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Bruce Willis has been diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia, one of the rarer types of dementia. 

His family said difficulties with communication are “just one of the challenges” the 67-year-old actor faces.

So what is frontotemporal dementia and what are people diagnosed with it likely to experience?

Frontotemporal dementia and its symptoms

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is thought to account for less than one in 20 of all dementia cases.

It is named for the parts of the brain it affects: the frontal and temporal lobes. It is sometimes called Pick’s disease or frontal lobe dementia.

There are different types of frontotemporal dementia. Behaviour variant FTD is the most common and mainly causes changes in someone’s personality and behaviour.

People with behavioural variant FTD may lose motivation; struggle to focus on tasks, make plans and decisions; lose their inhibitions; show repetitive behaviours and become less considerate of others.

The other main type of FTD is primary progressive aphasia (PPA) which has two sub-types: semantic variant PPA and non-fluent variant PPA.

Semantic variant PPA causes a person to forget the meaning of words.

The person is likely to lose their vocabulary over time and forget what familiar objects are used for.

Non-fluent variant PPA causes a person to have problems with speaking.

Over time, the person will find it more difficult to get their words out and may start to put words in the wrong order, miss out words and say the opposite of what they mean.

Last year, the Die Hard star retired from acting after being diagnosed with aphasia.

Bruce Willis in 1999
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Bruce Willis in 1999

How is it different to other types of dementia?

The first noticeable symptoms of FTD are different to other types of dementia.

While people with Alzheimer’s disease often have early problems with day-to-day memory, many people in the early stages of FTD can still remember recent events.

By contrast, the early symptoms of FTD are changes to personality and behaviour and/or difficulties with language.

Who does it affect?

FTD typically affects people between the ages of 45 and 64 but can affect people younger or older than this.

How is it treated?

There’s currently no cure for frontotemporal dementia or any treatment that will slow it down, according to the NHS.

However, treatments such as medicines, therapies and memory activities can help control some of the symptoms.

There’s also a glimmer of hope for people with FTD thanks to researchers at Durham University working on developing treatments.

Professor Andy Whiting said they had conducted some “promising” research that “directly addresses the reasons why there is nerve cell loss”.

He said he was “hopeful” the current lack of treatment could change over the next few years.

** HOLD FOR RELEASE/PUBLICATION DATE TBD FOR MEDICAL WRITER MARILYNN MARCHIONE STORY ** Dr. William Burke goes over PET brain scan Tuesday, Aug. 14, 2018 at Banner Alzheimers Institute in Phoenix. It may be too late to stop Alzheimer's in people who already have some mental decline but Banner is conducting two studies that target the very earliest brain changes while memory and thinking skills are still intact in hope of preventing the disease. (AP Photo/Matt York).
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Brain scans from a study targeting the earliest brain changes in dementia. Pic: Matt York/AP

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Celebrities send messages to ‘legend’ Bruce Willis

What is the outlook for people with FTD?

As FTD progresses, the differences between behavioural variant FTD and primary progressive aphasia become less obvious.

People who started with language difficulties often develop changes in their behaviour and vice versa.

People may eventually lose all speech.

The later stages of all types of FTD bring a greater range of symptoms, which are similar to the later stages of other types of dementia.

The person may become forgetful, have delusions or hallucinations, get agitated easily and no longer recognise family and friends. They may require full-time care.

How quickly FTD progresses and the person’s life expectancy will depend on the individual.

The average survival time after symptoms start is 8 to 10 years, according to the NHS.

How is FTD caused?

FTD is caused by damage to cells in areas of the brain called the frontal and temporal lobes.

There is a build up of proteins which clump together and damage the brain cells, eventually causing them to die.

It’s not fully understood why this happens, but there’s often a genetic link according to the NHS.

Around 1 in 8 people who get frontotemporal dementia will have relatives who also experienced the condition.

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Who is Zohran Mamdani – and how did he pull off astonishing New York victory?

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Who is Zohran Mamdani - and how did he pull off astonishing New York victory?

Democratic socialist Zohran Mamdani will become New York City’s next mayor after he swept to victory in a decisive win.

His rise to political stardom was complete late on Tuesday night when he was projected to have won the mayoral contest, which will see him sworn in to replace Eric Adams in January.

In a fiery acceptance speech last night, Mr Mamdani, the first Muslim and South Asian mayor of New York, said: “If anyone can show a nation betrayed by Donald Trump how to defeat him, it is the city that gave rise to him.”

The 34-year-old is the youngest person in a century to be elected as the famous city’s mayor.

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‘Donald Trump – turn the volume up!’

So how did he get here, what does he stand for, and why has he proved a divisive figure?

From rapper to mayor

Mr Mamdani, a state lawmaker, was relatively unknown when he announced his run in October last year.

