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Contentious plans to raise the pension age in France have been approved by the country’s highest constitutional court.

France’s Constitutional Council has ruled in favour of the government’s reforms, which will see the pension age increase from 62 to 64.

The plans sparked widespread protests after president Emmanuel Macron’s government invoked Article 49.3 to push the changes through without a vote by MPs last month.

France’s state retirement age is 62 – much lower than many of its European neighbours. In the UK it is 66, Germany and Italy 67, and Spain 65.

Protesters clashed with police shortly after the court’s decision was announced, with teargas used on a group of demonstrators in Lyon, while bikes were also set on fire in the French capital, Paris.

Mr Macron, who has described the changes as a “necessity” to salvage France’s pensions system, will now sign the reform bill into law within the coming days.

The law will take effect at the beginning of September, according to France’s labour minister. However, the country’s labour unions have urged Mr Macron not to sign the bill.

One of France’s largest unions, the CGT, has said leaders will no longer engage in talks with the president if he signs off on the pension reforms.

Police officers guard the entrance of the Constitutional Council Friday, April 14, 2023 in Paris. The elite French institution is expected to rule Friday on whether President Emmanuel Macron's contested plan to raise the retirement age is constitutional, a decision that could calm or further enrage opponents of the change. (AP Photo/Lewis Joly)
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Police officers guard the entrance of the Constitutional Council. Pic: AP

It comes after nearly 400,000 protesters took to the streets across France on Thursday in a final push in protest at the proposals.

The country has faced weeks of demonstrations and at times the protests have turned violent, with demonstrators clashing with police.

Protesters stormed the headquarter of LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton (LVMH) – which also represents brands including Christian Dior, Fendi and Givenchy – on Thursday.

Demonstrations also took place in towns and cities across the country – including in Rennes where a Mercedes was set on fire.

What is the retirement age in France – and how is it changing?

France’s state retirement age is 62 – much lower than many of its European neighbours.

French workers can receive a state pension from the age of 62, but it will be less if that person has not made the required number of contributions.

Aged 67, they are entitled to the full state pension regardless of their contributions.

People react amid tear gas during clashes at a demonstration as protesters gather on Place de la Bastille in Paris
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Protests in Paris on Thursday over the pension plans
Protesters match during a demonstration in Lyon, central France, Thursday, April 13, 2023. Protesters opposing President Emmanuel Macron...s unpopular plan to raise the retirement age to 64 marched Thursday in cities and towns around France, in a final show of anger before a decision on whether the measure meets constitutional standards. (AP Photo/Laurent Cipriani)
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Protesters march during a demonstration in Lyon on Thursday
Protesters watch a burning car during a demonstration Thursday, April 13, 2023 in Rennes, western France. Protesters opposed to President Emmanuel Macron's unpopular plan to raise the retirement age in France marched Thursday in cities and towns around France in a final show of anger before a decision on whether the measure meets constitutional standards. (AP Photo/Mathieu Pattier)
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Protesters watch a burning car during a demonstration on Thursday

Mr Macron’s changes will see the age that workers can receive a state pension increase to 64.

This will be done gradually by three months a year from September 2023 until September 2030.

The number of years someone will have to make contributions to get the full state pension will increase from 42 to 43 in 2027.

End of the road for those hoping to block pension reforms


Lisa Holland - Senior news correspondent

Lisa Holland

Communities correspondent

@LisaatSky

For those who have fought long and hard, and been involved in demonstrations on a weekly basis, and for those who have been on strike and gone without pay, this is a bitterly disappointing decision by France’s Constitutional Council.

It is the end of the road. It is a line in the sand from a legal perspective.

President Macron may have seen off the legal crisis though, but he still has a political crisis because there are many, many angry people who say that their voice was not heard and that the French government did not listen to them.

They are also disappointed because not only is the pension age going to be increased from 62 to 64, but they won’t be getting a referendum, which they’d also called for so that they could have a say and that they could have a vote.

President Macron says there is no winner or loser, but those involved in the strike action at a protest where I am now in central Paris say they will continue to strike and that their determination to stop this doesn’t end now.

And that means that France is the loser because this will continue to be a city dogged by demonstrations, protests, violence potentially and crippled by strikes.

But French workers have reacted with fury to the proposals, with unions sharing a great a pride in France’s pensions system.

There is also anger among those approaching pension age, who say the changes will scupper their plans to retire.

What is Macron’s argument?

France’s generous welfare state has long weighed heavily on the economy and workforce.

In the third quarter of 2022, national debt stood at 113.4% of GDP – more than in the UK (100.2%), Germany (66.6%), and similar to struggling economies like Spain (115.6%) and Portugal (120.1%).

