Xi wanted China to be at the tech frontier. 5 years on, tensions with the U.S. have dented that goal
Chinese President Xi Jinping proposing a toast at the welcome banquet for leaders attending the Belt and Road Forum at the Great Hall of the People on April 26, 2019 in Beijing, China.
Nicolas Asfouri | Getty Images
Xi Jinping once declared China should “prioritize innovation” and be on the “cutting-edge (of) frontier technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technologies.”
Since that speech in 2017, Beijing has spoken about technologies it wants to boost its prowess in, ranging from artificial intelligence to 5G technology and semiconductors.
Five years since Xi’s address at the Communist Party of China’s last National Congress, the global reality for the world’s second-largest economy has transformed. It comes amid an ongoing trade war with the U.S., challenges from Covid and a change in political direction at home that have hurt some of Beijing’s goals.
On Sunday, the 20th National Congress — held once every five years — will begin in Beijing. The high-level meeting is expected to pave the way for Xi to carry on as head of the Communist Party for an unprecedented third five-year term.
Xi will take stock of China’s achievements in science and technology, which have yielded mixed results.
“I agree it is a mixed bag,” Charles Mok, visiting scholar at the Global Digital Policy Incubator at Stanford University.
He said China sets “lofty” goals as it targets to be the best, but “they are limited politically and ideologically in terms of the strategies to reach them.”
Private tech enterprises are faltering under stricter regulation and a slowing economy. China is far from self-sufficient in semiconductors, a task made harder by recent U.S. export controls. Censorship on the mainland has tightened as well.
But China has made some notable advancements in areas such as 5G and space travel.
U.S.-China tech war
“It would seem that Xi underestimated the challenges China faced in overcoming its reliance on foreign, mostly U.S. firms…”
Paul Triolo
technology policy lead, Albright Stonebridge
Zero Covid
Another unforeseen event during the last five years is the outbreak of Covid, which originated in China and spread across the world.
While many countries dealt with the initial waves of the virus, they relied on vaccines and masking measures to eventually open up their economies after prolonged lockdowns and border closures.
China, however, has stuck to a policy of zero Covid, which involved locking down entire cities, including the major metropolis of Shanghai.
Semiconductor self-sufficiency
Beijing put a lot of focus on self-sufficiency in various areas of technology, but especially on semiconductors. The drive to boost China’s domestic chip industry was given further impetus as the trade war began.
In its its five-year development plan, the 14th of its kind, Beijing said it would make “science and technology self-reliance and self-improvement a strategic pillar for national development.”
One area it hoped to do so was in semiconductors.
But a number of restrictions by the U.S. has put a dent in those ambitions.
“It would seem that Xi underestimated the challenges China faced in overcoming its reliance on foreign, mostly U.S. firms, in key ‘core’ or ‘hard’ technologies such as semiconductors,” Paul Triolo, the technology policy lead at consulting firm Albright Stonebridge, told CNBC.
“He also did not account for growing U.S. concern over semiconductors as foundational to key technologies.”
Looking ahead, the latest package of U.S. controls will make a huge dent in China’s technology ambitions.
Paul Triolo
technology policy lead, Albright Stonebridge
Things did not look as “bleak” for China’s semiconductors in 2017 as they do now, Triolo said.
“Looking back, Xi should have redoubled efforts to bolster China’s domestic semiconductor manufacturing equipment sector, but even there, a heavy reliance on inputs such as semiconductors has made it difficult for Chinese firms to reproduce all elements of those complex supply chains.”
The Biden administration unveiled a slew of restrictions last week that aim to cut China off from key chips and manufacturing tools to make those semiconductors. Washington is looking to choke off supply of chips for critical technology areas like artificial intelligence and supercomputing.
Analysts previously told CNBC that this will likely hobble China’s domestic technology industry.
That’s because part of the rules also require certain foreign-made chips that use American tools and software in the design and manufacturing process, to obtain a license before being exported to China.
Chinese domestic chipmakers and design companies still rely heavily on American tools.
Chipmakers — like Taiwanese firm TSMC, the most advanced semiconductor manufacturer in the world —are also dependent on U.S. technology. That means any Chinese company relying on TSMC may be cut off from supply of chips.
Meanwhile, China does not have any domestic equivalent of TSMC. China’s leading chip manufacturer, SMIC, is still generations behind TSMC in its technology. And with the latest U.S. restrictions, it could make it difficult for SMIC to catch up.
So China is still a long way from self-sufficiency in semiconductors, even though Beijing is focusing heavily on it.
