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Hannah Lewis was just seven years old when she watched a Nazi death squad execute her mother.

Her family was rounded up by Adolf Hitler’s forces and forced to march to a labour camp in the Polish village of Adampol in 1943.

Hannah’s father Adam escaped the camp to join the partisans – a Jewish resistance movement during the Second World War – and returned to warn of an imminent Nazi raid, the night before his wife’s death.

Hannah’s mother Haya refused to flee, fearing her daughter – who had fallen ill with a high temperature and suspected typhoid – would not survive.

“For as long as I live, I will always wonder how she got through that night,” Hannah tells Sky’s Sophy Ridge.

“How she made the decision she made? Was it right?”

The next morning, Hannah heard “yelling” and “screaming” following the arrival of the Einsatzgruppen, the Nazis’ mobile killing unit responsible for the mass shooting of Jews.

“Suddenly there was a whack on the door and my mother – with great dignity – got on her knees, took me in her arms, and gave me a hug and a kiss,” Hannah says.

“She didn’t run, she didn’t make a sound. She walked to the door, opened the door and closed it firmly behind her.

“I waited for her to come back… but she didn’t come back.”

Hannah Lewis's mother (pictured) was shot dead in front of her
Image:
Hannah Lewis’s mother Haya (pictured) was shot dead in front of her

‘Blood on the snow’

Hannah, an only child, went to look for her mother and watched as Haya and others were “shoved” in front of a well in the village.

She remembers her mother appeared calm but wouldn’t give eye contact to her.

“I decided that I would go down and take her hand, the way I always did,” says Hannah, fighting back tears.

“As I was about to go in bare feet, somebody shouted an order and they started to shoot.

“I saw her fall… and I saw the blood on the snow.”

As well as her mother, Hannah’s grandfather, her uncle and her younger cousin Shlomo were also murdered at Adampol.

Now aged 85 and living in north London, Hannah is sharing her experience to mark Holocaust Memorial Day, the anniversary of the liberation of Nazi death camp Auschwitz-Birkenau.

Six million Jewish men, women and children were murdered by the Nazis and their collaborators during the Holocaust. In her family, only Hannah and her father survived.

Hannah Lewis pictured before she was forcibly marched to a labour camp in a village called Adampol
Image:
Hannah pictured before she was forcibly marched to a labour camp

‘I never forgave myself for losing my cousin’

Hannah described her cousin Shlomo – who was deaf and unable to speak – as “the brother I never had” and “the one person that I absolutely adored”.

She recalls being outside at the camp with the little boy, who was aged about three, when she heard the sound of Nazi vehicles pulling up.

“He couldn’t hear and he couldn’t speak so I took his hand,” Hannah says. “I pulled it so he knew he had to come and we ran in to the nearest barn.”

Hannah says she dived into a mound of straw where she and Shlomo would often hide but she realised he wasn’t there.

She was about to leave her hiding place to find him when she saw her cousin standing by the barn door.

“The door swung open and (the Nazis) saw him and they picked him up literally by the scruff of his neck,” she says.

“My last sight of my lovely cousin was his back… and his legs kicking. I never saw him again.

“When I lost Shlomo I never forgave myself.”

Hannah Lewis pictured with her cousin Shlomo
Image:
Hannah pictured with her cousin Shlomo

Going into hiding

Hannah’s family had been living in the small market town of Włodawa in Poland when the Nazis invaded.

“Suddenly there was a curfew,” she says. “And suddenly my grandfather couldn’t trade. And suddenly you had to wear a mark.

“I remember my father, before it got really bad, putting me in a sled and taking me to a photographer.

“I’m standing there trying to smile and I’ve got tears in my eyes because I know that something horrible is happening and it’s not right.

“I was probably six.”

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The family initially went into hiding, staying in a barn which required a “special knock” to gain entry.

“There were two or three other families there and when they saw me, they were not best pleased,” Hannah says.

“They did not want to hide with children.”

After one night there, Hannah says “suddenly the barn door flew open” and “everybody froze”.

She recalls seeing “the tip of very shiny boots” and the peaked hats of Nazi soldiers as they “poked around”.

“We sat there like statues,” Hannah says.

