A “toxic workplace culture” was one of several contributing factors that led to the implosion of the Titan submersible on its way to the Titanic, a report has said.

The US Coast Guard Marine Board of Investigation (MBI) said in its report into Oceangate – the private company that owned the submersible – that “the loss of five lives was preventable”.

Titan operator Stockton Rush, who founded OceanGate; two members of a prominent Pakistani family, Shahzada Dawood and his son Suleman; British adventurer Hamish Harding; and Titanic expert and the sub’s pilot, Paul-Henri Nargeolet, died on board.

On Tuesday, a 335-page report into the disaster went on to make 17 safety recommendations, which MBI chairman Jason Neubauer said will help prevent future tragedies.

“There is a need for stronger oversight and clear options for operators who are exploring new concepts outside of the existing regulatory framework,” he said in a statement.

The investigation’s report found that the submersible’s design, certification, maintenance and inspection process were all inadequate.

It also highlighted the fact that the company failed to look into known past problems with the hull, and that issues with the expedition were not monitored in real time and acted upon.

‘Intimidation tactics’

The report states that contributing factors to the disaster included OceanGate’s safety culture and operational practices being critically flawed, and an “ineffective whistleblower process” as part of the Seaman’s Protection Act – a US federal law designed to protect the rights of seamen.

The report adds that the firing of senior staff members and the looming threat of being fired were used to dissuade employees and contractors from expressing safety concerns.

It alleges: “For several years preceding the incident, OceanGate leveraged intimidation tactics, allowances for scientific operations, and the company’s favourable reputation to evade regulatory scrutiny.

“By strategically creating and exploiting regulatory confusion and oversight challenges, OceanGate was ultimately able to operate Titan completely outside of the established deep-sea protocols, which had historically contributed to a strong safety record for commercial submersibles.”

Numerous OceanGate employees have come forward in the two years since the implosion to support those claims.

OceanGate suspended operations in July 2023 and has not commented on the MBI’s report.

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The Titan sub went missing on its voyage to the wreck of the Titanic.

After five frantic days of searching, the wreckage was eventually found on the ocean floor roughly 500m from the sunken Titanic.

The MBI investigation was launched shortly after the disaster.

During two weeks of testimony in September 2024, the former OceanGate scientific director said the Titan malfunctioned during a dive just a few days before it imploded.

OceanGate’s former operations boss also told the panel the sub was a huge risk and the company was only focused on profit.

The board said one challenge of the investigation was that “significant amounts” of video footage evidence that had been captured by witnesses was not subject to its subpoena authority because the witnesses weren’t American citizens.

The scientist who first raised the alarm over microplastics in the world’s oceans has warned of a “David vs Goliath” battle between scientists and the plastics industry – as delegates begin to negotiate a global deal to reduce plastic pollution.

As United Nations talks begin this week, Professor Richard Thompson, head of the International Marine Litter unit at Plymouth University, said: “We’re seeing some coercion and some pressure being put by some of those that have got conflicts of interest that fear they stand to lose from the treaty progress.”

Representatives of 175 countries will meet in Switzerland today, for what should be a final round of negotiations over a legally binding treaty to reduce plastic pollution.

The United Nations says while some countries are taking action on plastic, pollution is a global problem that needs a global agreement – but there is no official scientific presence at the talks.

Professor Thompson, who is attending the negotiations, said: “We’re only there as observers with a limited capacity to speak, whereas those from the industry have got a massive vested interest. They’re funded to be there. And it’s a bit of a David and Goliath battle.”

He continued: “It concerns me that I see some nations that are taking an increasingly short-sighted view, a view that’s perhaps driven by political cycles or short-run profits.

“You know, we need those leaders of countries, those negotiators, to take the long-term view to protect our planet for future generations.”

More than 430 million tonnes of plastic is produced each year.

But according to environmental charity WWF, around 11 million tonnes end up in the ocean each year as pollution.

And that’s expected to rise to 29 million tonnes a year by 2040.

There is wide consensus among countries that plastic pollution is a problem, but they are split over what to do about it.

The UK and more than 70 other nations that are part of a “High Ambition Coalition” want production and consumption of plastic reduced to sustainable levels.

But major oil producing nations and the chemical industry oppose any cuts.

The previous round of talks, in South Korea last year, collapsed in disagreement.

Professor Thompson is a founding member of the Scientists’ Coalition for an Effective Plastics Treaty.

‘Strong treaty’ still possible

He said previous negotiations have been swamped by lobbyists from the chemicals industry putting pressure on delegates – and that if a good agreement cannot be achieved, leading countries should look to work outside the United Nations framework.

Professor Thompson said: “Given that there are more than 100 nations that are already backing the level of ambition that’s required, I think it could be possible to take this out of the UN process, to have a strong treaty that will function to end plastic pollution, to start with those 100 or 120 or so countries and to add others over time.