His win in the summer in the Democratic mayoral primary against then favourite Andrew Cuomo – a former New York governor making a political comeback from a sexual harassment scandal – shocked the nation.

He was elected to the State Assembly in 2020, representing a district in Queens, becoming the first South Asian man to serve in the NYS Assembly, as well as the first Ugandan and third Muslim to ever be a member of the body

Before that he was on the city’s rapping scene, going by Young Cardamom and later as Mr Cardamom.

He made a song called #1 Spice with the artist HAB for the 2016 Disney film Queen of Katwe, which was directed by his mother Mira Nair, an award-winning filmmaker, while another song, Nani – a tribute to his grandmother – was released in 2019.

Mr Mamdani was born in Kampala, Uganda, and was raised there and briefly in South Africa until he was seven years old, when his family moved to New York.

He is the son of filmmaker mother Mira Nair, best known for 2001 comedy/drama Monsoon Wedding, and Mahmood Mamdani, an anthropology professor at Columbia University.

Zohran Mamdani his mother Mira Nair during a watch party for his primary election. Pic: Reuters
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Zohran Mamdani his mother Mira Nair during a watch party for his primary election. Pic: Reuters

Mira Nair and Mamdani at the Ziegfeld Theater in New York City, 2004. Pic: Henry McGee/MediaPunch/IPX
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Mira Nair and Mamdani at the Ziegfeld Theater in New York City, 2004. Pic: Henry McGee/MediaPunch/IPX

He went to a public school and attended the Bronx High School of Science, before receiving a degree in Africana Studies from Bowdoin College, where he co-started the school’s first Students for Justice in Palestine chapter.

He became naturalised as an American citizen in 2018, and worked as a foreclosure prevention housing counsellor.

The politician says that the job, which saw him help low-income homeowners of colour across Queens fight off eviction and stay in their homes, inspired him to run for office.

Mr Trump has alleged without evidence that Mr Mamdani is in the US “illegally,” and some Republicans have called for his deportation.

Mr Mamdani married Rama Duwaji, a Syrian American artist whom he met on the dating app Hinge, earlier this year.

How did Mamdani win?

His energetic campaign, with cost-of-living concerns at its heart, has made Mr Mamdani popular among working-class voters.

He has used social media to engage with a younger demographic, with slickly-produced videos earning him nearly 5 million followers on Instagram and 1.6 million on TikTok.

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How did Mamdani win the election?


He has set out his vision of free buses, free childcare, new apartments and a higher minimum wage – paid for by new taxes on the rich.

Likewise, he has also shared plans to hire thousands of new teachers, renegotiate city contracts and freeze rent increases for the city’s one million rent-regulated apartments.

“We won because New Yorkers allowed themselves to hope that the impossible could be made possible,” Mr Mamdani told supporters after his win.

Critics have suggested his ambitious plans won’t be affordable.

Mr Mamdani’s campaign was helped by controversies plaguing his competitors.

Mamdani during a watch party for his primary election. Pic: Reuters
Image:
Mamdani during a watch party for his primary election. Pic: Reuters

Who ran against him?

Mr Cuomo had been trying to make a political comeback from a sexual harassment scandal that saw him resign as governor of New York state in 2021.

His resignation came after a report from the state attorney general concluded that he had sexually harassed at least 11 women. Mr Cuomo has said he did not intentionally mistreat the women but had run afoul of what was considered appropriate workplace conduct.

The 67-year-old refused to back down after losing the Democratic primary to Mr Mamdani, and became a more likely winner as an independent than Republican candidate Curtis Sliwa, owing to New York’s largely Democratic-leaning population.

Andrew Cuomo. Pic: AP
Image:
Andrew Cuomo. Pic: AP

Adding to Mr Mamdani’s chances was the fact that the incumbent Democratic mayor, Eric Adams, decided to drop out of the race for re-election in September. His reputation had taken a hit after he was charged with taking bribes and illegal campaign contributions from foreign nationals last year. The charges have since been dropped.

Why Mamdani is a divisive figure on the left

Progressives have rallied behind Mr Mamdani throughout his campaign, with his economic populism and youthful charisma raising his popularity beyond New York.

He has had heavy support from popular US Senator Bernie Sanders and Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, from before he won the primary in June.

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What does Mamdani’s win mean for US politics?

For much of his campaign, Democratic leaders in Washington and moderate Democrats were seen actively distancing themselves from Mr Mamdani, with some considering his socialist views too radical.

He has been an outspoken critic of Israel, calling its military campaign in Gaza a “genocide” and saying Palestine should exist as “a state with equal rights,” while demanding hefty tax increases on the wealthy to make life more affordable for everyday New Yorkers.

His views have posed a challenge for the leftist leaders, who want to appeal to voters not just in Democratic strongholds like New York but also in swing states or places that lean toward Republicans, such as Senate contests next year in North Carolina and Ohio.

