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A war in Europe, the death of the Queen, record heatwaves and flooding, protests around the world and three prime ministers… it’s been quite a year.

Photographers have documented the huge news events of 2022 with striking images capturing key moments in history.

This is the year in pictures:

Ukrainians huddle under a destroyed bridge as they try to flee by crossing the Irpin River on the outskirts of Kyiv, Ukraine, on March 5, 2022. (AP Photo/Emilio Morenatti)
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March 5: Ukrainians huddle under a destroyed bridge as they try to flee by crossing the Irpin River on the outskirts of Kyiv. Pic: AP/Emilio Morenatti
Will Smith hits Chris Rock during the Oscars ceremony
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March 27: Will Smith slaps Chris Rock during the Oscars ceremony. Pic: Reuters/Brian Snyder
A woman carries her cat as she walks past buildings that were destroyed by Russian shelling, amid Russia's invasion of Ukraine in Borodyanka, in the Kyiv region, Ukraine, April 5, 2022.        REUTERS/Zohra Bensemra/File Photo        TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY        SEARCH "GLOBAL POY" FOR THIS STORY. SEARCH "REUTERS POY" FOR ALL BEST OF 2022 PACKAGES.
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April 5: A woman carries her cat as she walks past buildings destroyed by Russian shelling in Borodyanka. Pic: Reuters/Zohra Bensemra
 Queen Elizabeth II and Paddington Bear have cream tea at Buckingham Palace, in London, taken from a film that was shown at the BBC Platinum Party at the Palace  Heyday Films via AP)
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June 4: The Queen has tea with Paddington Bear during Platinum Jubilee celebrations. Pic: Buckingham Palace/Heyday Films
People in the US protest against the Supreme Court's decision to overturn Roe v Wade
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June 24: Protests against the Supreme Court’s decision to overturn Roe v Wade. Pic: Sky News
Boris Johnson
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July 7: Boris Johnson is comforted by his family as he departs Downing Street. Pic: Tim Hammond/No 10 Downing Street
Demonstrators protest inside the President's House, after President Gotabaya Rajapaksa fled, amid the country's economic crisis, in Colombo, Sri Lanka, July 9, 2022.        REUTERS/Dinuka Liyanawatte/File Photo        TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY        SEARCH "POY STORIES 2022" FOR THIS STORY. SEARCH "REUTERS POY" FOR ALL BEST OF 2022 PACKAGES
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July 9: Demonstrators protest after storming the president’s house in Colombo, Sri Lanka, in July. Pic: Reuters/Dinuka Liyanawatte
First image from James Webb Space Telescope
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July 11: First image from James Webb Space Telescope. Pic: NASA
Flames engulf a chair inside a burning home as the Oak Fire burns in Mariposa County, Calif., on July 23, 2022. (AP Photo/Noah Berger)
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July 23: Flames engulf a chair inside a burning home as the Oak Fire burns in California in July. Pic: AP/Noah Berger
Aerials of the fire in Wennington
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July 19: Aerial images show homes on fire in Wennington on hottest day on record in the UK. Pic: Sky News
Soccer Football - Women's Euro 2022 - Final - England v Germany - Wembley Stadium, London, Britain - July 31, 2022.
England's Chloe Kelly celebrates scoring their second goal with Jill Scott and Lauren Hemp.        REUTERS/Lisi Niesner/File Photo        TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY        SEARCH "GLOBAL POY" FOR THIS STORY. SEARCH "REUTERS POY" FOR ALL BEST OF 2022 PACKAGES.
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July 31: England’s Chloe Kelly celebrates scoring as the Lionesses become European champions. Pic: Reuters/Lisi Niesner
An aerial view shows a branch of the Loire River as historical drought hits France, in Loireauxence, France, August 16, 2022. REUTERS/Stephane Mahe     TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY
