Epic 11-foot-tall sea level rise drove Vikings out of Greenland

Published

2 years ago

April 20, 2023

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The Vikings are remembered as fierce fighters, but even these mighty warriors were no match for climate change. Scientists recently found that ice sheet growth and sea level rise led to massive coastal flooding that inundated Norse farms and ultimately drove the Vikings out of Greenland in the 15th century.

The Vikings first established a foothold in southern Greenland around A.D. 985 with the arrival of Erik Thorvaldsson, also known as “Erik the Red,” a Norwegian-born explorer who sailed to Greenland after being exiled from Iceland. Other Viking settlers soon followed, forming communities in Eystribyggð (Eastern Settlement) and Vestribyggð (Western Settlement) that thrived for centuries. (At the time of the Vikings’ arrival, Greenland was already inhabited by people of the Dorset Culture, an Indigenous group that preceded the arrival of the Inuit people in the Arctic, according to the University of California Riverside (opens in new tab) ).

Around the 15th century, signs of Norse habitation in the region vanished from the archaeological record. Researchers previously suggested that factors such as climate change and economic shifts likely led the Vikings to abandon Greenland. Now, new findings show that rising seas played a key role, by submerging miles of coastline, according a new study published April 17 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Related: 1,100-year-old ‘ceremonial’ Viking shields were actually used in battle, study suggests

Between the 14th and 19th centuries, Europe and North America experienced a period of significantly cooler temperatures, known as the Little Ice Age. Under these chilly conditions, the Greenland Ice Sheet — a vast blanket of ice covering most of Greenland — would have become even bigger, Marisa Julia Borreggine (opens in new tab) , a doctoral candidate in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard University, said when she presented data at an American Geophysical Union annual conference in New Orleans in December 2021.

A digital model showing simulated sea levels in southern Greenland ice (blue to white gradient), with Viking sites (green dots) and areas of flooding (blue). (Image credit: Konstantin Latychev)

As the ice sheet advanced, its increasing heaviness weighed down the substrate underneath, making coastal areas more prone to flooding, Borreggine said. At the same time, the increased gravitational attraction between the expanding ice sheet and large masses of sea ice pushed more seawater over Greenland’s coast. These two processes could have driven widespread flooding along the coastline — “exactly where the Vikings were settled,” Borreggine said.

The scientists tested their hypothesis by modeling estimated ice growth in southwestern Greenland over the 400-year period of Norse occupation and adding those calculations to a model showing sea level rise during that time. Then, they analyzed maps of known Viking sites to see how their findings lined up with archaeological evidence marking the end of a Viking presence in Greenland. RELATED STORIES—Earliest mention of Odin, ‘king of the gods,’ found in treasure hoard from Denmark

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Their models showed that from about 1000 to 1400, rising seas around Greenland would have flooded Viking settlements by as much as 11 feet (3.3 meters), affecting about 78 square miles (204 square kilometers) of coastal land, Borreggine said. This flooding would have submerged land that the Vikings used for farming and as grazing pastures for their cattle, according to the models.

However, sea level rise was probably not the only reason the Vikings left Greenland. Other types of challenges can cause even long-standing communities to collapse, and a perfect storm of external pressures — such as climate change, social unrest and resource depletion — may have spurred the Vikings to abandon their settlements for good, Borreggine said.

“A combination of climate and environmental change, the shifting resource landscape, the flux of supply and demand of exclusive products for the foreign market, and interactions with Inuit in the North all could have contributed to this out-migration,” she said. “Likely a combination of these factors led to the Norse migration out of Greenland and further west.”

Editor’s note: Originally published on Dec. 16, 2021, following a presentation at the annual conference of the American Geophysical Union. Updated on April 19, 2023, following the study’s publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

World

South Korean authorities attempt to arrest President Yoon for second time – standoff with security service under way

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1 hour ago

January 14, 2025

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South Korean authorities attempt to arrest President Yoon for second time - standoff with security service under way

A new attempt to arrest South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol is under way, six weeks after his short-lived attempt to impose martial law.

