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Let’s start with what we do know.

The economy is now almost certainly in recession. It will not be pleasant. This is a recession which will be felt in most households’ pockets – both through the rise in energy prices and shop prices and the rise in the cost of borrowing.

And when it comes to the cost of borrowing, things are certainly getting tougher. Today the Bank of England raised its official interest rates by 0.75 percentage points, meaning if you’re on a floating rate loan tied to Bank rate the increase will be immediately reflected in your monthly repayments.

In a sense, the Bank is merely doing what most people had expected and what markets had already priced in: in other words, the current fixed rate loans out there on the market already assumed something like this happening.

Remember that point: we’ll come back to it.

So we know the economy is in recession. We know prices are very high and times are looking tough – especially if you have a mortgage which needs to be re-fixed soon. But here’s where the certainty ends and the murkiness begins.

Normally the Bank of England produces one main forecast in its Monetary Policy Report – the quarterly document in which it gives its sense of the state of the economy. But this time around it did something unusual: it produced two, and gave quite a lot of prominence to both of them.

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A money market rollercoaster

Why? Well, it comes back to the fact that money markets have been on a rollercoaster recently. As you’ll recall if you’ve followed the ride, in the wake of the mini-budget, expectations for where the Bank’s interest rate was going next year leapt up to over 6%. Since Liz Truss‘s exit, those expected rates have begun to fall, to the extent that as of this week they were expecting a peak of 4.75%. That’s a big change.

And these numbers matter enormously: the higher the rates, the more households who will struggle to make their repayments and the tougher life will get for businesses, many of which will struggle to operate. So even a change of a few fractions of a percentage point will make a big difference.

Eight successive quarters of contraction

That brings us back to the Bank’s latest forecasts. It has to base those forecasts for the state of the economy off an assumption of what’s happening to those interest rates. So it typically takes a two week “snapshot” of what money markets expect for borrowing rates and then builds a forecast around it.

Normally that’s a pretty uncontroversial exercise, but not this time. Because as we all know, those rates were all over the place following the mini-budget and the ensuing gilt market meltdown.

The upshot is that the Bank’s central forecast – the one we usually look at – is particularly bad.

It involves eight successive quarters of contraction: that would be the single longest recession since comparable records began in the early 20th century – though it would be much less deep than nearly all of those downturns. It would see the economy shrink by nearly 3% and unemployment get up to 6.5%.

But here’s the thing: that forecast is based on market expectations that Bank rate would get up to 5.25% next year. And the Bank is unusually explicit today that it thinks that is very unlikely. So that recession forecast is a little bit of a chimera: it is based on a scenario which will probably not happen.

So here’s where that other forecast comes in.

The Bank produced a separate set of figures which ignore all that market mayhem and just imagine rates stay where they are, as of this afternoon, at 3% in perpetuity.

On the basis of that forecast, there is still a recession, but it is barely more than half the depth of its central forecast and doesn’t last half as long. Unemployment doesn’t peak as high. Household income isn’t quite as badly hit. It’s tough, but not awful.

More rate rises

So: is that forecast a more reliable picture of the impending months? Well, not necessarily, for two reasons.

First, the Bank said explicitly today that it thinks it will have to raise interest rates again, albeit not as high as markets were expecting a few weeks ago.

What that means is anyone’s guess, but the signal is that they might not even have to rise as high as the 4.75% markets are currently pricing in. But that does mean a slightly worse outlook.

Second, the Bank’s forecast doesn’t make any assumptions about what the government’s Autumn Statement is going to do to the economy. And given everyone expects the government to cut spending and/or raise taxes, it’s a fair assumption that that could also bear down on economic activity.

It’s complicated

So, as you can see: it’s complicated. I know that’s not especially helpful if you’re after a quick summary. But it’s a fairer reflection of where we are.

The UK is in recession, but it’s worth being a little wary of the more lurid headlines out there about how it’s the “longest in history”. The Bank is saying that’s a possibility if rates went higher (and it doesn’t currently think they will).

But there is another interesting thing going on here, which comes back to that point I made at the start – that when the Bank moves its rates it is, in a sense, reflecting what people out there in the market are expecting it to do. Those expectations matter – and the Bank can often influence them itself.

Today’s Monetary Policy Report contains some pretty heavy hints that the market has overshot its expectations about where Bank rate will go in the future. In other words, the report itself could plausibly persuade investors to notch down their expectations for where interest rates are heading next year.

