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SpaceX plans to announce two new space tourists slated to fly on the Starship rocket: Dennis Tito, the world’s first-ever space tourist in 2001, and his wife, Akiko. 

The couple paid an undisclosed amount to fly around the moon on Starship once the vehicle is complete. They will travel with 10 other undisclosed passengers on a roughly week-long journey. The trip doesn’t include a landing on the lunar surface and it’s unclear if the other passengers have been chosen yet.

It may be a while before the mission gets underway and there’s still no target date. It’s scheduled to be Starship‘s fourth passenger mission, conducted after SpaceX uses the vehicle to land astronauts on the moon for NASA and following trips by other customers who have purchased rides in the vessel.   

Then there’s the fact that Starship has yet to travel to space. SpaceX still needs to send an uncrewed version of the vehicle to orbit, which Chief Executive Officer Elon Musk said could occur as early as November. The company must also show it can refuel Starship while in space so that it can reach the moon’s vicinity, and it needs the necessary life-support systems and other hardware to keep humans alive.

“I know this rocket is going to be tested backwards and forwards; there’ll be hundreds of flights before we’re flying,” Tito said in an interview with Bloomberg. “We’re not going to fly next year. It’s going to be a wait.”

After a brief stint working as a scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Tito co-founded investment-management firm Wilshire Associates in 1972. He was the first civilian space tourist to visit the International Space Station, paying $20 million (nearly Rs. 1,64,500 crore) to purchase a seat on Russia’s Soyuz rocket for a week-long stay. Tito said that, at the time, NASA wasn’t happy with his trip. 

Since his flight, space tourism has greatly expanded, and NASA has opened up the ISS to more commercial endeavors. Nearly a dozen tourists have flown there with the help of a company called Space Adventures. The first all-civilian crew visited the space station in April, coordinated by a company called Axiom. 

Paying customers are also able to get a brief taste of space by purchasing tickets on suborbital vehicles from companies like Jeff Bezos’s Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic, which send passengers to the edge of space and back.

SpaceX has also entered the space-tourism market. In 2021, an all civilian crew, sponsored by billionaire Jared Isaacman, flew into orbit for three days on a SpaceX Crew Dragon, a mission called Inspiration4.

‘To the Moon’

Tito’s plans came about when he visited SpaceX in June 2021 after a friend of his wife arranged a meeting with company personnel. He was asked if he wanted to go to space again, either to visit the space station or on a quick trip to orbit.

“No, I want to go to the moon,” Tito recalled saying. “And then I looked at Akiko just when I said that, and she said ‘me, too.’ And that’s how it started.”

Dennis Tito is 82 years old, which could make him the oldest person to go into orbit and into deep space. He acknowledged that he’s been focused on staying fit while waiting for Starship’s development. He and his wife, who is 57, are both pilots, while Dennis says he holds four American weightlifting records for an 80-year-old. 

“Whatever will be, will be. It’s going to take a certain amount of time, but it will be ready, and it will be safe when it’s ready,” Tito said. “It’s more limited by how much time I have on this planet.”

© 2022 Bloomberg L.P.


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People in Modern Societies Sleep More but Have Irregular Sleep Cycles

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People in Modern Societies Sleep More but Have Irregular Sleep Cycles

A new study challenges the common belief that modern industrialised life results in chronic sleep deprivation. Despite concerns about screen exposure and daily stress impacting sleep quality, findings suggest that individuals in industrialised societies actually sleep longer compared to those in less industrialised settings. Data from multiple studies indicate that sleep duration is higher among people in modern environments, contradicting widely held assumptions. However, while sleep quantity is greater, regular circadian rhythms appear to be more disrupted in these settings.

Study Findings on Sleep Patterns

According to research published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, anthropologists David Ryan Samson and Leela McKinnon from the University of Toronto Mississauga conducted a meta-analysis of 54 global sleep studies. Their research examined the sleeping habits of 866 healthy adults, revealing that people in hunter-gatherer societies sleep fewer hours on average. Some groups recorded as little as 5.5 hours per night, while the general average in non-industrialised societies was 6.4 hours. In comparison, individuals in industrialised countries averaged over seven hours of sleep nightly.

Efficiency in Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disruptions

Data also showed that sleep efficiency was higher in industrialised environments. It was reported that 88 percent of time spent in bed was used for sleep, whereas in less-industrialised settings, this figure was lower at 74 percent. Despite this, irregular circadian rhythms were more pronounced in industrialised societies. The circadian function index, which measures regularity in sleep-wake cycles, was recorded at 0.7 in non-industrialised societies but lower at 0.63 in industrialised settings.

Researchers attribute this difference to reduced exposure to natural light cues, which help regulate sleep cycles.

These findings suggest that sleep disturbances in modern environments may not stem from lack of sleep but rather from disrupted biological rhythms.

