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In her sunshine yellow coat, a 17-year-old girl clambered on top of a car and threw her hands in the air – fingers spread to show V for victory – and the crowd erupted in a loud cheer.

Sonia Sharifi had just been released from the clutches of Iranian detention.

It is the fourth month of protests in Iran and the levels of violence and intimidation facing those calling for revolution are at their highest since the movement began.

The risks for those involved are huge, with some protesters now leaving their phones at home to minimise the brutality they could face if they are arrested.

This may be why it appears less video evidence of the protests has been emerging from the country in recent weeks.

Despite the danger, video verified by Sky News shows the moment Sonia’s family, friends and neighbours gathered in the streets of Abdanan to celebrate her homecoming when she was released on bail. It is blurred to keep their identities safe.

Some people were so overwhelmed with happiness they began to spontaneously dance in the street.

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The Kurdistan Human Rights Network report that this teenage girl was dragged from her grandmother’s house in November, beaten and forced into a false confession admitting to making Molotov cocktails and writing dangerous slogans.

Iran’s notorious Revolutionary Guards have sent messages on an encrypted messaging app monitored by Sky News accusing “hostile media” of “lying” about details of her arrest. They provided no evidence for their claims.

Sonia’s defiant pose, struck seemingly without fear of the authorities who detained her, spread quickly across social media in the middle of December.

The image of her brave stance was treated by many Iranians online as a symbol of hope at a time when the state had executed two protesters and more than 500 demonstrators had lost their lives.

The Human Rights Activists News Agency (HRANA) report that around 70 of those who died were children. The group’s figures, published on 19 December, also report that almost 20,000 people have been arrested.

Despite this crackdown, authorities have been unable to stamp out the protest movement that has been sweeping across the country for the past three months.

Sky News has mapped the location of every protest made up of 12 or more people since 16 September, with data provided by the Critical Threats Project (CTP) at the American Enterprise Institute with support from the Institute for the Study of War.

The dots are lighter or darker red depending on the conservative estimate of the number of people present, with grey dots indicating protests where it is not possible to determine the size of the crowd. The CTP say their dataset is “likely incomplete” given the difficulty to access information on the ground in Iran.

It is possible to see the first surges of demonstrations that began after the death of Mahsa Jina Amini, who was killed while in detention for wearing her hijab (head covering) “improperly”.

Read more:
Mass protests and government buildings attacked – online evidence shows what’s happening in Iran

It began mostly as a women’s rights movement but other voices quickly joined the call for a revolution. Issues such as freedom, democracy and economic stability have fuelled the determination of this army of ordinary people.

The animation shows how protests have been widespread, but with the Kurdish province and the capital Tehran consistently serving as hot spots for the movement.

Most protests have been between 12 and 1,000 people, with around a dozen being logged by the CTP as more than 1,000 individuals attending a single demonstration.

Ali Ansari, professor of Iranian history and director of the Institute for Iranian Studies at the University of St Andrews, told Sky News: “We are now seeing strikes and different types of protest taking place. The main thing to consider is that the government is finding it difficult to suppress them.”

He added that the executions of two protesters has “simply made the protesters more determined”.

‘Protesters leave phones at home to stay safe’

Videos and images taken by people on their smartphones have been one of the main sources of information coming out of Iran, with independent and foreign media effectively barred from reporting in the country.

But now, this vital information lifeline is at risk as the consequence of being found with protest footage is becoming insurmountable for some.

“People are being attacked for filming. They are further harassed if they are found with footage from protests when they are arrested,” explains Mahsa Alimardani, a researcher with information rights group Article 19 and the Oxford Internet Institute. Her work focuses on access to information online in Iran.

“People who go out on the streets now often don’t go out with their phones to eliminate that risk.”

Ms Alimardani says people are now becoming more cautious after seeing how others have been pursued and criminalised over footage, while others have been targeted or even shot at for holding up their phones at protests.

This and continuing draconian restrictions on internet access means Iranians face multiple layers of challenges when attempting to get evidence of the scale of the protests and the brutality of the crackdown out to the international community.

Authorities have aggressively attempted to limit the Iranian people’s ability to get online, with organisations such as internet monitors Netblocks and the Internet Outage Detection and Analysis (IODA) project at Georgia Institute of Technology reporting repeated outages.

For example, internet access across the country dropped during the execution of Majidreza Rahnavard on 11 December, as highlighted by the red stripe on the graph in this tweet.

