The economy has always relied on the labour of people whose work is insecure.
But the pandemic left vulnerable workers in precarious and short-term employment at an even higher risk of exploitation, according to a new report seen exclusively by Sky News.
The research, compiled by charity Focus on Labour Exploitation (FLEX), found that reports of exploitative practices increased markedly in the year to July 2021, with low-paid and migrant workers reporting abuses such as wages being withheld, terms and conditions being changed, intimidation and sexual harassment.
It also maintains that the social security system often leaves the most vulnerable “unprotected” with few alternatives and little choice but to accept mistreatment from unscrupulous employers.
The fear is that as winter sets in and the cost of living spirals, people will feel increasingly unable to leave exploitative situations.
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The research was undertaken in collaboration with the Independent Workers Union of Great Britain (IWGB) and United Voices of the World (UVW), two trade unions supporting workers in low-paid and insecure sectors of the economy.
It found that 44% of members surveyed had their wages withheld at some point during the pandemic.
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Nearly a quarter were forced to accept worse terms or conditions and one in five were too scared to take time off sick for fear of losing work.
Ivan Andino is one of them. He is originally from Ecuador and works as a cleaner in an office block in west London.
Image: Office cleaner Ivan Andino claims he was exploited by his employer during the pandemic
He claims that when the pandemic hit and workers in other teams were made redundant, he was expected to pick up the workload of a whole extra person with no extra pay.
He claims that he was harassed when he took a break and wasn’t even allowed to leave the building when on shift.
“They started to intimidate us by watching over us, telling us not to sit down and wanting us to be visible the whole time,” he says.
“It was a bad, stressful time, not just for me but also for my colleagues. The way our supervisor treated us was really bad, they wouldn’t ask for things politely but instead they would just order us around.
“We tried to defend ourselves but since we couldn’t speak the language, we couldn’t do anything more.”
With the help of his union he has since launched a formal grievance against his employer.
The report also found that a significant proportion of workers like this were simply made redundant rather than being furloughed (33%), while one in 10 were simply not given any work.
There are a variety of reasons why workers may be susceptible to exploitative practices. Very low pay and insecure employment might be layered with other vulnerabilities such as language barriers or immigrant status which may restrict someone’s access to welfare. Taken together workers may feel they have no choice but to accept exploitative conditions.
The report also argues that social security safety nets are insufficient to protect the most vulnerable.
Statutory sick pay, for example, is one of the least generous in Europe at just £96.35 per week and it can only be claimed from the fourth day of illness.
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While the five-week wait for payment as a new Universal Credit claimant means the very poorest face destitution in the meantime.
There are calls to reform these systems, as well as to increase funding for labour standards enforcement.
“When the system allows poor behaviour, poor behaviour happens,” explains Meri Ahlberg, research manager at FLEX and the report’s author.
“It’s not necessarily that employers are bad but they’re under pressure, and if the rules and protections aren’t there and the enforcement isn’t there, then people will be taken advantage of.”
Image: Meri Ahlberg, the report’s author, and a research manager at Focus on Labour Exploitation
Although recent labour shortages might imply there is more choice and bargaining power for workers, the most vulnerable may often feel trapped.
“If you’re working and you know that if you lose your job, you’re not going to have a safety net to fall back on, you’re really loath to let go of that job,” says Ms Ahlberg. “That makes it really hard to assert your rights or complain about poor treatment.”
The intense financial pressure facing Britain’s casual dining sector will be underlined this week when Gusto, the Italian restaurant chain, falls into administration.
Sky News has learnt that Interpath Advisory is preparing a pre-pack insolvency of Gusto, which trades from 13 sites.
Sources said that a vehicle set up by Cherry Equity Partners, the owner of Latin American restaurant concept Cabana, was the likely buyer.
It is expected to take over most of Gusto’s sites although some job losses are likely.
A deal could be announced in the coming days, according to insiders.
The collapse of Gusto, which is backed by private equity investor Palatine, follows a string of increasingly heated warnings from hospitality executives about the impact of tax rises on the sector.
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Kate Nicholls, who chairs UK Hospitality, said this month that the industry faced a jobs bloodbath amid growing financial pressure on operators.
This week, Sky News reported that the restaurant industry veteran David Page, a former boss of PizzaExpress, was raising £10m to take advantage of cut-price acquisition opportunities in casual dining.
Mr Page is planning to become executive chairman of London-listed Tasty, which owns Wildwood and dim t, and rename it Bow Street Group.
A placing of shares in the company is likely to be completed this week.
Interpath declined to comment on the Gusto process.