Early retirement

It also means the workforce is shrinking. There are only 1.7 workers for every pensioner in France, down from 2.1 in 2000.

“This is Macron’s flagship policy,” David S Bell, emeritus professor of French government and politics at the University of Leeds, told Sky News.

“He wants to push it through before he steps down at the end of this term.

“But the problem isn’t an immediate crisis – it’s a future burden based on economic projections. It’s the opposite to the way politics works, which is to focus on the immediate, headline-grabbing issues.

Read more:
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Demonstrator in critical condition and 16 hurt in clashes

“His argument is that unless these reforms are made, and the French working life is made longer, the country won’t be able to afford it.”

Addressing strikes on French TV, Mr Macron argued: “This reform isn’t a luxury, it’s not a pleasure, it’s a necessity. The longer we wait, the more [the deficit] will deteriorate.”

What happens now?

France’s Constitutional Council, the highest constitutional court in the land, has now given Mr Macron’s government the go-ahead to push forward with the plans.

The council is made up of nine people – three appointed by the president, three by the head of the National Assembly (lower house of parliament), and three by the head of the Senate (upper house of parliament).

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Protesters storm Louis Vuitton HQ

Largely former lawyers, business people, senior civil servants and ex-politicians, they oversee the final stage of approving any new law – and consider whether it adheres to the constitution.

There is one final mechanism unions can use to stop the bill going through – a referendum – but for this they would have to get the approval of both the council and 10% of voters within the next nine months.

It has not been successfully used since it was introduced in 2015.

The government hopes the approval of the plans will bring an end to nationwide protests. But there is no guarantee the disruption will end.

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Inside the rooms where Israeli hostages will spend their first nights of freedom

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Inside the rooms where Israeli hostages will spend their first nights of freedom

A teddy sits on a bed in a bright hospital room. Beside it is a small fridge stocked with bottled water and Coca-Cola.

While the bear might make you think a child is about to arrive, this room will soon be welcoming one of the 20 Israeli hostages believed to be alive in Gaza.

With phase one of Donald Trump’s peace plan now under way, an entire nation is holding its breath for the return of the hostages, not least the medical teams preparing to receive them.

Gaza latest: Israel prepares for hostages’ release

Sky News was given special access to one of the teams in the Rabin Medical Center in Petah Tikva, a city north-east of Tel Aviv.

It was sobering and emotional, but also inspiring, talking to its doctors and nurses as they showed us around what one calls the “homecoming unit”.

A welcome sign and Israeli flag greet the returning hostages
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A welcome sign and Israeli flag greet the returning hostages


Director of Nursing Dr Michal Steinman took us into the light airy rooms where hostages will be allowed to recover at their own speed in private, choosing when and for how long they emerge, slowly reengaging with a world they’ve not known for two years.

She explained that each of the hostages – who are all men – will be given their own private room, where a gift basket filled with thoughtful items such as a teddy, a blanket, slippers and a phone charger awaits them.

The teddy is there to help bring comfort to the freed captives.

“Our research says each one of us has a child inside,” Dr Steinman told me. “We need something to pet and feel soft, and reassure them after the lack of senses for such a long time.”

Phones, she said, will be provided by the army.

Read more:
The hostages believed to be alive

Drones reveal devastation in Gaza

The bear is one of many small touches added to bring the hostages comfort in the coming days
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The bear is one of many small touches added to bring the hostages comfort in the coming days

The families will also bring items from home to make the area feel more familiar to their loved ones as they slowly adjust to freedom.

The men will also have access to other areas, including a private living space where they can spend time with loved ones or greet any visiting dignitaries. Their families will also be provided with rooms to stay in, as well as an area for the children of the hostages when they visit.

Medical equipment is kept in dedicated treatment rooms as part of an effort to make the rooms feel more like accommodation than a hospital.

One of the areas where family members can wait for their loved ones who have been in captivity to arrive
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One of the areas where family members can wait for their loved ones who have been in captivity to arrive

While the unit is pristine and ready for the new arrivals, it has previously been used to house other hostages released by Hamas.

Staff shared anecdotes revealing what may lie ahead. Dr Steinman told us of one released hostage who had had trouble not with sleeping, but with waking up.

“When I opened my eyes,” they had told her, “I was thinking that I’m still in a dream because there’s no way that I opened my eyes and I’m not in the tunnel. I thought, ‘it’s a dream inside a dream’.”

The hostages, she said, “can’t believe for the first moments they’re not in other place.”

A living space for the men and their families to relax in
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A living space for the men and their families to relax in


Dr Steinman found another freed captive “stuck” and standing still after opening the refrigerator.

