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Contentious plans to raise the pension age in France have been approved by the country’s highest constitutional court.

France’s Constitutional Council has ruled in favour of the government’s reforms, which will see the pension age increase from 62 to 64.

The plans sparked widespread protests after president Emmanuel Macron’s government invoked Article 49.3 to push the changes through without a vote by MPs last month.

France’s state retirement age is 62 – much lower than many of its European neighbours. In the UK it is 66, Germany and Italy 67, and Spain 65.

Protesters clashed with police shortly after the court’s decision was announced, with teargas used on a group of demonstrators in Lyon, while bikes were also set on fire in the French capital, Paris.

Mr Macron, who has described the changes as a “necessity” to salvage France’s pensions system, will now sign the reform bill into law within the coming days.

The law will take effect at the beginning of September, according to France’s labour minister. However, the country’s labour unions have urged Mr Macron not to sign the bill.

One of France’s largest unions, the CGT, has said leaders will no longer engage in talks with the president if he signs off on the pension reforms.

Police officers guard the entrance of the Constitutional Council Friday, April 14, 2023 in Paris. The elite French institution is expected to rule Friday on whether President Emmanuel Macron's contested plan to raise the retirement age is constitutional, a decision that could calm or further enrage opponents of the change. (AP Photo/Lewis Joly)
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Police officers guard the entrance of the Constitutional Council. Pic: AP

It comes after nearly 400,000 protesters took to the streets across France on Thursday in a final push in protest at the proposals.

The country has faced weeks of demonstrations and at times the protests have turned violent, with demonstrators clashing with police.

Protesters stormed the headquarter of LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton (LVMH) – which also represents brands including Christian Dior, Fendi and Givenchy – on Thursday.

Demonstrations also took place in towns and cities across the country – including in Rennes where a Mercedes was set on fire.

What is the retirement age in France – and how is it changing?

France’s state retirement age is 62 – much lower than many of its European neighbours.

French workers can receive a state pension from the age of 62, but it will be less if that person has not made the required number of contributions.

Aged 67, they are entitled to the full state pension regardless of their contributions.

People react amid tear gas during clashes at a demonstration as protesters gather on Place de la Bastille in Paris
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Protests in Paris on Thursday over the pension plans
Protesters match during a demonstration in Lyon, central France, Thursday, April 13, 2023. Protesters opposing President Emmanuel Macron...s unpopular plan to raise the retirement age to 64 marched Thursday in cities and towns around France, in a final show of anger before a decision on whether the measure meets constitutional standards. (AP Photo/Laurent Cipriani)
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Protesters march during a demonstration in Lyon on Thursday
Protesters watch a burning car during a demonstration Thursday, April 13, 2023 in Rennes, western France. Protesters opposed to President Emmanuel Macron's unpopular plan to raise the retirement age in France marched Thursday in cities and towns around France in a final show of anger before a decision on whether the measure meets constitutional standards. (AP Photo/Mathieu Pattier)
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Protesters watch a burning car during a demonstration on Thursday

Mr Macron’s changes will see the age that workers can receive a state pension increase to 64.

This will be done gradually by three months a year from September 2023 until September 2030.

The number of years someone will have to make contributions to get the full state pension will increase from 42 to 43 in 2027.

End of the road for those hoping to block pension reforms


Lisa Holland - Senior news correspondent

Lisa Holland

Communities correspondent

@LisaatSky

For those who have fought long and hard, and been involved in demonstrations on a weekly basis, and for those who have been on strike and gone without pay, this is a bitterly disappointing decision by France’s Constitutional Council.

It is the end of the road. It is a line in the sand from a legal perspective.

President Macron may have seen off the legal crisis though, but he still has a political crisis because there are many, many angry people who say that their voice was not heard and that the French government did not listen to them.

They are also disappointed because not only is the pension age going to be increased from 62 to 64, but they won’t be getting a referendum, which they’d also called for so that they could have a say and that they could have a vote.

President Macron says there is no winner or loser, but those involved in the strike action at a protest where I am now in central Paris say they will continue to strike and that their determination to stop this doesn’t end now.