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August 16: A branch of the Loire River in France as historical drought hits France amid record temperatures across Europe. Pic: Reuters/Stephane Mahe
A boy crosses a flooded street, with the help of a wire fastened on both ends, following rains and floods during the monsoon season in Charsadda, Pakistan August 27, 2022. REUTERS/Fayaz Aziz
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August 27: A boy clings on to a rope as he crosses a flooded street during devastating floods in Charsadda, Pakistan. Pic: Reuters/Fayaz Aziz
Members of the public file past the coffin of Queen Elizabeth II, draped in the Royal Standard with the Imperial State Crown and the Sovereign's orb and sceptre, lying in state on the catafalque in Westminster Hall, at the Palace of Westminster, London, ahead of her funeral on Monday. Picture date: Thursday September 15, 2022.
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September 15: Members of the public pay respects as the Queen’s coffin lay in state in Westminster Hall. Pic: PA
Britain's King Charles salutes as he departs Wellington Arch on the day of the state funeral and burial of Britain's Queen Elizabeth, in London, Britain, September 19, 2022 REUTERS/Toby Melville.
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September 19: A teary King Charles salutes on the day of the Queen’s funeral. Pic: Reuters/Toby Melville.
An aerial view of a partially collapsed Sanibel Causeway after Hurricane Ian caused widespread destruction, in Sanibel Island, Florida, U.S., September 29, 2022. REUTERS/Shannon Stapleton
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September 29: A partially collapsed Sanibel Causeway after Hurricane Ian caused widespread destruction in Florida. Pic: Reuters/Shannon Stapleton
Iranians protests the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini in Tehran on 1 October (file pic)
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October 1: Iranians protests the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini in Tehran. :Pic: AP
A member of the public drags an activist who is blocking the road during a "Just Stop Oil" protest, in London, Britain, October 15, 2022.        REUTERS/Henry Nicholls/File Photo        TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY        SEARCH "POY STORIES 2022" FOR THIS STORY. SEARCH "REUTERS POY" FOR ALL BEST OF 2022 PACKAGES
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October 15: A ‘Just Stop Oil’ activist is dragged away after blocking the road in Central London. Pic: Reuters/Henry Nicholls
Britain's Prime Minister Liz Truss addresses the media in Downing Street in London, Thursday, Oct. 20, 2022. Truss says she resigns as leader of UK Conservative Party. (AP Photo/Alberto Pezzali)
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October 20: Liz Truss resigns after just 44 days as prime minister. Pic AP/Alberto Pezzali
The clerk of a shop situated on the site where a stampede happened during Halloween festivities pays respects in the middle of the site, in Seoul, South Korea October 31, 2022. REUTERS/Kim Hong-Ji     TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY
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October 31: A man pays respects at the site of a crush during Halloween festivities in Seoul. Pic: Reuters/Kim Hong-J
Sky’s International Correspondent Alex Rossi and team witnessed scenes of jubilation in Kherson following the city’s recent liberation.
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November 12: Scenes of jubilation in Kherson as Ukraine regains control of the city. Pic: Sky News
NASA's next-generation moon rocket, the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket with the Orion crew capsule, lifts off from launch complex 39-B on the unmanned Artemis 1 mission to the moon, seen from Sebastian, Florida, U.S. November 16, 2022. REUTERS/Joe Rimkus Jr.     TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY
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November 16: The view from Florida as NASA’s Artemis mission to the moon takes off. Pic: Reuters/Joe Rimkus Jr
Argentina's Lionel Messi celebrates with fans and fellow players after receiving the World Cup trophy
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December 18: Argentina’s Lionel Messi celebrates with fans and players after winning the World Cup. Pic: Reuters/Kai Pfaffenbach