Read more:
Holocaust survivor compares Braverman’s words to those of Nazi Germany
Ex-Nazi worker, 97, spared jail for aiding 10,505 murders

Hannah Lewis tells Sky News about her experience during the Holocaust
Image:
Hannah Lewis spoke to Sky News about her experience during the Holocaust

‘Luck ran out’

While the family narrowly avoided being found that time, Hannah says eventually their “luck run out” and they were given an hour to pack up their belongings.

Aged just six, Hannah says she walked for nearly five hours to the labour camp at Adampol.

“If you tripped, or if you fell, no one helped hold you up,” she says.

“I remember them just shooting somebody.”

After arriving at the camp, there was no electricity or running water and the security measures included barbed wire fencing and a watchtower.

Then just a little girl, Hannah tried to cope with the trauma of witnessing her mother’s death, and initially refused to believe she had been killed.

Instead, she convinced herself that Haya was injured and pretending to be dead to save herself.

It was only after being liberated by a Soviet soldier, and reunited with her father – who had also witnessed his wife’s murder – that the reality dawned on Hannah.

“He got hold of me, he laughed, he cried, he cuddled me,” she says of her father.

“I said: ‘Where’s mama?’ He said: ‘Mama’s not coming back. Mama died. You saw it.’

“I remember him shaking me because apparently for a couple of hours I didn’t utter one sound.”

Hannah Lewis pictured with her father
Image:
Hannah pictured with her father Adam

‘Children ask: Do you hate the Germans?’

After the war, Hannah and her father lived in the Polish city of Lodz and she admits she became “jealous” of other children who had both parents.

She moved to Britain in 1949 to live with her great aunt and uncle, while her father left Poland for Israel in 1953.

Holocaust survivor Hannah Lewis

She married in 1961 and has four children and eight grandchildren, and now shares her experience of the Holocaust in schools and universities.

“Every now and again the kids say: ‘Do you tell your story because you hate the Germans?’,” she says.

“I say no, I tell my story because I care for you.

“Beware of people who promise you the world and actually don’t.”

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Horror in Hong Kong: Residents reel from its worst disaster in modern history

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Horror in Hong Kong: Residents reel from its worst disaster in modern history

There is a thickness to the air outside Wang Fuk Court in Hong Kong’s Tai Po district.

The smoke catches in your throat and the emotion catches you off guard.

Seven of the eight tower blocks that make up this complex have been all but blackened. And through the shells that used to be windows, you can only imagine the horror and the panic that must have played out inside, the screams that went unanswered.

More than 30 hours after the blaze began here there was still a sense that it is far from under control. At various points during the day the flames sprung up from different windows, as if the fire has found fresh tinder.

Pockets of fire are still raging
Image:
Pockets of fire are still raging

Thousands of people lived at the complex
Image:
Thousands of people lived at the complex

Debris falls from the buildings periodically, ash still floats in the air.

As of Friday morning here, 94 people are now confirmed to have died.

There is no doubt the community is reeling. Along the surrounding streets hundreds came out to look on in horror, mostly in a stunned sort of silence.

Occasionally the air was pierced with the terrible cries of relatives, who had received the news they were dreading.

But much of the grief was quiet and held close, an arm around the shoulders or a quiet embrace.

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Deadly blaze destroys Hong Kong tower blocks

The community is coming together in their grief, hugging and supporting each other
Image:
The community is coming together in their grief, hugging and supporting each other

Among the survivors is the Lam family, three generations of which had been living in the building for 40 years. They have lost their home and haven’t heard from their neighbours.

“The alarm was all off because of the renovation of the outside. So there is no alarm to let all the people know. Many old people, elderly people, they were all having an afternoon sleep. So nobody knew,” Ms Lam, whose father survived the fire, said.

“Once they know the fire has already burned down everything, and they cannot escape, they were all trapped in the house. This is a disaster, actually.”

Three generations of the Lam family lived in Wang Fuk Court for 40 years
Image:
Three generations of the Lam family lived in Wang Fuk Court for 40 years

Another survivor said: “I feel sadness and hopeless and don’t know what [I’m] going to do. I don’t know. Cannot describe. So sad.”