And that means that France is the loser because this will continue to be a city dogged by demonstrations, protests, violence potentially and crippled by strikes.

But French workers have reacted with fury to the proposals, with unions sharing a great a pride in France’s pensions system.

There is also anger among those approaching pension age, who say the changes will scupper their plans to retire.

What is Macron’s argument?

France’s generous welfare state has long weighed heavily on the economy and workforce.

In the third quarter of 2022, national debt stood at 113.4% of GDP – more than in the UK (100.2%), Germany (66.6%), and similar to struggling economies like Spain (115.6%) and Portugal (120.1%).

Early retirement

It also means the workforce is shrinking. There are only 1.7 workers for every pensioner in France, down from 2.1 in 2000.

“This is Macron’s flagship policy,” David S Bell, emeritus professor of French government and politics at the University of Leeds, told Sky News.

“He wants to push it through before he steps down at the end of this term.

“But the problem isn’t an immediate crisis – it’s a future burden based on economic projections. It’s the opposite to the way politics works, which is to focus on the immediate, headline-grabbing issues.

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Demonstrator in critical condition and 16 hurt in clashes

“His argument is that unless these reforms are made, and the French working life is made longer, the country won’t be able to afford it.”

Addressing strikes on French TV, Mr Macron argued: “This reform isn’t a luxury, it’s not a pleasure, it’s a necessity. The longer we wait, the more [the deficit] will deteriorate.”

What happens now?

France’s Constitutional Council, the highest constitutional court in the land, has now given Mr Macron’s government the go-ahead to push forward with the plans.

The council is made up of nine people – three appointed by the president, three by the head of the National Assembly (lower house of parliament), and three by the head of the Senate (upper house of parliament).

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Protesters storm Louis Vuitton HQ

Largely former lawyers, business people, senior civil servants and ex-politicians, they oversee the final stage of approving any new law – and consider whether it adheres to the constitution.

There is one final mechanism unions can use to stop the bill going through – a referendum – but for this they would have to get the approval of both the council and 10% of voters within the next nine months.

It has not been successfully used since it was introduced in 2015.

The government hopes the approval of the plans will bring an end to nationwide protests. But there is no guarantee the disruption will end.

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Horror in Hong Kong: Residents reel from its worst disaster in modern history

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Horror in Hong Kong: Residents reel from its worst disaster in modern history

There is a thickness to the air outside Wang Fuk Court in Hong Kong’s Tai Po district.

The smoke catches in your throat and the emotion catches you off guard.

Seven of the eight tower blocks that make up this complex have been all but blackened. And through the shells that used to be windows, you can only imagine the horror and the panic that must have played out inside, the screams that went unanswered.

More than 30 hours after the blaze began here there was still a sense that it is far from under control. At various points during the day the flames sprung up from different windows, as if the fire has found fresh tinder.

Pockets of fire are still raging
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Pockets of fire are still raging

Thousands of people lived at the complex
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Thousands of people lived at the complex

Debris falls from the buildings periodically, ash still floats in the air.

As of Friday morning here, 94 people are now confirmed to have died.

There is no doubt the community is reeling. Along the surrounding streets hundreds came out to look on in horror, mostly in a stunned sort of silence.

Occasionally the air was pierced with the terrible cries of relatives, who had received the news they were dreading.

But much of the grief was quiet and held close, an arm around the shoulders or a quiet embrace.

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Deadly blaze destroys Hong Kong tower blocks

The community is coming together in their grief, hugging and supporting each other
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The community is coming together in their grief, hugging and supporting each other

Among the survivors is the Lam family, three generations of which had been living in the building for 40 years. They have lost their home and haven’t heard from their neighbours.

“The alarm was all off because of the renovation of the outside. So there is no alarm to let all the people know. Many old people, elderly people, they were all having an afternoon sleep. So nobody knew,” Ms Lam, whose father survived the fire, said.

“Once they know the fire has already burned down everything, and they cannot escape, they were all trapped in the house. This is a disaster, actually.”

Three generations of the Lam family lived in Wang Fuk Court for 40 years
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Three generations of the Lam family lived in Wang Fuk Court for 40 years

Another survivor said: “I feel sadness and hopeless and don’t know what [I’m] going to do. I don’t know. Cannot describe. So sad.”