The authorities are able to target specific areas of the country, as they appear to have done on 8 December when internet access dropped for around seven hours in the city of Sanandaj in the Kurdish region of the country.

“Really what we are seeing is really the tip of the iceberg. It’s stuff that is able to fall through the cracks of all these difficulties to get online and to document,” Ms Alimardani says.

For those prepared to take the risk, the footage coming out of Iran in recent weeks has changed. Ms Alimardani has noticed people are taking more steps than before to hide people’s identities while filming, such as just focusing on arms or legs and avoiding faces entirely, or filming in low light.

Footage showing violent clashes and aggressive behaviour from the security forces has become much more prevalent than in September and October. Evidence of injuries, including those sustained by people who have been shot, is also being widely shared.

“We’re still seeing a lot of footage of protests, in its diverse forms across Iran, from large crowds to balcony and rooftop chants,” she explains.

“But the content that speaks to the crimes and murders of the Islamic Republic is also there and is being documented by users. The tragedy is seeing this content increase as the regime takes on more violent or even genocidal strategies to put down the protests.”

As the footage coming out of Iran becomes more bloody and the protesters show little sign of stopping, what is next for the movement?

“It is probably too early to characterise this as a ‘revolution’,” Mr Ansari explains, “but people do see the movement as revolutionary.

“The direction of travel is clear.”


The Data and Forensics team is a multi-skilled unit dedicated to providing transparent journalism from Sky News. We gather, analyse and visualise data to tell data-driven stories. We combine traditional reporting skills with advanced analysis of satellite images, social media and other open source information. Through multimedia storytelling we aim to better explain the world while also showing how our journalism is done.

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Children among 25 people killed by Israeli strikes in Gaza – as 41 killed in attack on northern Lebanon

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Children among 25 people killed by Israeli strikes in Gaza - as 41 killed in attack on northern Lebanon

An 18-month-old boy and his 10-year-old sister are among 25 people who were killed in a series of Israeli strikes on central parts of Gaza, hospital officials have said.

Sixteen people were initially reported to have been killed in two strikes on the central Nuseirat refugee camp on Thursday, but officials from the Al Aqsa hospital said bodies continued to be brought in.

The hospital said they had received 21 bodies from the strikes, including some transferred from the Awda hospital, where they had been taken the day before.

Strikes on a motorcycle in Zuwaida and on a house in Deir al Balah on Friday killed four more, hospital officials said, bringing the overall toll to 25.

Five children and seven women are among those who have been confirmed dead.

The mother of the 18-month-old boy is missing and his father was killed in an Israeli strike four months ago, the family has said.

The Palestinian news agency WAFA earlier reported that 57 people had died in the Israeli strikes.

The Israeli military did not comment on the specific strikes but said its troops had identified and eliminated “several armed terrorists” in central Gaza.

Palestinians watch as smoke rises following Israeli strikes in Nuseirat in the central Gaza Strip. Pic: Reuters
Image:
Palestinians watch as smoke rises following Israeli strikes in Nuseirat in the central Gaza Strip. Pic: Reuters

It also said its forces had eliminated “dozens of terrorists” in raids in northern Gaza’s Jabalia area – home to one of the territory’s refugee camps.

It comes as the Israeli military said on Friday it killed senior Hamas official Izz al Din Kassab, describing him as one of the last high-ranking members, in an airstrike in Khan Younis.

A displaced Palestinian boy in Gaza City. Pic: Reuters
Image:
A displaced Palestinian boy in Gaza City on 28 October. Pic: Reuters


The Israel Defence Forces (IDF) have over the past few weeks resumed intense operations in the north of Gaza, claiming they are seeking to stop Hamas, the militant group ruling Gaza, from regrouping.

Meanwhile, top UN officials said in a statement on Friday that the situation in northern Gaza is “apocalyptic” and the entire Palestinian population in the area is at “imminent risk of dying from disease, famine and violence”.

The overall number of people killed in Gaza in the 13-month war is more than 43,000, officials from the Hamas-run health ministry in the territory, who do not distinguish between civilians and combatants, reported this week.

Read more:
‘This is our land, we deserve it’

Charity demands UK evacuate critically ill children from Gaza

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Civil defence members work at a site damaged in the aftermath of Israeli strikes on Beirut's southern suburbs, amid the ongoing hostilities between Hezbollah and Israeli forces, Lebanon, November 1, 2024. REUTERS/Mohammed Yassin
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Civil defence members work at a site damaged in the aftermath of Israeli strikes on Beirut’s southern suburbs. Pic: Reuters

It comes as at least 41 people were killed in Israeli strikes on Lebanon’s Baalbek region on Friday, the regional governor said.