Hong Kong is one of the world’s most densely populated cities, fire in places like this has a significantly more deadly potential.

And it also means many are displaced. Over 4,500 lived in this complex alone and are in need of emergency shelter.

A woman says she feels sad and hopeless after losing her home in the blaze
Image:
A woman says she feels sad and hopeless after losing her home in the blaze

The government has offered temporary accommodation to many, but the community is filling the gaps.

Armies of volunteers handed out food, water, blankets and clothes, including to those who had opted to sleep on the floor of a nearby shopping area.

One man, who wanted to sleep on the floor close to his home, said he doesn’t feel supported by the government.

One man opted to sleep on the floor close to his burned-down home
Image:
One man opted to sleep on the floor close to his burned-down home

The man said he doesn't feel supported by the government
Image:
The man said he doesn’t feel supported by the government

There is a thin line between grief and anger, and there’s a feeling it’s narrowing here.

Many fingers have pointed towards the construction company running extensive renovations in the complex.

A netted mesh, bamboo scaffolding and polystyrene that may have been used as part of the works have all been cited as potentially speeding the spread.

Three construction bosses have already been arrested.

But there is a sense that distrust of the authorities more broadly runs deep.

“It is very serious and people are starting to feel furious about the construction company and the construction materials,” one woman said.

“There are so many layers of anger among the people. People feel that every party should take responsibility.”

Read more:
At least 83 dead as police make arrests over fire
Almost 280 people missing as blaze engulfs flats

A woman said many were angry about the construction company
Image:
A woman said many were angry about the construction company

Everyone we spoke to wanted to wear a mask to avoid being targeted, with volunteers actively encouraging the masks, and many hinted that the system shoulders its share of responsibility for what happened.

This fire is already the worst disaster in the modern history of Hong Kong; many of the victims are elderly and many will struggle to rebuild.

There will many days of pain to come, but many days of questions too.

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At least 83 dead and hundreds missing as police make arrests over Hong Kong fire

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At least 83 dead and hundreds missing as police make arrests over Hong Kong fire

At least 83 people have been killed, and police have made several arrests, after a huge fire engulfed a high-rise residential complex in Hong Kong.

Authorities said nearly 300 people are also missing following the blaze at Wang Fuk Court in Tai Po – a suburban district with around 300,000 residents, near the border with mainland China.

At least 83 people died in the fire, according to South China Morning Post, citing the local fire department, and a further 70 people have been injured, including more than 40 who were described as critically ill in hospital on Wednesday night.

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Deadly blaze destroys Hong Kong tower blocks

Around 900 people are also in shelters as a result of the blaze.

Police have alleged its cause could have been a “grossly negligent” construction firm using unsafe materials.

Three people – two directors and an engineering consultant – have been arrested on suspicion of manslaughter.

“We have reason to believe that the company’s responsible parties were grossly negligent, which led to this accident and caused the fire to spread uncontrollably, resulting in major casualties,” said police superintendent Eileen Chung. Police have not named the company.

The complex, built in the 1980s, had been under renovation for a year.

Smoke rising from the Wang Fuk Court residential complex. Pic: AP Photo/Chan Long Hei
Image:
Smoke rising from the Wang Fuk Court residential complex. Pic: AP Photo/Chan Long Hei

The fire broke out on Wednesday afternoon. Pic: Reuters
Image:
The fire broke out on Wednesday afternoon. Pic: Reuters

Dozens of people remain in hospital, some are critically injured. Pic: AP Photo/Chan Long Hei
Image:
Dozens of people remain in hospital, some are critically injured. Pic: AP Photo/Chan Long Hei

One firefighter was among those killed tackling the blaze, which broke out at 2.51pm local time on Wednesday. Another 11 firefighters were among those injured.

Fire crews said they had doused the flames in all seven of the affected blocks by Thursday morning, and were searching each floor for survivors.

Records show the Wang Fuk Court site consists of eight blocks, with almost 2,000 flats housing around 4,800 residents, including many elderly people.

A relative of a resident at the scene. Pic: Reuters
Image:
A relative of a resident at the scene. Pic: Reuters

Families have been identifying the bodies of relatives while others have been visiting shelters in the area, searching for missing loved ones.

