In 2019, a fire broke out inside Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, severely damaging the iconic medieval building. However, the catastrophic fire gave researchers an opportunity to study the building’s architecture like never before.
A few months after the inferno was extinguished, researchers discovered that the stones used to build the Gothic-style cathedral were held together using iron staples, a technique that had never been documented before in a building from this time period, according to a study published March 15 in the journal PLOS One (opens in new tab) .
Notre Dame was constructed in multiple phases starting in the early 12th century and continuing for the next 300 years, according to the Notre Dame Cathedral website (opens in new tab) .
“This is the first building of its kind in which we see this,” lead author Maxime L’Héritier (opens in new tab) , a professor in the Department of History at Paris 8 University, told Live Science. “This shows [that the builders] at the time were trying to experiment with new forms of construction.”
L’Héritier and his team analyzed 12 of the iron staples, which measure approximately 20 inches (50 centimeters) long and were part of the “iron skeleton” holding the building together, L’Héritier wrote in an essay for the archaeology publication Sapiens (opens in new tab) .
The staples offered additional reinforcements to the cathedral’s stonework, including holding together the large arches in the nave of the building’s towering 226-foot-tall (69 meters) twin towers. Without the staples’ support, this architectural feat would likely have been impossible to accomplish in 1160, when construction of the building began, according to the study.
“When we studied other Gothic churches of that time period, none used iron in their construction,” L’Héritier said. “We believe that the staples were what enabled them to build this structure at such a terrific height.”
Related: Notre Dame’s spire had 2 hidden coffins beneath it. Now, scientists know who was buried there.
Researchers radiocarbon dated the iron staples and discovered that they were used during one of the initial construction phases, “confirming that the production date of the staples was the same as the masonry, which also dated to around 1160,” L’Héritier said.
However, L’Héritier cautioned that it will take further analysis to know the iron’s exact origins.RELATED STORIES—14th-century sarcophagus found at fire-ravaged Notre Dame Cathedral
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“We’re trying to figure out if it’s local or more distant,” L’Héritier said. “There also seems to be different ore sources depending on whether the construction occurred in the 12th or 13th centuries. We do know that the [cathedral’s] bishop died at the end of the 12th century, so it’s possible that a new ore resource was used years later. We should know more in a year or two.”
In the four years following the blaze, Notre Dame has been undergoing reconstruction and is expected to reopen to visitors in December 2024, according to AP News (opens in new tab) .
More than 70 MPs have signed a letter asking the government to delay biometric checks for 80 students from Gaza so they can study in Britain, Sky News can reveal.
Labour MPs Abtisam Mohamed and Barry Gardiner are leading the charge, asking Home Secretary Yvette Cooper to defer the requirement, so the students can take up their university places in September.
However, shadow home secretary Chris Philp says the biometric checks should not be deferred, arguing they are “an essential part of our security arrangements”.
In order to obtain a UK visa, applicants must provide a photo of their face, as well as their fingerprints. The Home Office guidance says these data points “play a significant role in delivering security and facilitation in the border and immigration system”.
UK visa process for Gazans ‘all but impossible’
In the letter, the MPs raise the case of a Haia Mohamed, who they describe as a “young poet in Gaza”, who has won a scholarship to Goldsmiths College in London.
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But neither she nor 79 other successful applicants to UK universities are able to travel to the UK because providing the required biometric data is “all but impossible”.
Image: Labour MPs Abtisam Mohamed and Barry Gardiner are rallying colleagues to support their efforts. Pics: UK Parliament
They write: “Even before the war, leaving Gaza to pursue higher education was a complex process. The ongoing siege and restrictions made travel extremely difficult, but in the current state of constant bombardment, shootings at aid sites, and an IPC-declared famine, this process has become all but impossible.”
In an email to MPs asking them to sign the letter, Mohamed and Gardiner are far more blunt, saying: “Unless the government makes rapid progress with offering visas and coordinating evacuations over the next week, students who should be starting university next month in the UK will be among those who are being shot dead at aid sites, bombed in displacement camps, or starving as famine spreads deeper in Gaza.”
The UK did have an authorised centre in Gaza that was able to process biometric data, but it was closed in October 2023 after the 7 October Hamas attack, and as Israel’s war in response to the atrocity got under way, according to The Guardian.
As result, they are asking the home secretary to “defer biometric data screening for student visa applicants based in Gaza and open a safe passage to enable these young people to fulfil their academic dreams”, pointing out that other countries in Europe “have taken proactive steps to ensure safe evacuation routes for students bound for their countries”.
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UK to treat more Gaza children
Students are ‘the future of Palestine’
Speaking to Sky News on Tuesday, one of the writers of the letter, Barry Gardiner MP, pointed out that the government has been able to find a way for injured children from Gaza to receive care in the UK, and exemptions have been made in the past, and so the same should be done in this case, and “quickly” because the academic year starts next month.
The Brent West MP also said that this is about “giving the state of Palestine the possibility of a future”.