If that happened, we would be left with an interesting paradox: that even as it raises interest rates even more than it has ever done since it became independent in 1997, the Bank could actually push down what markets expect that eventual peak to be.

In other words, this interest rate increase could be reducing the real-life cost of borrowing in the mortgage markets. Fixed rate loans could get cheaper as a result of today’s events, not more expensive.

Perhaps that sounds topsy-turvy, but then it’s no more weird than many of the other turns of this rollercoaster in recent weeks.

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Primark-owner ABF gets Hovis deal oven-ready

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Primark-owner ABF gets Hovis deal oven-ready

The London-listed parent of Primark was on Wednesday applying the finishing touches to a landmark transaction that will unite the Hovis and Kingsmill bread brands under common ownership.

Sky News understands that a deal for Associated British Foods (ABF) to acquire Hovis from private equity firm Endless is likely to be announced by the end of the week.

The timetable remains subject to delay, banking sources cautioned on Wednesday.

The deal, which will see ABF paying about £75m to buy 135 year-old Hovis, is likely to trigger a lengthy review by competition regulators given that it will bring together the second- and third-largest suppliers of packaged bread to Britain’s major supermarkets.

ABF owns Kingsmill’s immediate parent, Allied Bakeries, which has struggled in recent years amid persistent price inflation, changing consumer preferences and competition from larger rival Warburtons as well as new entrants to the market.

Confirmation of the tie-up will come three months after Sky News revealed that ABF and Endless – Hovis’s owner since 2020 – were in discussions.

Industry sources have estimated that a combined group could benefit from up to £50m of annual cost savings from a merger.

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Allied Bakeries was founded in 1935 by Willard Garfield Weston, part of the family which continues to control ABF, while Hovis traces its history even further, having been created in 1890 when Herbert Grime scooped a £25 prize for coming up with the name Hovis, which was derived from the Latin ‘Hominis Vis’ – meaning ‘strength of man”.

The overall UK bakery market is estimated to be worth about £5bn in annual sales, with the equivalent of 11m loaves being sold each day.

Critical to the prospects of a merger of Allied Bakeries, which also owns the Sunblest and Allinson’s bread brands, and Hovis taking place will be the view of the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) at a time when economic regulators are under intense pressure from the government to support growth.

Warburtons, the family-owned business which is the largest bakery group in Britain, is estimated to have a 34% share of the branded wrapped sliced bread sector, with Hovis on 24% and Allied on 17%.

A merger of Hovis and Kingsmill would give the combined group the largest share of that segment of the market, although one source said Warburtons’ overall turnover would remain higher because of the breadth of its product range.

Responding to Sky News’ report in May of the talks, ABF said: “Allied Bakeries continues to face a very challenging market.

“We are evaluating strategic options for Allied Bakeries against this backdrop and we remain committed to increasing long-term shareholder value.”

Prior to its ownership by Endless, Hovis was owned by Mr Kipling-maker Premier Foods and the Gores family.

At the time of the most recent takeover, High Wycombe-based Hovis employed about 2,700 people and operated eight bakery sites, as well as its own flour mill.

Hovis’s current chief executive, Jon Jenkins, is a former boss of Allied Milling and Baking.

ABF declined to comment, while neither Endless nor Hovis could be reached for comment.

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Chancellor warned ‘substantial tax rises’ needed – as she faces ‘impossible trilemma’

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Chancellor warned 'substantial tax rises' needed - as she faces 'impossible trilemma'

Rachel Reeves will need to find more than £40bn of tax rises or spending cuts in the autumn budget to meet her fiscal rules, a leading research institute has warned.

The National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) said the government would miss its rule, which stipulates that day to day spending should be covered by tax receipts, by £41.2bn in the fiscal year 2029-30.

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In its latest UK economic outlook, NIESR said: “This shortfall significantly increases the pressure on the chancellor to introduce substantial tax rises in the upcoming autumn budget if she hopes to remain compliant with her fiscal rules.”

The deteriorating fiscal picture was blamed on poor economic growth, higher than expected borrowing and a reversal in welfare cuts that could have saved the government £6.25bn.

Together they have created an “impossible trilemma”, NIESR said, with the chancellor simultaneously bound to her fiscal rules, spending commitments, and manifesto pledges that oppose tax hikes.

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Reeves told to consider replacing council tax

The institute urged the government to build a larger fiscal buffer through moderate but sustained tax rises.

“This will help allay bond market fears about fiscal sustainability, which may in turn reduce borrowing costs,” it said.

“It will also help to reduce policy uncertainty, which can hit both business and consumer confidence.”