Bernie Sanders and Alexandra Ocasio-Cortez stand beside Mamdani at a rally. Pic: Andrea Renault/STAR MAX/IPx/AP
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Bernie Sanders and Alexandra Ocasio-Cortez stand beside Mamdani at a rally. Pic: Andrea Renault/STAR MAX/IPx/AP

Party leaders like governor Kathy Hochul and House Democratic leader Hakeem Jeffries eventually endorsed Mr Mamdani months after he won the nomination.

Mr Jeffries, a moderate New York Democrat, said he had disagreements with Mr Mamdani but supported him as the nominee, adding that the party should unify against Republicans and Donald Trump.

While he did not openly endorse the 34-year-old, The New York Times reported that former US president Barack Obama had called Mr Mamdani and offered to be a “sounding board”.

What has Trump said about Mamdani?

Mr Trump, unsurprisingly, has been critical of Mr Mamdani, calling him a “communist” who “doesn’t know a thing” and “probably never worked a day in his life”.

He even suggested Republican candidate Mr Sliwa should drop out to give Mr Cuomo a bigger share of votes, and on the day before the last day of voting, explicitly endorsed the independent candidate on Truth Social.

Throughout his campaign to be mayor, Mr Mamdani was critical of the Trump administration – in particular about the immigration raids seen in cities like Chicago and Los Angeles, vowing to hire more lawyers for the city to challenge any National Guard or ICE deployment.

In August, he said a New York with him as mayor would be “Donald Trump’s worst nightmare”.

Mr Trump said Mr Mamdani’s election would bring “disaster” for the city.

A screenshot of Donald Trump's reaction to Zohran Mamdani's speech after winning the New York Mayoral election, reading "AND SO IT BEGINS".
Image:
A screenshot of Donald Trump’s reaction to Zohran Mamdani’s speech after winning the New York Mayoral election, reading “AND SO IT BEGINS”.

And in a speech on Tuesday night after winning the election, Mr Mamdani fired attacks against Mr Trump, saying: “If anyone can show a nation betrayed by Donald Trump how to defeat him, it is the city that gave rise to him.”

As he was speaking, the president posted a blunt rebuttal on Truth Social, saying: “…AND SO IT BEGINS!”

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Kentucky plane crash leaves at least seven dead – with number expected to rise

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Kentucky plane crash leaves at least seven dead - with number expected to rise

At least seven people have died after a cargo plane crashed near an airport in Kentucky.

The UPS aircraft went down near Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport on Tuesday evening, with images from the scene showing large fires burning and smoke billowing into the air.

Speaking at a news conference, Kentucky governor Andy Beshear described the incident as “catastrophic” and urged local residents to obey any shelter-in-place orders.

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Crashed cargo plane erupts into fireball

In a later social media post, he confirmed the number of dead had risen from an initial three to at least seven, with the number expected to rise further.

Three people were confirmed to be on the plane, and 11 were injured on the ground.

Mr Beshear described it as a “tough” night for the city.

Smoke rises from the wreckage of a UPS MD-11 cargo jet after it crashed on departure from Louisville, Kentucky. Pic: Jeff Faughender / USA Today / Reuters
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Smoke rises from the wreckage of a UPS MD-11 cargo jet after it crashed on departure from Louisville, Kentucky. Pic: Jeff Faughender / USA Today / Reuters

The US Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) said the crash happened around 5.15pm local time (10.15pm UK time) as the plane left the airport, bound for Honolulu in Hawaii.

It added that the aircraft was a McDonnell Douglas MD-11 plane, primarily used by cargo airlines.

The airport is also home to UPS Worldport, the delivery firm’s largest package handling facility in the world.

All arriving and departing flights were temporarily suspended, the airfield was closed, and passengers were told to closely monitor their flights.

The airport is not expected to reopen until Wednesday morning.

A fireball erupts near airport property after reports of a plane crash at Louisville International Airport, Kentucky. Pic: Jon Cherry / AP
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A fireball erupts near airport property after reports of a plane crash at Louisville International Airport, Kentucky. Pic: Jon Cherry / AP

Authorities said the plane was carrying 38,000 gallons of fuel at the time of the crash, which impacted two buildings.

More than 100 firefighters were deployed to battle the blaze, said Louisville mayor Craig Greenberg.

Read more from Sky News:
‘Trump’s worst nightmare’ set to win in NYC
The 100-year trend that may be about to break

Pic: Brad Harvey / AP
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Pic: Brad Harvey / AP

Pic: Jon Cherry / AP
Image:
Pic: Jon Cherry / AP

Sky’s US correspondent David Blevins noted the incident occurred during the US government shutdown, meaning the budget for paying air traffic controllers has not been finalised.