Hong Kong leader John Lee said on Thursday the government will set up a HK$300m (£29m) fund to help residents.

Charred bamboo and plastic mesh covers the complex, which was undergoing renovation works. Pic: Reuters
Image:
Charred bamboo and plastic mesh covers the complex, which was undergoing renovation works. Pic: Reuters

Firefighters searching between floors at one of the high-rise blocks. Pic: Reuters
Image:
Firefighters searching between floors at one of the high-rise blocks. Pic: Reuters

The cause of the fire is being investigated, but it appears to have started in bamboo scaffolding and construction mesh sheets and then spread across seven of the complex’s eight buildings – likely aided by windy conditions.

Bamboo scaffolding is commonly used in Hong Kong, but is in the process of being phased out because of safety concerns.

Hong Kong’s Association for the Rights of Industrial Accident Victims said there have been at least three fires involving bamboo scaffolding this year.

Temporary shelters have been set up for residents. Pic: AP
Image:
Temporary shelters have been set up for residents. Pic: AP

Supplies are brought to a school which is serving as a shelter. Pic: Kyodo/AP
Image:
Supplies are brought to a school which is serving as a shelter. Pic: Kyodo/AP

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China’s state broadcaster CCTV said President Xi Jinping has urged an “all-out effort” to extinguish the fire and minimise casualties and losses.

Both the US and British Consulate Generals for Hong Kong have sent condolences to those affected, as has Taiwan’s president.

Parts of the huge complex were still smouldering on Thursday. Pic: AP
Image:
Parts of the huge complex were still smouldering on Thursday. Pic: AP

Firefighters work to extinguish the blaze. Pic: AP
Image:
Firefighters work to extinguish the blaze. Pic: AP

The number of dead is the highest in a Hong Kong fire since 1948, when 176 people were killed in a warehouse blaze.

The fire has prompted comparisons to the Grenfell Tower blaze which killed 72 people in 2017, blamed on flammable cladding, as well as failings by the government and the construction industry.

“Our hearts go out to all those affected by the horrific fire in Hong Kong,” the Grenfell United survivors’ group said on
social media.

“To the families, friends and communities, we stand with you. You are not alone.”

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France reveals new national military service amid fears of Russian threat

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France reveals new national military service amid fears of Russian threat

If you’re still under any illusions about how seriously Ukraine’s allies view the wider threat from Russia, the wave of countries bringing back military service should help clarify that.

France is the latest, today announcing a new national service for over 18s.

Ahead of the plan being unveiled, President Emmanuel Macron said: “If the French want to protect ourselves, we must show that we are not weak in the face of one power that threatens us the most.”

President Macron prior to his speech on Thursday. Pic: AP
Image:
President Macron prior to his speech on Thursday. Pic: AP

That threat primarily comes from Russia, a country that numerous military chiefs have warned may be ready to attack a NATO member by 2030.

In essence, with today’s announcement, Mr Macron is trying to prepare a force to help protect France if attacked.

The young recruits would help bolster the military, which is already the second largest in the EU after Poland.

Pic: AP
Image:
Pic: AP

As more countries look to strengthen their defences, Moscow has accused European leaders of warmongering and consistently denied any threat to wider Europe.

More on Europe

However, its seeming unwillingness to stop the bloodshed in Ukraine, the recent drone and jet incursions into NATO airspace, and the intensifying hybrid war it’s accused of carrying out across Europe mean few of Ukraine’s allies still trust the Kremlin’s word.

Read more:
Does Germany need to be ready for war?

Uncertainly about whether the US could be relied upon in a fight has fuelled the unease.

That hasn’t been helped by the fact the first 28-point peace plan presented by the US appeared to come straight out Moscow’s playbook.

In these uncertain times, France isn’t alone in looking to bolster its defences. Ten EU countries already have compulsory military service, while nations including Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany are opting for voluntary schemes.

After years of neglecting its military, Germany is massively boosting defence spending, with the chancellor pledging to build the strongest conventional army in Europe.

The German parliament is expected to vote on the military service plan in December.

As one German general told me: “We are not at war, but we are no longer living in peacetime…

“We do not want war, but we must be ready to defend our country.”

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