A standoff is in place outside Mr Yoon’s official residence between authorities and the president’s security service.

A previous attempt by law enforcement to arrest the impeached president failed earlier this month.

Mr Yoon’s presidential security service prevented dozens of investigators from arresting him after a standoff which lasted nearly six hours on 3 January.

The Corruption Investigation Office for High-Ranking Officials and police responded by pledging more forceful measures to detain Mr Yoon while they jointly investigate whether his martial law declaration on 3 December amounted to an attempted rebellion.

The National Police Agency convened multiple meetings of field commanders in Seoul and nearby Gyeonggi province in recent days to plan their detainment efforts, and the size of those forces fuelled speculation that more than 1,000 officers could be deployed in a possible multi-day operation.

Anti-corruption agency and police officials met representatives of the presidential security service on Tuesday morning for unspecified discussions regarding efforts to execute the detention warrant for Mr Yoon.

It was not immediately clear at the time if any kind of compromise was reached.

What happened on 3 December?

Mr Yoon declared martial law and deployed troops around the National Assembly at the beginning of last month.

It lasted only hours before politicians managed to get through the blockade and voted to lift the measure.

His presidential powers were suspended when the opposition-dominated assembly voted to impeach him on 14 December, accusing him of rebellion.

Mr Yoon has argued his declaration of martial law was a legitimate act of governance, calling it a warning to the main liberal opposition Democratic Party which he has described as “despicable pro-North Korean anti-state forces”.

He claimed the party used its legislative majority to impeach top officials and undermine the government’s budget.

Over the past two weeks, thousands of anti-Yoon and pro-Yoon protesters have gathered daily in competing rallies near his office in Seoul, in anticipation of the second detention attempt.

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Politics

Gary Gensler says the presidential election wasn’t about crypto money

Published

2 hours ago

January 14, 2025

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Gary Gensler says the presidential election wasn’t about crypto money

The SEC chair is set to leave office in six days, the same day Donald Trump is scheduled to be inaugurated as president in Washington, DC.

Environment

Amprius unveils high-power SiCore cell for EVs, drones, more

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2 hours ago

January 14, 2025

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Amprius unveils high-power SiCore cell for EVs, drones, more

Amprius SiCore — Image: Amprius Technologies

Amprius Technologies just unveiled a new SiCore cell built on its Silicon Anode Platform that boosts battery performance for EVs, electric aviation, and drones.

In late 2024, battery manufacturer Amprius delivered pre-production 10Ah samples to six customers for testing, and full commercialization is set for early 2025. If real-world tests deliver as promised, this battery could enable its customers to achieve superior range, speed, and reliability.

Amprius’s new SiCore cell delivers an energy density of 370 Wh/kg and a power output of over 3000 W/kg. That means it packs a ton of energy while also delivering power in bursts – ideal for scenarios where endurance and speed are equally critical.

The Fremont, California-based company says what makes its new SiCore cell unique is its flexibility. It handles high discharge rates of up to 10C without active cooling and 15C with cooling, making it a solid choice for extreme conditions. Think drones flying longer missions or electric aircraft nailing energy-draining takeoffs and landings.

According to Amprius customer Teledyne FLIR, which specializes in unmanned aerial systems, this battery could be a game-changer for its drones. Tung Ng, vice president of unmanned Systems North America at Teledyne FLIR, said, “We are eager to evaluate how this breakthrough technology can meet the rigorous needs of our defense, security, and industrial customers, enabling longer runtimes and increasing operational flexibility.”

EVs, advanced air mobility, and eVTOL aircraft also stand to benefit from the SiCore cell’s balance of high energy and high power. Dr. Ionel Stefan, Amprius’ CTO, described it as a breakthrough in the tricky trade-off between power and energy density, calling it “a new power possibility for high-demand applications.”

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