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Isfahan, Natanz and Fordow: What we know about the US strikes on Iran’s nuclear facilities

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Isfahan, Natanz and Fordow: What we know about the US strikes on Iran's nuclear facilities

There is much that is still not known about the US strikes against Iran’s nuclear facilities.

Reports are coming in about which sites were hit and what military elements were involved, as President Donald Trump hails the attack on social media.

Here’s what we know so far.

Follow latest: US bombers strike three Iranian nuclear sites

Which sites were hit?

America appears to have hit the three key locations in Iran’s nuclear programme.

They include Isfahan, the location of a significant research base, as well as uranium enrichment facilities at Natanz and Fordow.

More on Iran

Natanz was believed to have been previously damaged in Israeli strikes after bombs disrupted power to the centrifuge hall, possibly destroying the machines indirectly.

However the facility at Fordow, which is buried around 80 metres below a mountain, had previously escaped major damage.

Details about the damage in the US strikes is not yet known, although Mr Trump said the three sites had been “obliterated”.

Read more:
Fordow: What we know about Iran’s secretive ‘nuclear mountain’

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Sky’s Mark Stone explains how Iran might respond to the US strike on Tehran’s nuclear sites.

What weapons were used in the attacks?

The White House and Pentagon did not immediately elaborate on the operation, but a US official said B-2 heavy bombers were involved.

Fox News host Sean Hannity said he had spoken with the president and that six bunker buster bombs were used on the Fordow facility.

Bunker buster bombs are designed to explode twice. Once to breach the ground surface and again once the bomb has burrowed down to a certain depth.

A GBU-57, or the Massive Ordnance Penetrator bomb, at Whiteman Air Base in Missouri. in 2023. File pic: US Air Force via AP
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A file picture of a GBU-57 bunker buster bomb, which was possibly used in the attack on Fordow. Pic: AP

Israel has some in its arsenal but does not have the much more powerful GBU-57, which can only be launched from the B-2 bomber and was believed to be the only bomb capable of breaching Fordow.

Hannity said 30 Tomahawk missiles fired by US submarines 400 miles away struck the Iranian nuclear sites of Natanz and Isfahan.

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‘Fordow is gone’: US warplanes strike three nuclear sites in Iran

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'Fordow is gone': US warplanes strike three nuclear sites in Iran

The US has carried out a “very successful attack” on three nuclear sites on Iran, President Donald Trump has said.

The strikes, which the US leader announced on social media, reportedly include a hit on the heavily-protected Fordow enrichment plant which is buried deep under a mountain.

The other sites hit were at Natanz and Isfahan. It brings the US into direct involvement in the war between Israel and Iran.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu hailed the “bold decision” by Mr Trump, saying it would “change history”.

Iran has repeatedly denied that it is seeking a nuclear weapon and the head of the UN’s nuclear watchdog said in June that it has no proof of a “systematic effort to move into a nuclear weapon”.

Follow latest: US bombers strike three Iranian nuclear sites

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Trump: Iran strikes ‘spectacular success’

Addressing the nation in the hours after the strikes, Mr Trump said that Iran must now make peace or “we will
go after” other targets in Iran.

More on Iran

Commenting on the operation, he said that the three Iranian sites had been “obliterated”.

“There will be either peace or there will be tragedy for Iran far greater than we have witnessed over the last eight
days,” he said.

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Benjamin Netanyahu said Donald Trump and the US have acted with strength following strikes on Iran’s nuclear facilities.

In a posting on Truth Social earlier, Mr Trump said, “All planes are safely on their way home” and he congratulated “our great American Warriors”. He added: “Fordow is gone.”

He also threatened further strikes on Iran unless it doesn’t “stop immediately”, adding: “Now is the time for peace.”

It is not yet clear if the UK was directly involved in the attack.

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‘Iranians have to repond’

Read more:
Analysis: If Israel breaks Iran it will end up owning the chaos
Fordow: What we know about Iran’s secretive ‘nuclear mountain’

Among the sites hit was Fordow, a secretive nuclear facility buried around 80 metres below a mountain and one of two key uranium enrichment plants in Iran.

“A full payload of BOMBS was dropped on the primary site, Fordow,” Mr Trump said. “Fordow is gone.”