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New Study Reveals How Pulsars Help Measure Dark Matter in the Milky Way

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New Study Reveals How Pulsars Help Measure Dark Matter in the Milky Way

A new approach to measuring dark matter density in the Milky Way has been introduced by researchers from The University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH). The study outlines how gravitational acceleration measurements from pulsars can provide insights into the distribution of dark matter in the galaxy. With an expanded dataset including solitary pulsars, scientists have been able to refine their findings, marking a significant advancement in astrophysical research. The ability to measure accelerations at an unprecedented scale has enabled the team to determine local dark matter density with greater accuracy. The findings suggest that in a volume equivalent to Earth, less than 1 kilogram of dark matter is present, highlighting its rarity despite its dominance in the universe’s total mass.

Use of Solitary Pulsars for Dark Matter Measurement

According to the study published on the arXiv preprint server, earlier research relied on binary millisecond pulsars to measure galactic acceleration. Dr. Sukanya Chakrabarti, Pei-Ling Chan Endowed Chair at UAH, explained to Phys.org that most pulsars exist as solitary objects rather than in pairs. By incorporating solitary pulsars into their methodology, the research team has effectively doubled the sample size available for analysis. This expansion allows for a more precise mapping of the Milky Way’s gravitational field, including its dark matter distribution.

Galactic Wobble and Its Role in Measurement

The study also delves into the effects of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) on the Milky Way. Dr. Chakrabarti told Phys.org that the LMC’s gravitational influence creates an imbalance in the Milky Way, leading to an observable wobble. This asymmetry has now been quantified for the first time through pulsar acceleration data. The impact of this gravitational interaction provides further evidence supporting the study’s findings on dark matter distribution.

Addressing Magnetic Braking in Pulsar Acceleration Analysis

A challenge in previous research was accounting for the spindown effect caused by magnetic braking in pulsars. Dr. Tom Donlon, a postdoctoral associate at UAH, explained to Phys.org that binary pulsars were initially used because their orbits remained unaffected by magnetic braking. The latest study has introduced a method to estimate magnetic braking effects with high accuracy, allowing solitary pulsars to be incorporated into acceleration measurements. This advancement broadens the scope of analysis and strengthens the reliability of the findings.

Future Prospects in Dark Matter Research

With the ability to measure accelerations as small as 10 cm/s per decade, the research team believes that mapping the dark matter distribution in the Milky Way with high precision is now within reach. Dr. Chakrabarti stated to Phys.org that while large accelerations near black holes and the galactic center have been measured in the past, this study marks the first time such small accelerations caused by dark matter have been directly observed. The findings contribute significantly to the ongoing efforts to understand the elusive nature of dark matter and its role in shaping the cosmos.

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Solar System’s Journey Through Orion Complex May Have Altered Earth’s Climate



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Solar System’s Journey Through Orion Complex May Have Altered Earth’s Climate

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Solar System’s Journey Through Orion Complex May Have Altered Earth’s Climate

The movement of the solar system through the Orion star-forming complex around 14 million years ago may have influenced Earth’s climate, according to scientists. This dense region of space, part of the Radcliffe Wave galactic structure, could have compressed the heliosphere—the protective shield surrounding the solar system—while increasing interstellar dust reaching Earth. Researchers suggest that this influx of cosmic dust might have left traces in geological records, potentially linking galactic activity to past climate changes.

Solar System’s Passage Through the Radcliffe Wave

According to the study published in Astronomy & Astrophysics, an international research team led by the University of Vienna used data from the European Space Agency’s Gaia mission and spectroscopic observations to determine that the solar system moved through the Radcliffe Wave in the Orion constellation between 18.2 and 11.5 million years ago. The most probable period was estimated between 14.8 and 12.4 million years ago. João Alves, Professor of Astrophysics at the University of Vienna and co-author of the study, stated to Phys.org, that this research builds on prior findings regarding the Radcliffe Wave. This structure, made up of interconnected star-forming regions, includes the Orion complex, which the sun is believed to have passed through.

Potential Impact on Earth’s Climate

The study suggests that the increased presence of interstellar dust may have influenced Earth’s atmosphere. Efrem Maconi, lead author and doctoral student at the University of Vienna, said that this dust might have contained traces of radioactive elements from supernovae, which could be detected in geological records using advanced technology in the future.

The solar system’s passage aligns with the Middle Miocene Climate Transition, a period marked by a shift from a warmer, variable climate to a cooler one, leading to the development of Antarctic ice sheets. Scientists highlight that while interstellar dust could have played a role, the dominant factor in this climate change was a long-term decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.

Not Comparable to Human-Induced Climate Change

Maconi noted that while interstellar dust could have contributed to past climate shifts, the amount required for significant change would need to be much greater than current data suggests. The Middle Miocene Climate Transition unfolded over hundreds of thousands of years, unlike modern climate change, which is occurring rapidly due to human activities

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