The deaths were confirmed hours after Lebanon’s health ministry said 30 people had been killed in Israeli strikes on the country in the past 24 hours.

It is not clear if any of those killed in the Baalbek region were included in that figure.

In recent days, Israel has intensified its airstrikes on the northeast city of Baalbek and nearby villages, as well as different parts of southern Lebanon, prompting roughly 60,000 people to flee their homes, according to Hussein Haj Hassan, a Lebanese official representing the region.

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Israel has issued evacuation orders for people living in parts of Lebanon

Israel’s military said in a statement that attacks “in the area of Beirut” had targeted Hezbollah weapons manufacturing sites, command centres and other infrastructure.

Israeli planes also pounded Beirut’s southern suburb of Dahiyeh overnight, destroying dozens of buildings in several neighbourhoods, according to the Lebanese state news agency.

More than 2,800 people have been killed and 13,000 wounded since fighting between Israel and Hezbollah escalated after Hamas’s 7 October attack last year, Lebanon’s Health Ministry said.

Meanwhile, in northern Israel, seven people, including three Israelis and four Thai nationals, were killed by projectiles fired from Lebanon on Thursday, Israeli medics said.

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North Korea vows to back Russia until ‘victory’ over Ukraine – as thousands of its troops ‘set to enter combat’

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North Korea vows to back Russia until 'victory' over Ukraine - as thousands of its troops 'set to enter combat'

North Korea says it will support Russia in its war with Ukraine “until the day of victory” – after the US warned thousands of Pyongyang’s troops are set to enter combat in the coming days.

North Korea’s foreign minister Choe Son Hui hailed Vladimir Putin’s “wise leadership” ahead of talks in Moscow on Friday, and insisted that Russia will “achieve a great victory”.

“We also assure that until the day of victory we will firmly stand alongside our Russian comrades,” she added.

US secretary of state Antony Blinken has said thousands of North Korean troops are stationed near Ukraine’s border and are set to enter combat in the coming days.

Mr Blinken said 10,000 soldiers have been deployed to Russia, with up to 8,000 in the Kursk border region, and indicated they would be used on the frontline.

He added that the troops have been trained by Russian forces in artillery, drones and “basic infantry operations, including trench clearing”.

In an interview with South Korean TV channel KBS, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy condemned the West’s response to the deployment as “nothing, it’s zero”.

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North Korean troops near Ukraine border, US says

Russia’s foreign minister Sergei Lavrov told reporters on Friday that he had “nothing to add to what has already been said” on the US claims, and thanked Ms Choe for North Korea’s support.

The deployment of troops to Russia comes after Mr Putin met Kim Jong Un in June, when the Russian president travelled to North Korea for the first time in 24 years.

Vladimir Putin met Kim Jong Un in North Korea in June. Pic: Reuters
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Vladimir Putin met Kim Jong Un in North Korea in June. Pic: Reuters

A mutual defence pact was agreed during their summit, meaning the countries will help each other if they are attacked.

Speaking in Moscow, Ms Choe accused the US and South Korea of plotting a nuclear strike against her country.

She provided no evidence to back her claim, but spoke of regular consultations between Washington and Seoul, at which she alleged such plotting took place.

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Ms Choe also told Mr Lavrov that tensions on the Korean Peninsula could turn “explosive” at any moment.

On Thursday, North Korea tested a new intercontinental ballistic missile, which it claimed was “the world’s most powerful strategic deterrent”.

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North Korea tests giant missile

On Friday, Ukraine’s air force said it shot down 31 Russian drones and one missile during an overnight strike across the country.

It said 48 drones were launched by Moscow, along with three cruise missiles. Out of the drones launched, another 14 were “locationally lost”.

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Why flooding in Spain has been so deadly – and why it could happen again

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Why flooding in Spain has been so deadly – and why it could happen again

More than 200 people have died in Spain after nearly a year’s worth of rain fell in a matter of hours.

On Friday, there were at least 205 confirmed deaths in Valencia, two in Castilla La Mancha, and one in Andalusia.

Local authorities issued warnings late on Tuesday, but many say this gave them next-to-no time to prepare for the conditions that had killed dozens by Wednesday.

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Here we look at what caused the flooding – and why they could happen again.

How quickly did the floods hit?

Heavy rain had already begun in parts of southern Spain on Monday.

In contrast to areas like Malaga, where residents told Sky News it had been “chucking it down for two days”, the rain did not start in the worst-hit region of Valencia until around 7pm on Tuesday.