TPG, the American private equity giant, is in advanced talks to take a stake in Tide, the British-based digital banking services platform.
Sky News has learnt that TPG, which manages more than $250bn in assets, is discussing acquiring a significant shareholding in the company.
Sources said that Tide’s existing investors were expected to sell shares to TPG, while a separate deal would involve another existing shareholder in the company acquiring newly issued shares.
The two transactions may be conducted at different valuations, although both are likely to see the company valued at at least $1bn, the sources added.
The size of TPG’s prospective stake in Tide was unclear on Monday.
Earlier this year, Sky News reported that Tide had been negotiating the terms of an investment from Apis Partners, a prolific investor in the fintech sector, although it was unclear whether this would now proceed.
Tide has roughly 650,000 SME customers in both Britain and India, with the latter market expanding at a faster rate.
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Morgan Stanley, the Wall Street bank, has been advising Tide on its fundraising.
Tide was founded in 2015 by George Bevis and Errol Damelin, before launching two years later.
It describes itself as the leading business financial platform in the UK, offering business accounts and related banking services.
The company also provides its SME ‘members’ in the UK a set of connected administrative solutions from invoicing to accounting.
It now boasts a roughly 11% SME banking market share in Britain.
It is a trade deal that will “rebalance, but enable trade on both sides,” said Ursula von der Leyen after the EU and US struck a trade deal in Scotland.
It was not the most emphatic declaration by the president of the European Commission.
The trading partnership between two of the biggest markets in the world is in significantly worse shape than it was before Donald Trump was elected, but this deal is better than nothing.
As part of the agreement, European exports to the US will be hit with a 15% tariff. That’s better than the 30% the bloc was threatened with but it is a world away from the type of open and free trade European leaders would like. The EU had offered tariff free trade to the US just weeks before the deal was announced.
Instead, it has accepted a 15% tariff and agreed to ramp up its energy purchases from the US.
The EU tariff on US imports will remain close to zero but Europe did get some important exemptions – on aviation, critical raw materials, some chemicals and some medical equipment. That being said, the bloc did not achieve a breakthrough on steel, aluminium or copper, which are still facing a 50% tariff. It means the average tariff on EU exports to the US will now rise from 1.2 % last year to 17%.
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There is also confusion over the status of pharmaceuticals – an important industry to Europe. Products like Ozempic, which is made in Denmark, have flooded into the US market in recent years and Donald Trump was threatening tariffs as high as 50% on the sector.
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It appears that pharmaceuticals will fall under the 15% bracket, even though President Trump contradicted official announcements by suggesting a deal had not yet been made on the industry. The risk is that the implementation of the deal could be beset with differences of interpretation, as has been the case with the Japan deal that Trump struck last week.
It also risks fracturing solidarity between EU states, all of which have different strategic industries that rely on the US to differing degrees. Germany’s BDI federation of industrial groups said: “Even a 15% tariff rate will have immense negative effects on export-oriented German industry.”
The VCI chemical trade association said rates were still “too high”. For German carmakers, including Mercedes and BMW, there was some reprieve from the crippling 27.5% tariff imposed by Trump. The industry is Europe’s top exporter to the US but the German trade body, the VDA, warned that a 15% rate would “cost the German automotive industry billions annually”.
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Who’s the winner in the US-EU trade deal?
Meanwhile, François Bayrou, the French Prime Minister, described the agreement as a “dark day” for the union, “when an alliance of free peoples, gathered to affirm their values and defend their interests, resolves to submission.”
While the deal has divided the bloc, the greater certainty it delivers is not to be snubbed at.
Markets bounced on the news, even though the deal will ultimately harm economic growth.
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‘Millions’ of EU jobs were in firing line
Analysts at Oxford Economics said: “We don’t plan material changes to our eurozone baseline forecast of 1.1% GDP growth this year and 0.8% in 2026 in response to the EU-US trade deal.
“While the effective tariff rate will end up at around 15%, a few percentage points higher than in our baseline, lower uncertainty and no EU retaliation are partial offsets.”
However, economists at Capital Economics said the economic outlook had now deteriorated, with growth in the bloc likely to drop by 0.2%. Germany and Ireland could be the hardest hit.
While the US appears to be the obvious winner in this negotiation, uncertainty still hangs over the US economy.
Trump has not achieved his goal of “90 deals in 90 days” and, in the end, American consumers could still bear the cost through higher prices.
That of course depends on how businesses share the burden of those higher costs, with the latest data suggesting that inflation is yet to rip through the US economy. While Europe determined on Sunday that a bad deal is better than no deal, some fear that the worst is yet to come for the Americans.