It said that money could be raised by reforms to council tax bands or, in a more radical approach, by replacing the whole council tax system with a land value tax.

To reduce spending pressures, NIESR called for a greater focus on reducing economic inactivity, which could bring down welfare spending.

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What’s the deal with wealth taxes?

Growth to remain sluggish

The report was released against the backdrop of poor growth, with the chancellor struggling to ignite the economy after two months of declining GDP.

The institute is forecasting modest economic growth of 1.3% in 2025 and 1.2% in 2026. That means Britain will rank mid-table among the G7 group of advanced economies.

‘Things are not looking good’

However, inflation is likely to remain persistent, with the consumer price index (CPI) likely to hit 3.5% in 2025 and around 3% by mid-2026. NIESR blamed sustained wage growth and higher government spending.

It said the Bank of England would cut interest rates twice this year and again at the beginning of next year, taking the rate from 4.25% to 3.5%.

Persistent inflation is also weighing on living standards: the poorest 10% of UK households saw their living standards fall by 1.3% in 2024-25 compared to the previous year, NIESR said. They are now 10% worse off than they were before the pandemic.

Professor Stephen Millard, deputy director for macroeconomics at NIESR, said the government faced tough choices ahead: “With growth at only 1.3% and inflation above target, things are not looking good for the chancellor, who will need to either raise taxes or reduce spending or both in the October budget.”

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Ofwat chief Black to step down ahead of watchdog’s abolition

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Ofwat chief Black to step down ahead of watchdog's abolition

The chief executive of Ofwat is to step down within months as Britain’s embattled water regulator prepares to be abolished by ministers.

Sky News has learnt that David Black is preparing to leave Ofwat following discussions with its board, led by chairman Iain Coucher.

The timing of Mr Black’s exit was unclear on Tuesday afternoon, although sources said he was likely to go in the near future.

An official announcement could come within days, according to industry sources.

Insiders say the relationship between Mr Coucher and Mr Black has been under strain for some time.

Water industry executives said that Steve Reed, the environment secretary, repeatedly referred to the regulator’s leadership during a meeting last month.

It was unclear on Tuesday who would replace Mr Black, or whether an interim chief executive would remain in place until Ofwat is formally scrapped.

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The complexity of the impending regulatory shake-up means that Ofwat might not be formally abolished until at least 2027.

Mr Black took over as Ofwat’s permanent boss in April 2022, having held the position on an interim basis for the previous 12 months.

He has worked for the water regulator in various roles since 2012.

If confirmed, Mr Black’s departure will come with Britain’s privatised water industry and its regulator mired in crisis.

Water companies are under increasing pressure from Mr Reed, the environment secretary, over their award of executive bonuses even as the number of serious pollution incidents has soared.

The UK’s biggest water utility, Thames Water, meanwhile, is on the brink of being temporarily nationalised through a special administration regime as it tries to secure a private sector bailout led by its creditors.

In a review published last month, the former Bank of England deputy governor Sir Jon Cunliffe recommended that Ofwat be scrapped.

He urged the government to replace it with a new body which would also incorporate the Drinking Water Inspectorate and absorb the water-related functions of the Environment Agency and Natural England.

Speaking on the day that Sir Jon’s recommendations were made public, Mr Reed said: “This Labour government will abolish Ofwat.

“Ofwat will remain in place during the transition to the new regulator, and I will ensure they provide the right leadership to oversee the current price review and investment plan during that time.”

A white paper on reforming the water industry is expected to be published in November with the aim of delivering a reset of the industry’s performance and supervision, according to industry sources.

A handful of water companies have challenged Ofwat’s price determinations, which in aggregate outlined £104bn in spending by the industry during the 2026-30 regulatory period.

Anglian Water, Northumbrian Water and Southern Water are among those whose spending plans are now being assessed by the Competition and Markets Authority.

Responding to the Cunliffe report last month, Ofwat said: “While we have been working hard to address problems in the water sector in recent years, this report sets out important findings for how economic regulation is delivered and we will develop and take this forward with government.

“Today marks an opportunity to reset the sector so it delivers better outcomes for customers and the environment.

“Ofwat will now work with the government and the other regulators to form this new regulatory body in England and to contribute to discussions on the options for Wales set out in the report.

“In advance of the creation of the new body, we will continue to work hard within our powers to protect customers and the environment and to discharge our responsibilities under the current regulatory framework.”

Ofwat has been contacted for comment about Mr Black’s future, while the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) has also been approached for comment.

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