“I told him, ‘It’s hard for you to choose?’,” she explained. “And he said, ‘I’m just amazed at the colours. All I’ve seen for 100 days is black, white and brown’.”

The professor reinventing ‘hostage medicine’

For the head of the centre, Professor Noa Eliakim-Raz, and her team, the return of the hostages will be the culmination of two years of painstaking work.

They have effectively reinvented what they call ‘hostage medicine’, learning from the treatment of groups of hostages received during this war.

Professor Noa Eliakim-Raz tells me she has been ready for this moment for a long time
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Professor Noa Eliakim-Raz tells me she has been ready for this moment for a long time

She is a serious and dedicated clinician. With professional precision, she told me of the challenges ahead, including the life-threatening risks of mistreating malnourished hostages held for so long underground.

Then she gave us a glimpse into the human side of their work.

“All the team, we’ve prepared for so long, I mean really, we’ve been in this for two years and all the time, we’re preparing and ready,” she said. “This ward that you saw is ready every day.”

How does she feel as the hostages’ arrival draws near?

“I feel very grateful, and I think that’s the strongest emotion, to be part of this,” she said.

Clearly moved, Professor Noa had to pause and collect her emotions, her eyes welling up when asked what she’d be thankful for most.

“I think being part of a small step,” she began, before pausing again. “A small step of making them feel hugged again and trusting the system.”

It will, she said, be a big relief when it’s over.

Professor Noa is writing a first-of-its-kind multi-disciplinary protocol for treating long-term hostages, literally rewriting the book on how to return them to normality.

Her department did not exist before October 7. In the two years since its inception, it has pioneered a form of treatment involving many different disciplines to maximise the chances of recovery.

The Rabin Medical Center’s staff believe the lessons they’ve learned will benefit doctors around the world in future.

But they hope never to have to use them on Israelis again.

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Drones capture staggering images of Gaza devastation – as people find nothing left

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Drones capture staggering images of Gaza devastation - as people find nothing left

Drones have been a common sight in Gaza for a long time, but they have always been military.

The whine of a drone is enough to trigger fear in many within the enclave.

But now, drones are delivering something different – long, lingering footage of the devastation that has been wreaked on Gaza. And the images are quite staggering.

Gaza latest: Chants of ‘thank you Trump’ in Hostages Square

Whole city blocks reduced to rubble. Streets destroyed. Towns where the landscape has been wholly redesigned.

Whole city blocks reduced to rubble
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Whole city blocks reduced to rubble

Decapitated tower blocks and whole areas turned into black and white photographs, where there is no colour but only a palette of greys – from the dark hues of scorched walls to the lightest grey of the dust that floats through the air.

And everywhere, the indistinct dull grey of rubble – the debris of things that are no longer there.

Gaza is full of people returning to their homes
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Gaza is full of people returning to their homes

The joy that met the ceasefire has now changed into degrees of anxiety and shock.

Gaza is full of people who are returning to their homes and hoping for good news. For a lucky few, fortune is kind, but for most, the news is bad.

Umm Firas has been displaced from her home in Khan Younis for the past five months. She returned today to the district she knew so well. And what she found was nothing.

Umm Firas returned to find nothing
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Umm Firas returned to find nothing

“This morning we returned to our land, to see our homes, the neighbourhoods where we once lived,” she says.

“But we found no trace of any houses, no streets, no neighbourhoods, no trees. Even the crops, even the trees – all of them had been bulldozed. The entire area has been destroyed.

“There used to be more than 1,750 houses in the block where we lived, but now not a single one remains standing. Every neighbourhood is destroyed, every home is destroyed, every school is destroyed, every tree is destroyed. The area is unliveable.

“There’s no infrastructure, no place where we can even set up a tent to sit in. Our area, in downtown Khan Younis used to be densely populated. Our homes were built right next to each other. Now there is literally nowhere to go.

“Where can we go? We can’t even find an empty spot to pitch our tent over the ruins of our own homes. So we are going to have to stay homeless and displaced.”

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It is a story that comes up again and again. One man says that he cannot even reach his house because it is still too near the Israeli military officers stationed in the area.

Another, an older man whose bright pink glasses obscure weary eyes, says there is “nothing left” of his home “so we are leaving it to God”.

“I’m glad we survived and are in good health,” he says, “and now we can return there even if it means we need to eat sand!”

A man says there is 'nothing left'
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A man says there is ‘nothing left’

A bulldozer moves rubble
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A bulldozer moves rubble

The bulldozers have already started work across the strip, trying to clear roads and allow access. Debris is being piled into huge piles, but this is a tiny sticking plaster on a huge wound.

The more you see of Gaza, the more impossible the task seems of rebuilding this place. The devastation is so utterly overwhelming.