The failure to reopen the federal government after 35 days has, he said, resulted “in a shortage of staff” and added: “There will be many questions asked in the coming days by the National Transportation Safety Authority about what exactly has gone wrong.”

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Former US vice president Dick Cheney dies

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Former US vice president Dick Cheney dies

Former US vice president Dick Cheney, one of the leading advocates for the US waging the Iraq War, has died.

In a statement, his family said the 84-year-old was surrounded at the time of his death by his wife Lynne, daughters Liz and Mary, and other family members.

He died from complications of pneumonia and cardiac and vascular disease, it said.

The Republican was one of the most polarising vice presidents in US history under George W Bush from 2001 to 2009, and was one of the main foreign policy hawks ahead of the invasion of Iraq in 2003.

Dick Cheney with George W Bush. Pic: Reuters
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Dick Cheney with George W Bush. Pic: Reuters

Then prime minister Tony Blair meets Dick Cheney in 2002. Pic Reuters
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Then prime minister Tony Blair meets Dick Cheney in 2002. Pic Reuters

With Mr Bush in the presidency, Mr Cheney was also one of the most powerful vice presidents in history, leading US policy after the 9/11 attacks, when America conducted the War on Terror, and shaping the administration’s more assertive international approach.

In later life, he became a target of Donald Trump, especially after his daughter, Liz Cheney, became the leading Republican critic and examiner of Mr Trump’s actions surrounding the January 6, 2021, insurrection at the US Capitol.

Dick Cheney looks on as his daughter Liz Cheney takes the oath of office in 2017. Pic: AP
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Dick Cheney looks on as his daughter Liz Cheney takes the oath of office in 2017. Pic: AP

“In our nation’s 246-year history, there has never been an individual who was a greater threat to our republic than Donald Trump,” Mr Cheney said in a TV advert for his daughter.

“He tried to steal the last election using lies and violence to keep himself in power after the voters had rejected him. He is a coward.”

Queen Elizabeth and Dick Cheney tour the Jamestown Settlement in Williamsburg, Virginia, in 2007. Pic: Reuters
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Queen Elizabeth and Dick Cheney tour the Jamestown Settlement in Williamsburg, Virginia, in 2007. Pic: Reuters

Dick Cheney stands with former prime minister Margaret Thatcher and his wife Lynne at a ceremony in memory of the victims of the September 11 attacks in 2006. Pic: Reuters
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Dick Cheney stands with former prime minister Margaret Thatcher and his wife Lynne at a ceremony in memory of the victims of the September 11 attacks in 2006. Pic: Reuters

Last year, he said he was voting for Kamala Harris, the Democratic candidate, to be president against Mr Trump.

Mr Cheney survived five heart attacks and declared in 2013 he woke up each morning “with a smile on my face, thankful for the gift of another day”.

George W Bush and Dick Cheney. Pic: Reuters
Image:
George W Bush and Dick Cheney. Pic: Reuters

He previously served as defence secretary under Mr Bush’s father, George HW Bush, directing the US-led military operation to expel Saddam Hussein’s Iraqi occupying army from Kuwait in the first Gulf War.

Before that, he had been Gerald Ford’s chief of staff and served as a congressman for Wyoming in the House during the Reagan years.

His family’s statement said: “For decades, Dick Cheney served our nation, including as White House Chief of Staff, Wyoming’s Congressman, Secretary of Defense, and Vice President of the United States.

Pic: Reuters
Image:
Pic: Reuters

“Dick Cheney was a great and good man who taught his children and grandchildren to love our country, and to live lives of courage, honor, love, kindness, and fly fishing.

“We are grateful beyond measure for all Dick Cheney did for our country.

“And we are blessed beyond measure to have loved and been loved by this noble giant of a man.”

In a statement, Mr Bush described his former colleague as a “decent, honourable man” who would be remembered as “among the finest public servants of his generation”.

Mr Cheney was “a patriot who brought integrity, high intelligence, and seriousness of purpose to every position he held”.

As his vice-president, he was a “calm and steady presence in the White House amid great national challenges. I counted on him for his honest, forthright counsel, and he never failed to give his best,” he said.

Former President Bill Clinton noted that while he “often disagreed” with Mr Cheney, he always “respected his dedication to our country and his unwavering sense of duty”.

He said: “Throughout his long career in public service, Dick Cheney was guided by a deep belief that he was doing what was right for America.”

The Senate’s Republican majority leader John Thune also paid tribute, saying: “Dick Cheney was a lifelong public servant who believed very deeply in our country and brought his considerable knowledge and intelligence to its service.”

Senator John Barrasso of Wyoming wrote on X: “Wyoming mourns the passing of Vice President Dick Cheney.”

He added: “His unflinching leadership shaped many of the biggest moments in domestic and U.S. foreign policy for decades.”

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