There had been a lot of discussion in recent days about possible American involvement in the Iran-Israel conflict, and much centred around the US possibly being best placed to destroy Fordow.

Meanwhile, Natanz and Isfahan were the other two sites hit in the US attack.

Natanz is the other major uranium enrichment plant in Iran and was believed to have possibly already suffered extensive damage in Israel’s strikes earlier this week.

Isfahan features a large nuclear technology centre and enriched uranium is also stored there, diplomats say.

Map showing the Fordow enrichment plant
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Map showing the Fordow enrichment plant

US media reported that six ‘bunker buster’ bombs were used to strike Fordow.

Mr Trump said no further strikes were planned and that he hoped diplomacy would now take over.

It’s not yet known what Iran’s response will be – particularly as the government was already struggling to repel Israel.

However a commentator on Iranian state TV said every US citizen or military in the region was now a legitimate target.

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Like George W Bush did in Iraq, if Israel breaks Iran it will end up owning the chaos that could ensue

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Like George W Bush did in Iraq, if Israel breaks Iran it will end up owning the chaos that could ensue

Israelis are good at tactics, poor at strategic vision, it has been observed.

Their campaign against Iran may be a case in point.

Short termism is understandable in a region that is so unpredictable. Why make elaborate plans if they are generally undone by unexpected events? It is a mindset that is familiar to anyone who has lived or worked there.

And it informs policy-making. The Israeli offensive in Gaza is no exception. The Israeli government has never been clear how it will end or what happens the day after that in what remains of the coastal strip. Pressed privately, even senior advisers will admit they simply do not know.

It may seem unfair to call a military operation against Iran that literally took decades of planning short-termist or purely tactical. There was clearly a strategy of astonishing sophistication behind a devastating campaign that has dismantled so much of the enemy’s capability.

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How close is Iran to producing a nuclear weapon?

But is there a strategic vision beyond that? That is what worries Israel’s allies.

It’s not as if we’ve not been here before, time and time again. From Libya to Afghanistan and all points in between we have seen the chaos and carnage that follows governments being changed.

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Hundreds of thousands have died. Vast swathes of territory remain mired in turmoil or instability.

Which is where a famous warning sign to American shoppers in the 80s and 90s comes in.

Ahead of the disastrous invasion that would tear Iraq apart, America’s defence secretary, Colin Powell, is said to have warned US president George W Bush of the “Pottery Barn rule”.

The Pottery Barn was an American furnishings store. Signs among its wares told clumsy customers: “You break it, you own it.”

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Iran and Israel exchange attacks

Bush did not listen to Powell hard enough. His administration would end up breaking Iraq and owning the aftermath in a bloody debacle lasting years.

Israel is not invading Iran, but it is bombing it back to the 80s, or even the 70s, because it is calling for the fall of the government that came to power at the end of that decade.

Iran’s leadership is proving resilient so far but we are just a week in. It is a country of 90 million, already riven with social and political discontent. Its system of government is based on factional competition, in which paranoia, suspicion and intense rivalries are the order of the day.

Read more:
Putin says ‘Ukraine is ours’ and threatens nuclear strike
Air India warned by watchdog over pilot scheduling breaches

After half a century of authoritarian theocratic rule there are no opposition groups ready to replace the ayatollahs. There may be a powerful sense of social cohesion and a patriotic resentment of outside interference, for plenty of good historic reasons.

But if that is not enough to keep the country together then chaos could ensue. One of the biggest and most consequential nations in the region could descend into violent instability.

That will have been on Israel’s watch. If it breaks Iran it will own it even more than America owned the disaster in Iraq.

Iran and Israel are, after all, in the same neighbourhood.

Has Israel thought through the consequences? What is the strategic vision beyond victory?

And if America joins in, as Donald Trump is threatening, is it prepared to share that legacy?

At the very least, is his administration asking its allies whether they have a plan for what could come next?

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