Bodies are being found in the rubble while towns are full of buildings that have been so badly damaged they will have to be pulled down.

Humanitarian aid is needed urgently, but, for the moment, the entry points remain closed. Charities are pleading for access.

It is, of course, better for people to live without war than with it. Peace in Gaza gifts the ability to sleep a little better and worry a little less. But when people do wake up, what they see is an apocalyptic landscape of catastrophic destruction.

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As food delivery drones take off in Ireland, here are the most popular items

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As food delivery drones take off in Ireland, here are the most popular items

An Irish start-up is hoping to have the UK’s first food drone delivery pilot scheme operating in 2026, subject to regulatory approval.

With a fleet of specially designed 23kg quadcopters, Manna Aero has carried out more than 200,000 food delivery flights in west Dublin, Espoo in Finland and Texas.

As the company aims to expand, its CEO Bobby Healy said the UK “would be our most important market in Europe. It’s by far the biggest delivery market today. We think our product maps really well onto the UK high street, particularly”.

The company operates in west Dublin, Finland and Texas. Pic: Manna Aero
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The company operates in west Dublin, Finland and Texas. Pic: Manna Aero

A local group is protesting against the drones
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A local group is protesting against the drones

“We’re actively in dialogue with both the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) and with NATS (National Air Traffic Services), the airspace manager for the country. And we expect to be there next year,” Mr Healy added.

Manna has completed up to 50,000 deliveries in the D15 postcode of west Dublin since its trial started a year and a half ago.

The drones, which are almost fully autonomous, dart overhead at a cruising altitude of 262ft (80m), carrying everything from burgers and chips to fresh meat from a local butcher’s shop.

Coffee is the most popular order, Mr Healy said, but “we were really surprised that we deliver a lot of fresh eggs. I think people are trying to deliberately test us to see if we can deliver something as delicate as eggs, but it’s not a problem”.

Customers must ensure a landing zone – usually a back garden – is clear of obstacles.

This is checked by a human drone operator using a downward-facing camera, before the food is released. The packages descend on a biodegradable string, which is then severed.

“The average flight time is about three minutes. The advantage is that it’s quieter, it’s safer, it’s greener, and it’s better for business generally than the road-based alternative.”

But not everyone in the suburbs of west Dublin is so enthused about their new service.

Mark Hammond, from Blanchardstown, said the noise the drones make “is very stressful, absolutely it is. When it’s constant, you can’t relax. This is across the estate, it’s not just me and [wife] Florence, there’s a lot of concern about it”.

As the fourth quadcopter in an hour flew over their back garden, Florence said they “sound like helicopters”.

Another resident, Michael Dooley, is part of Drone Action Dublin 15.

Pic: Manna Aero
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Pic: Manna Aero

Manna Aero CEO Bobby Healy hopes to expand into the UK
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Manna Aero CEO Bobby Healy hopes to expand into the UK

He described the noise of the drone flights as “very, very bothersome. The drone, when it flies, has a very tonal, sharp, pulsing, intrusive noise. You’ll hear it coming from afar”.

When hovering at their lowest height, to release their cargo, Michael said the sound “is intolerable”.

Pointing to a study from Trinity College that found relatively low decibel levels, Mr Healy said: “We know from the science that we’re far less noisy than just general background urban noise. And we’re continually investing. We have new technology coming in, and propulsion and propellers.

“So I don’t think noise is the issue; I think perception is, like any new technology. We had this problem with cars, with steam engines, we had it with every disruptive technology – AI, 5G, you name it. There’s a natural concern to be understood. And I think over time it will be generally accepted.”

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The packages are lowered to the ground using biodegradable string. Pic: Manna Aero
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The packages are lowered to the ground using biodegradable string. Pic: Manna Aero

The Drone Action Dublin 15 group disputes the methodology of the Trinity College study.

Local TD [member of parliament] Emer Currie said that with worries about “a new M50 [motorway] in the sky”, it’s a balancing act in the area.

“We do have to be realistic about this. Yes, this is innovation and things are moving forward. But there are realities of the impact on a residential community that have to be taken into consideration. Innovation is important, but so is regulation.”

The Irish government recently brought in a drone policy framework, but critics say actual regulations and legislation remain sorely lacking.

Manna acknowledges the EU’s regulatory environment is more drone-friendly than in other parts of the world, including the UK and the US.

But should negotiations with British regulators prove fruitful, the company is determined to bring its service to UK consumers in 2026.

Companies like Amazon have started planning for drone deliveries in the UK. The company is one of six chosen by the Civil Aviation Authority to take part in new trials to expand the use of drones.

But Ireland’s regulatory framework is friendlier to drone companies.

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