Hong Kong is one of the world’s most densely populated cities, fire in places like this has a significantly more deadly potential.

And it also means many are displaced. Over 4,500 lived in this complex alone and are in need of emergency shelter.

A woman says she feels sad and hopeless after losing her home in the blaze
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A woman says she feels sad and hopeless after losing her home in the blaze

The government has offered temporary accommodation to many, but the community is filling the gaps.

Armies of volunteers handed out food, water, blankets and clothes, including to those who had opted to sleep on the floor of a nearby shopping area.

One man, who wanted to sleep on the floor close to his home, said he doesn’t feel supported by the government.

One man opted to sleep on the floor close to his burned-down home
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One man opted to sleep on the floor close to his burned-down home

The man said he doesn't feel supported by the government
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The man said he doesn’t feel supported by the government

There is a thin line between grief and anger, and there’s a feeling it’s narrowing here.

Many fingers have pointed towards the construction company running extensive renovations in the complex.

A netted mesh, bamboo scaffolding and polystyrene that may have been used as part of the works have all been cited as potentially speeding the spread.

Three construction bosses have already been arrested.

But there is a sense that distrust of the authorities more broadly runs deep.

“It is very serious and people are starting to feel furious about the construction company and the construction materials,” one woman said.

“There are so many layers of anger among the people. People feel that every party should take responsibility.”

Read more:
At least 83 dead as police make arrests over fire
Almost 280 people missing as blaze engulfs flats

A woman said many were angry about the construction company
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A woman said many were angry about the construction company

Everyone we spoke to wanted to wear a mask to avoid being targeted, with volunteers actively encouraging the masks, and many hinted that the system shoulders its share of responsibility for what happened.

This fire is already the worst disaster in the modern history of Hong Kong; many of the victims are elderly and many will struggle to rebuild.

There will many days of pain to come, but many days of questions too.

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At least 83 dead and hundreds missing as police make arrests over Hong Kong fire

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At least 83 dead and hundreds missing as police make arrests over Hong Kong fire

At least 83 people have been killed, and police have made several arrests, after a huge fire engulfed a high-rise residential complex in Hong Kong.

Authorities said nearly 300 people are also missing following the blaze at Wang Fuk Court in Tai Po – a suburban district with around 300,000 residents, near the border with mainland China.

At least 83 people died in the fire, according to South China Morning Post, citing the local fire department, and a further 70 people have been injured, including more than 40 who were described as critically ill in hospital on Wednesday night.

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Deadly blaze destroys Hong Kong tower blocks

Around 900 people are also in shelters as a result of the blaze.

Police have alleged its cause could have been a “grossly negligent” construction firm using unsafe materials.

Three people – two directors and an engineering consultant – have been arrested on suspicion of manslaughter.

“We have reason to believe that the company’s responsible parties were grossly negligent, which led to this accident and caused the fire to spread uncontrollably, resulting in major casualties,” said police superintendent Eileen Chung. Police have not named the company.

The complex, built in the 1980s, had been under renovation for a year.

Smoke rising from the Wang Fuk Court residential complex. Pic: AP Photo/Chan Long Hei
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Smoke rising from the Wang Fuk Court residential complex. Pic: AP Photo/Chan Long Hei

The fire broke out on Wednesday afternoon. Pic: Reuters
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The fire broke out on Wednesday afternoon. Pic: Reuters

Dozens of people remain in hospital, some are critically injured. Pic: AP Photo/Chan Long Hei
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Dozens of people remain in hospital, some are critically injured. Pic: AP Photo/Chan Long Hei

One firefighter was among those killed tackling the blaze, which broke out at 2.51pm local time on Wednesday. Another 11 firefighters were among those injured.

Fire crews said they had doused the flames in all seven of the affected blocks by Thursday morning, and were searching each floor for survivors.

Records show the Wang Fuk Court site consists of eight blocks, with almost 2,000 flats housing around 4,800 residents, including many elderly people.

A relative of a resident at the scene. Pic: Reuters
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A relative of a resident at the scene. Pic: Reuters

Families have been identifying the bodies of relatives while others have been visiting shelters in the area, searching for missing loved ones.