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What would a ‘full Gaza occupation’ look like?
“These young people are the future of Palestine. They are the young talent, and it doesn’t matter whether they’re constructing a road network, or a sewage system, or they’re town planners or, as in the case of Haia Mohamed, astonishingly profound poets – the state of Palestine will need everything from classical musicians right the way through to town planners,” he said.
“And these youngsters are coming over here with that full range of study potential, with the express intention of going back and building their nation.”
He added that the fact they have been able to win scholarships to, in many cases, the UK’s top universities “shows extraordinary resilience, extraordinary courage, extraordinary ability, and we should facilitate that”.
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2:44
Gaza airdrops: ‘No-one has mercy’
Checks ‘essential part of security arrangements’
But Conservative MP and shadow home secretary Chris Philp told Sky News in a statement: “We should not be deferring biometric checks. These are an essential part of our security arrangements, and they should not be waived or delayed until arrival in the UK – by which time it is too late.”
Earlier this month, a student from Gaza reportedly left France after being ordered to leave following the discovery of alleged antisemitic social media posts. Her lawyer said she “firmly denies the accusations made against her”, according to France24.
Mr Gardiner told Sky News: “Anyone who breaks the law in that way must be dealt with as the law requires. But what you don’t do is you don’t say, ‘somebody might break the law, so we’re not going to allow anybody to come’.”
The UK requires that biometric data be submitted in advance of the visa being approved in order to:
• Establish a person’s identity by joining the applicant’s biographical data with their biometric data; • Verify an individual “accurately against an established identity”; • Check they are not on a watchlist, for example, to ensure they are eligible to come to the UK.
Exemptions from the requirement to provide biometric data have been given in rare circumstances. It was waived for Ukrainians fleeing to the UK following Russia’s invasion in January 2022.
However, it was not waived for Afghans fleeing the Taliban in August 2021. But a judge later ruled that a family in hiding in the country did not have to provide the data in order to join British family members in the UK, which was thought to also apply to around 100 other families.
The Home Office and Foreign Office have been contacted for comment.
If you live in or develop apartments in California, there’s fresh cash on the table to get Level 2 EV chargers installed. The Communities in Charge project, backed by the California Energy Commission’s Clean Transportation Program, just opened a new funding lane worth up to $56.5 million for multi-family housing and nearby spots where tenants can plug in.
How it works
Who can apply? California property owners or stakeholders ready to install Level 2 chargers at multi-family and adjacent tenant-accessible sites.
When? Applications opened today at 9 am PT and run through January 9, 2026, at 5 pm PT.
What’s covered? Up to $8,500 per Level 2 port. Starting in October, the program will also kick in $2,000 per publicly accessible Level 1 port. Extra “plus-ups” are available for Tribal communities.
Equity first: An equity-based scoring system bumps projects that serve disadvantaged, low-income, and Tribal areas to the front of the line.
The project is run by CALSTART (with GRID Alternatives and Tetra Tech riding shotgun). CALSTART already oversees more than $1 billion in national clean-transportation incentives.
“This funding wave marks a critical step in making electric vehicle charging accessible to more Californians, no matter the type of housing,” said Stacey Simms, CALSTART’s senior director of clean fuels and infrastructure. “By dedicating funding to this housing sector, we’re ensuring that infrastructure barriers are broken down so that multi-family housing residents can go electric at home.”
What happens after you click ‘submit’
Applications roll in through the Incentive Processing Center and get reviewed as they arrive:
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Readiness Tier 1 (projects that can basically start tomorrow) snag an immediate “Notice of Final Award.”
Readiness Tier 2 candidates get a “Notice of Conditional Award” and 90 days to hand in extra paperwork before they secure their final green light.
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Super Micro Computer shares slid 15% in extended trading on Tuesday after the server maker reported disappointing fiscal fourth-quarter results and issued weak quarterly earnings guidance.
Here’s how the company did in comparison with LSEG consensus:
Earnings per share: 41 cents adjusted vs. 44 cents expected
Revenue: $5.76 billion vs. $5.89 billion expected
Super Micro’s revenue increased 7.5% during the quarter, which ended on June 30, according to a statement.
For the current quarter, Super Micro called for 40 cents to 52 cents in adjusted earnings per share on $6 billion to $7 billion in revenue for the fiscal first quarter. Analysts surveyed by LSEG were looking for 59 cents per share and $6.6 billion in revenue.
For the 2026 fiscal year, Super Micro sees at least $33 billion in revenue, above the LSEG consensus of $29.94 billion.
Super Micro saw surging demand starting in 2023 for its data center servers packed with Nvidia for handling artificial intelligence models and workloads. Growth has since slowed.
The company avoided being delisted from the Nasdaq after falling behind on quarterly financial filings and seeing the departure of its auditor.
As of Tuesday’s close, Super Micro shares were up around 88% so far in 2025, while the S&P 500 index has gained 7%.
Executives will discuss the results on a conference call starting at 5 p.m. ET.