“I think there’ll be a realisation for those that aren’t on board initially, that if they don’t join forces with that coalition of the willing, they’re going to suffer in terms of their own international trade and that it’s better to be part of that strong treaty than not to be.”

Plastic is so widely used because it’s cheap, durable and can take many forms. So production of new plastic will only fall if better use can be made of the material that already exists.

The company Project Plan B is working with the charity The Salvation Army to recycle polyester textiles.

They’ve installed the first machine of its kind to turn the material into plastic pellets that can be used to make yarn for new clothes.

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‘Terrible waste’

Just a handful of the pellets is enough to make a T-shirt.

Tim Cross, the director of Project Plan B, said the aim is to make the recycling process a closed loop, so as little as possible escapes as waste or pollution.

“This makes much better use of that plastic,” he said.

“If we’re wasting it and losing it into the environment, that’s a terrible waste, and we mustn’t allow that to happen.”

The UK produces around 700,000 tonnes of textile waste each year. Almost all is landfilled or incinerated.

A major problem is that most clothes are made of mixed materials, which makes it uneconomical to recycle them.

A polyester shirt may have nylon buttons and cotton thread.

But Project Plan B has been working with school uniform maker David Luke on a blazer made completely out of polyester and 100% recyclable.

“These garments normally last on children’s backs for a couple of years and used as goalposts a few times. And then what?” said Mr Cross.

“We wanted to make sure that we can fully recycle the blazer through the system that we’ve got here, so we had to completely redesign it.

“This is groundbreaking, changing the way that clothing can be made.

“When you’ve got something that is recycled and recyclable, you’ve got an instant solution.”

Benjamin Netanyahu has said he will convene his security cabinet to discuss how to instruct Israel’s military to proceed in Gaza to meet all of his war goals.

“We must continue to stand together and fight together to achieve all our war objectives: the defeat of the enemy, the release of our hostages, and the assurance that Gaza will no longer pose a threat to Israel,” the Israeli prime minister told his cabinet.

It came after indirect ceasefire talks with Hamas, which had aimed to agree on a US-backed proposal for a 60-day truce, during which aid would be flown into Gaza and half of the hostages Hamas is holding would be freed in exchange for Palestinian prisoners jailed in Israel, fell apart.

Mr Netanyahu is believed to be leaning towards expanding the offensive in Gaza and seizing the entire enclave, according to Israel’s Channel 12, which cited an official from his office.

He will convene his cabinet on Tuesday to make a decision, Israeli media reported.

Former Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak told Sky News chief presenter Mark Austin the war in the last several months has been “a war of deception”.

“It’s nothing to do with the security in Israel, and it has nothing to do with the future of the hostages. It’s basically a war to hold together the coalition and to save Netanyahu from the day of reckoning that will come inevitably when the war stops, when these criminal court cases of corruption will be accelerated. Basically, it’s totally unjustified.”

A group of around 600 retired Israeli security officials have written to Donald Trump to urge the US president to pressure Israel to bring the war to an immediate end.

“It is our professional judgement that Hamas no longer poses a strategic threat to Israel,” the letter said. “Your credibility with the vast majority of Israelis augments your ability to steer Prime Minister [Benjamin] Netanyahu and his government in the right direction: End the war, return the hostages, stop the suffering.”

Meanwhile, at least 40 Palestinians were killed by Israeli gunfire and airstrikes in Gaza on Monday, including 10 seeking aid, local medics said. Another five died of starvation, they added.

Aid groups say Israel’s latest measures to allow aid into the besieged enclave are not enough.

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Several hundred Palestinians have been killed by Israeli fire since May as they headed towards food distribution sites and aid convoys, according to witnesses, local health officials and the UN human rights office.

Israel’s military says it has only fired warning shots and disputes the number killed.

Several countries have been airdropping aid to Gaza, though the UN and aid groups warn such drops are costly and dangerous for residents, and deliver less aid than trucks.

COGAT, the Israeli military agency that coordinates aid, said during the past week, more than 23,000 tons of humanitarian aid in 1,200 trucks had entered Gaza, but hundreds had yet to be driven to aid distribution hubs by UN and other international organisations.

Palestinian and UN officials said Gaza needs around 600 aid trucks to enter each day to meet its humanitarian requirements – the number Israel used to allow in before the war.

The war began when Hamas-led militants killed 1,200 people and took 251 hostage in an attack on southern Israel on 7 October 2023.

Israel’s offensive has since killed more than 60,000 Palestinians, according to the Hamas-backed health ministry, which does not differentiate between civilians and combatants in its count.

Israeli officials say 50 hostages remain in Gaza, with only 20 of those believed to still be alive.