“Looking ahead, the latest package of U.S. controls will make a huge dent in China’s technology ambitions, because the curbs on advances semiconductors,” Triolo said. The curbs will “ripple across multiple associated sectors, and make it impossible for Chinese firms to compete in some areas, such as high performance computers, and AI related applications such as autonomous vehicles, that rely on hardware advances to make progress.”
China’s tech crackdown
A major hallmark of Xi’s last five years is how he has transformed China into one of the strictest regulatory regimes globally for technology.
Over the last two years, China’s once free-wheeling and fast-growing tech giants have come under heavy scrutiny.
It began in November 2020 when the $34.5 billion initial public offering of Ant Group, which would have been the biggest in the world, was pulled by regulators.
That sparked several months where regulators moved swiftly to introduce a slew of regulation in areas from antitrust to data protection.
In one of the first regulations of its kind globally, Beijing also passed a law which regulated how tech firms can use recommendation algorithms, underscoring the intense tightening that took place.
Looking back to Xi’s 2017 speech, there were hints that regulation was coming.
“We will provide more and better online content and put in place a system for integrated internet management to ensure a clean cyberspace,” Xi said at that time.
But the pace at which regulations were passed and the scope of the rules took investors off guard, and billions were wiped off the share prices of China’s biggest tech companies — including Alibaba and Tencent — in 2021 and 2022. They have yet to recover from those losses.
Analysts pointed out that even though there were mentions about cleaning up the internet, the swift nature of regulation that subsequently swept across China was unlikely to have been anticipated — even by Xi himself.
“While I believe that in 2017, Xi had absolutely become focused on strengthening platform regulation, I very much doubt that the rapid-fire nature of… [the regulation] was pre-planned,” Kendra Schaefer, partner at Trivium China consultancy, told CNBC.
Five years ago, Xi said the government would “do away with regulations and practices that impede the development of a unified market and fair competition, support the growth of private businesses, and stimulate the vitality of various market entities.”
This is another pledge that appears not to have been met. China’s technology giants are also posting their slowest growth in history, partly due to tighter regulations. Part of the story, analysts say, is about Xi exerting more control over powerful technology businesses that were perceived as a threat to the ruling Communist Party of China.
“It is obvious that they are not supporting the growth of private businesses,” Mok said. “In my view, they have not succeeded.”
“Think of it that they are putting the Party agenda and total control as the top priority … No one can be successful unless the Party is successful in sustaining its dominance and total control.”
China’s successes from 5G to space
Despite the challenges, China has found success in the realm of science and technology since 2017. Space exploration has been a key focus.
In 2020, a Chinese moon mission concluded with its spacecraft returning back to Earth with lunar samples, a first for the country. That same year, China completed its own satellite navigation system called Beidou, a rival to the U.S.-government owned Global Positioning System (GPS).
Last year, China landed an un-crewed spacecraft on Mars and is planning its first crewed mission to the Red Planet in 2033.
China was also one of the leading nations globally to roll out next-generation 5G mobile networks, which promise super-fast speeds and the ability to support new industries like autonomous driving.
In electric vehicles, China has also pushed ahead. The country is the largest electric car market in the world and home to CATL, the world’s largest EV battery maker, which is looking to expanding overseas.
What next for Xi’s tech policy?
The regulatory assault on the domestic technology sector, which has slowed in recent months, will not go away entirely.
Even if regulatory actions are “moving into a new phase” in Xi’s third term, companies like Alibaba and Tencent won’t necessarily see the breakneck growth speeds they’ve seen in the past, Mok said.
“Even if they find their feet, it is not the same ground. They won’t see that growth, because if China’s overall GDP and economy growth is like what people are talking about now for the next several years … then why should they even outperform the whole China market?” Mok said.
Without a doubt, technology will continue to be a key focus for Xi over the coming five years, with a focus on self-sufficiency. China will likely continue to strive for success in areas Beijing deems as “frontier” technologies such as artificial intelligence and chips.
But Xi’s job in tech is now that much harder.
“As the U.S. continues to ratchet up controls in other areas of technology, and squeeze technology investments in China via outbound investment reviews, the overall innovation engine in China, heretofore driven by the private sector, will also begin to sputter, and the government will have to increasingly step in with funding,” Triolo said.
“This is not necessarily a recipe for success, except for manufacturing heavy sectors, but not for advanced semiconductors, software, and AI.”
Frederic J. Brown | Afp | Getty Images
DETROIT – The U.S. automotive industry has entered a new phase for all-electric vehicles: realism.