At 8pm, people in Valencia received smartphone alerts warning them not to leave their homes.

But by then, many were already trapped in dangerous conditions, particularly in the south of the city where a major road had flooded, leaving drivers stuck in their cars.

Read more
‘No one came to rescue us’
Deadly flood damage is ‘utterly random’
Deadliest weather events were fuelled by climate change

By Wednesday morning, more than 50 people had been found dead.

The Chiva area of Valencia had been hit by 491 litres per square metre of rain in eight hours. Only around 65 l/m2 usually falls in the whole of October.

Storms spread west on Wednesday night and into Thursday, bringing deadly conditions to Andalusia and Castilla La Mancha as well.

What caused them?

Heavy rain is not uncommon across eastern Spain at this time of year.

It’s caused by a weather phenomenon called DANA – ‘depresion aislada en niveles altos’ in Spanish – which translates as ‘isolated low-pressure system at high levels’.

DANA occurs when:

1) Cold air from the north moves south;

2) Warm air then blows over the Mediterranean, rising quickly and forming heavy clouds;

3) The low pressure from the north gets blocked by the high pressure above the water, causing it to slow down or stop completely.

A graphic shows how the DANA phenomenon happens
Image:
A graphic shows how the DANA phenomenon happens

This creates storm-like conditions that cannot move anywhere else – so the rain falls over the same area for a sustained period of time.

What role did climate change play?

General flash floods and those caused by DANA specifically have struck Spain long before humans started warming the climate.

But climate change is making heavy rain worse, and therefore more dangerous.

That’s because hotter air is able to hold more moisture. So when it rains, it unleashes more water.

The current 1.3C increase in global temperatures since pre-industrial times means the air can carry about 9% more moisture.

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What caused the floods in Spain?

And higher sea surface temperatures in the Mediterranean are a “key driver” of strong storms, said Dr Marilena Oltmanns, research scientist at the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton.

The world is on track for 3.1C warming by the end of this century, which is expected to make rain heavier still, increasing the chances of flash flooding and giving areas little time to respond.

Imperial College London’s lead for its World Weather Attribution (WWA) group Dr Friederike Otto says there is “no doubt about it”.

“These explosive downpours were intensified by climate change,” she says.

Professor Mark Smith, an expert in water science and health at the University of Leeds, adds that hotter summers also dry out the soil in the ground, which means it absorbs less rain – and more of it flows into rivers and lakes – which flood quicker.

People work to clear a mud-covered street with piled up cars in the aftermath of torrential rains that caused flooding, in Paiporta, Spain, October 31, 2024. REUTERS/Eva Manez
Image:
Scale of devastation in Paiporta, Valencia on Thursday. Pic: Reuters

Vehicles are seen piled up after being swept away by floods in Valencia, Spain, Thursday, Oct. 31, 2024. (AP Photo/Alberto Saiz)
Image:
Abandoned and mangled cars in Valencia on Thursday. Pic: AP

Will they keep happening?

A red weather warning is in place for the Huelva area of Andalusia until Friday afternoon.

Beyond the warning period, storms are set to continue across parts of Spain for several days.

In the longer term, Dr Marilena Oltmanns says: “Given the long-term warming trend, both in the sea surface temperatures in the Mediterranean region and the global air temperature, we expect the events like the currently observed one in Spain to become more frequent.”

Chiva and the surrounding worst-hit area also suffers from the unfortunate geography of being in a river catchment – where water feeds into the River Turia – and close to the mountains. And is not far from the sea.

That means water has little chance to absorb into the land and so builds up very quickly.

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This makes it all the more imperative that forecasts are accurate, authorities prepare accordingly, and residents respond quickly.

Professor Hannah Cloke, professor of Hydrology at the University of Reading, describes people dying in their cars and being swept away in the street as “entirely avoidable”.

“This suggests the system for alerting people to the dangers of floods in Valencia has failed,” she says.

“People need to understand that extreme weather warnings for floods are very different from regular weather reports. We need to consider flood warnings totally differently, more like fire alarms or earthquake sirens, and less like the way we browse daily weather forecasts on our phones or on the TV.”

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Residents: ‘No one came to rescue us’

Gareth Redmond-King, international analyst at the Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit (ECIU), says Spain’s tragedy should serve as a “wake-up call” to the UK.

“This is not about future events in a far-off place with a dramatically different climate from the UK. Spain is one of our nearest neighbours,” he warns.

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