Hong Kong leader John Lee said on Thursday the government will set up a HK$300m (£29m) fund to help residents.

Charred bamboo and plastic mesh covers the complex, which was undergoing renovation works. Pic: Reuters
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Charred bamboo and plastic mesh covers the complex, which was undergoing renovation works. Pic: Reuters

Firefighters searching between floors at one of the high-rise blocks. Pic: Reuters
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Firefighters searching between floors at one of the high-rise blocks. Pic: Reuters

The cause of the fire is being investigated, but it appears to have started in bamboo scaffolding and construction mesh sheets and then spread across seven of the complex’s eight buildings – likely aided by windy conditions.

Bamboo scaffolding is commonly used in Hong Kong, but is in the process of being phased out because of safety concerns.

Hong Kong’s Association for the Rights of Industrial Accident Victims said there have been at least three fires involving bamboo scaffolding this year.

Temporary shelters have been set up for residents. Pic: AP
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Temporary shelters have been set up for residents. Pic: AP

Supplies are brought to a school which is serving as a shelter. Pic: Kyodo/AP
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Supplies are brought to a school which is serving as a shelter. Pic: Kyodo/AP

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China’s state broadcaster CCTV said President Xi Jinping has urged an “all-out effort” to extinguish the fire and minimise casualties and losses.

Both the US and British Consulate Generals for Hong Kong have sent condolences to those affected, as has Taiwan’s president.

Parts of the huge complex were still smouldering on Thursday. Pic: AP
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Parts of the huge complex were still smouldering on Thursday. Pic: AP

Firefighters work to extinguish the blaze. Pic: AP
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Firefighters work to extinguish the blaze. Pic: AP

The number of dead is the highest in a Hong Kong fire since 1948, when 176 people were killed in a warehouse blaze.

The fire has prompted comparisons to the Grenfell Tower blaze which killed 72 people in 2017, blamed on flammable cladding, as well as failings by the government and the construction industry.

“Our hearts go out to all those affected by the horrific fire in Hong Kong,” the Grenfell United survivors’ group said on
social media.

“To the families, friends and communities, we stand with you. You are not alone.”

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France reveals new national military service amid fears of Russian threat

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France reveals new national military service amid fears of Russian threat

If you’re still under any illusions about how seriously Ukraine’s allies view the wider threat from Russia, the wave of countries bringing back military service should help clarify that.

France is the latest, today announcing a new national service for over 18s.

Ahead of the plan being unveiled, President Emmanuel Macron said: “If the French want to protect ourselves, we must show that we are not weak in the face of one power that threatens us the most.”

President Macron prior to his speech on Thursday. Pic: AP
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President Macron prior to his speech on Thursday. Pic: AP

That threat primarily comes from Russia, a country that numerous military chiefs have warned may be ready to attack a NATO member by 2030.

In essence, with today’s announcement, Mr Macron is trying to prepare a force to help protect France if attacked.

The young recruits would help bolster the military, which is already the second largest in the EU after Poland.

Pic: AP
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Pic: AP

As more countries look to strengthen their defences, Moscow has accused European leaders of warmongering and consistently denied any threat to wider Europe.

More on Europe

However, its seeming unwillingness to stop the bloodshed in Ukraine, the recent drone and jet incursions into NATO airspace, and the intensifying hybrid war it’s accused of carrying out across Europe mean few of Ukraine’s allies still trust the Kremlin’s word.

Read more:
Does Germany need to be ready for war?

Uncertainly about whether the US could be relied upon in a fight has fuelled the unease.

That hasn’t been helped by the fact the first 28-point peace plan presented by the US appeared to come straight out Moscow’s playbook.

In these uncertain times, France isn’t alone in looking to bolster its defences. Ten EU countries already have compulsory military service, while nations including Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany are opting for voluntary schemes.

After years of neglecting its military, Germany is massively boosting defence spending, with the chancellor pledging to build the strongest conventional army in Europe.

The German parliament is expected to vote on the military service plan in December.

As one German general told me: “We are not at war, but we are no longer living in peacetime…

“We do not want war, but we must be ready to defend our country.”

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