The industry was euphoric about the EV segment in the early 2020s, but consumer demand never took off as much as expected and, as it fizzled, automakers monitored and planned how to react. Now, they’re pivoting, as companies have wasted billions of dollars in capital, Detroit automakers are refocusing on large gas-guzzling trucks and SUVs, and many have admitted that policies, not consumers, were driving the charge for EVs.
“We have to make the investments to get to … the regulatory environment they set. We’ve seen a complete change in that. One way, 180 degrees. One way, 180 degrees back. That’s the world CEOs of automakers are living in,” GM CEO and Chair Mary Barra said earlier this month during The New York Times’ DealBook conference.
How automakers like GM that invested heavily in EVs will respond over the next year will be telling for the future of the vehicles in the U.S., according to industry insiders and experts.
Barra said “it’s too early to tell” what true demand for EVs is following the end of up to $7,500 in federal incentives in September to purchase an electric vehicle. She said the industry will likely find its natural demand over the next six months.
In the meantime, GM continues to reassess its EV plans after disclosing a $1.6 billion impact from its pullback in those investments, with more write-downs expected in the future. Ford Motor last week said it expects to record about $19.5 billion in special items related to a restructuring of its business priorities and a pullback in its all-electric vehicle investments.
“We evaluated the market, and we made the call. We’re following customers to where the market is, not where people thought it was going to be,” Ford CEO Jim Farley told CNBC last week.
U.S. EV sales peaked in September, ahead of the federal incentives ending, at 10.3% of the new vehicle market, according to Cox Automotive. That demand plummeted to preliminary estimates of 5.2% during the fourth quarter.
“The long-term direction toward electrification remains clear: The future is electric. However, the timeline is being recalibrated,” said Stephanie Valdez Streaty, Cox director of industry insights. “In the near term, automakers will continue to adjust their strategies and significantly expand hybrid offerings to meet consumers where they are today.”
Most industry experts, including those at consulting firm PwC, don’t believe it’s the end days for EVs, but rather that expectations are more realistic now. PwC expects the EV industry to pick up toward the end of this decade, with EVs forecast to make up 19% of the U.S. industry by 2030.
“As several of the U.S. [automakers] have announced, there’s some level of charges, and we got out in front of the customer demand and likely the infrastructure that’s otherwise available here in the U.S.,” C.J. Finn, U.S. automotive industry leader for PwC, told CNBC.
‘What is the normal state of EVs?’
That projected EV market share doesn’t justify the billions of dollars companies have spent on the research, development and production of the vehicles, so automakers are significantly altering their plans to allow customers more choice of all-electric vehicles, hybrids and traditional internal combustion engines.
“If you think back a few years ago, it was like, ‘If you’re not all-in on EV, you’re going to eventually go out of business. Your terminal value is zero,'” KPMG partner and U.S. automotive leader Lenny LaRocca told CNBC. “Now I think that multi-propulsion technology approach is what’s panning out to work out well. We used to call it the ‘mosaic of powertrains.'”
A NYC charging station seen in the Yorkville neighborhood of New York City.
Adam Jeffery | CNBC
The changes have taken different forms for companies that have already heavily invested in EVs.
GM, which was by far leading in such investments in the U.S., will continue to offer its current models but has little to no plans of expanding in the future, according to Barra. Instead, it will use some of its planned capacity for increased production of large trucks and SUVs. The automaker also has said it plans to offer plug-in hybrid vehicles in the years ahead, but it hasn’t disclosed many other details.
Ford has said it will refocus investments on hybrid vehicles, including plug-in models rather than pure EVs; cancel a next generation of large all-electric trucks in exchange for smaller, more affordable EVs; and rebalance its investments in core products such as trucks and SUVs.
And Stellantis is deprioritizing EVs, including for its coveted Jeep brand, as it attempts to revive its U.S. sales.
“All of us are waiting to see what the demand is, how it’s going to continue to shake out,” Jeep CEO Bob Broderdorf told CNBC. “The [EV] industry will slide. It’s going to slow down. And then what is the normal state of EVs?”
Hyundai, which also invested billions in EVs, is taking a mixed approach compared with its peers. Like GM, it plans to continue offering its current models but it is also expected to have new models coming. On the other hand, like Ford, it’s decided to more heavily emphasize hybrids and allocated production at a new $7.6 billion plant for Hyundai and Kia vehicles in Georgia.
Others such as Honda, Nissan, Porsche, Volvo and Jaguar that announced ambitious plans for EVs have canceled or significantly scaled back those goals. GM also has backtracked on its pledge to exclusively offer EVs by 2035, including several of its brands before that time frame.
