sectors, with the most punitive rate likely to affect UK businesses.
The US president used his Truth Social account last night to confirm that a new 100% tariff would apply to any branded or patented pharmaceutical product from 1 October.
He said that to escape the clutches of that duty, a company must have already broken ground on a new US factory.
From the same date, a 50% tariff would be applied to all imported kitchen and bathroom cabinets while upholstered furniture faced a 30% rate.
A 25% tariff faced shipments of heavy trucks.
The president did not confirm whether the duties would be lower for nations to have agreed trade deals with his administration, including the UK and European Union.
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Each faces a blanket 10% and 15% rate on their exports respectively at the moment.
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It is likely, however, that the new duties will be applied in line with other, higher, sectoral tariffs that are currently in place above those agreed rates.
“The reason for this is the large scale “FLOODING” of these products into the United States by other outside Countries,” Trump said in his post.
The lack of detail around the application of the planned new tariff rules means further uncertainty for companies potentially affected.
Shares in pharmaceutical firms listed in Asia fell sharply overnight as industry bodies rushed to seek clarification on the new rules.
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AstraZeneca – the UK’s most valuable listed company – already has vast US manufacturing and research operations.
In July, as the threat of tariffs loomed large, it revealed plans for a further $50bn investment by 2030.
US figures show the country imported $233bn of drugs and medicines from abroad last year.
A 100% tariff rate, even on some of those shipments, risk ramping up the cost of US healthcare.
By imposing the 100% tariff rate, Mr Trump wants to bring prices down through encouraging domestic production.
US industry groups lined up to oppose the planned measures.
The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America said non-US companies were continuing to announce hundreds of billions of dollars in new US. investments. “Tariffs risk those plans,” it said.
The US Chamber of Commerce urged a U-turn on any truck tariffs.
It said the five nations to be worst affected – Mexico, Canada, Japan, Germany, and Finland – were “allies or close partners of the United States posing no threat to US national security.”.