The Tesla effect
A litany of factors played into the current EV marketplace, including industry dynamics and external factors such as pressure from Wall Street and political whiplash from the Trump and Biden administrations.
“No doubt the policy had a big impact on customer demand. The net-net is the market’s changed,” Farley told CNBC last Monday.
The bullishness around EVs began with the rise of Tesla. The company, which remains the U.S. leader in EV sales by a wide margin, was able to significantly boost sales and its market valuation from Wall Street analysts at the beginning of this decade.
That led other automakers to take notice and, as the industry does, attempt to replicate Tesla’s success, according to officials. But what executives didn’t realize was consumers were buying Teslas — not just any EV.
“Tesla wasn’t creating a battery-electric vehicle market. They created a market for the Tesla brand.” said Stephanie Brinley, associate director in AutoIntelligence at S&P Global Mobility.
Tesla vehicles were, and continue to be, a “tech-buy” of software-first products that just happened to be EVs, Brinley said. The company also set up its own charging network and created a tech-savvy customer base of loyalists who looked past many quality and growing pain issues.
A Tesla Cybertruck near General Motors’ Renaissance Center world headquarters in Detroit.
Michael Wayland / CNBC
That success led Wall Street to seek out the “next Tesla,” ushering in an unsustainable amount of new companies. From 2019 to 2022, nearly a dozen EV carmakers went public as well as a litany of related ones. Most of those have gone bankrupt amid federal investigations, scandals and executive upheaval.
“The attention that Tesla got woke everyone else up. But now there’s competition, and there’s competition from trusted, known and respected brands,” Brinley said.
The euphoria surrounding EVs started waning as companies kept spending with little to no success and “legacy” automakers entered the market, investing big sums to bring unprofitable vehicles to market.
Hopes for profitable EVs further eroded with the second inauguration of President Donald Trump this year. Trump has killed or rolled back many of the Biden administration’s support and funding for the sale and production of EVs.
The biggest blow was in September with the end of up to $7,500 federal incentives for the purchase of an EV.
“The end of federal incentives came to an abrupt stop at the end of Q3, driving a lot of demand and sales for the new and used market,” Jeremy Robb, Cox interim chief economist, said last week. “Since then, we’ve seen the slowdown in both the pace of sales as well as the growth of new vehicle production. Next year will be pivotal for EVs.”
ServiceNow will acquire cybersecurity startup Armis in a cash deal valued at $7.75 billion, the company said Tuesday.
The enterprise software company said the deal will bolster its cybersecurity capabilities in the age of artificial intelligence and more than triple its market opportunity for security and risk solutions.
“This is about making a strategic move to accelerate growth, and we see the opportunity for our customers,” CEO Bill McDermott told CNBC’s “Squawk on the Street” on Tuesday. “In this AI world, especially with the agents, you’re going to need to protect these enterprises [because] every intrusion is a multi-million dollar problem.”
ServiceNow said the deal is expected to close in the second half of next year, financed by a combination of cash and debt.
The company has been on an acquisition spree in 2025 as it sought to accelerate growth, McDermott said.
ServiceNow announced a deal for AI agent platform Moveworks for $2.85 billion in March, and at the beginning of December, said it would acquire identity security platform Veza.
“ServiceNow will have the only AI control tower that drives workflow, action and business outcomes across all of these environments,” McDermott added.
Bloomberg first reported earlier this month that Armis was exploring a possible $7 billion deal with ServiceNow.
In November, the California-based company, which helps businesses protect internet-connected devices from cyber risks, said it had raised $435 million at a $6.1 billion valuation.
At the time, co-founder Yevgeny Dibrov told CNBC that Armis was looking to go public in 2026 or 2027, but his main objective was to surpass $1 billion in annual recurring revenues.
“The need for what Armis is doing and what we are building, in this cyber exposure management and security platform, is just increasing,” he said, adding that there’s “very unique and huge” demand for its tools.
Many companies have opted to stay private for longer or get acquired as a turbulent initial public offering market has begun to rebound. Large companies such as Stripe and Databricks have found an influx of capital in private markets.
In the age of AI, companies are spending more on cybersecurity to protect against increasingly sophisticated threats.
This year has also been significant for major cybersecurity deals as companies look to enhance their threat protection capabilities. That includes Google’s $32 billion acquisition of cloud security startup Wiz and Palo Alto Networks’ $25 billion deal for CyberArk.
ServiceNow said Armis has topped $340 million in annual recurring revenue with 50% year-over-year growth, up from $300 million disclosed in August.
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