Elite women, perhaps princesses, played a crucial role in holding the Xiongnu, one of the first nomadic empires of the eastern Eurasian Steppe, together, a new study suggests.
The Xiongnu, who may have been among the ancient ancestors of the Mongols, formed a confederation of nomadic peoples who controlled much of Central Asia, from present-day Kazakhstan to Mongolia, from about the second century B.C. until the first century A.D.
But little is known about them, except for some Chinese records and recent genetic studies based on ancient DNA from their buried remains, said Bryan Miller (opens in new tab) , an archaeologist at the University of Michigan.
“This was an empire with extreme genetic diversity,” he told Live Science. “To call oneself Xiongnu at that time was to call oneself a participant in this massive empire.”
Miller is one of the lead authors of a new study exploring the genetics of remains found in Xiongnu graves in the foothills of the southern Altai Mountains, near what would have been the imperial frontier. The research was published in the journal Science Advances (opens in new tab) on April 14.
Related: Mysterious East Asians vanished during the ice age. This group replaced them.
An elite female’s coffin, decorated with gold sun and moon symbols of the Xiongnu, was found at the Takhiltiin Khotgor site, Mongolian Altai. (Image credit: J. Bayarsaikhan) Nomad princesses
DNA testing at two Xiongnu cemeteries showed that the people buried in the largest tombs were women who were closely related to people from the heartlands of the Xiongnu Empire — roughly in the middle of modern Mongolia — whose genetics were already known (opens in new tab) .
The women were buried with rich grave goods, including ornamental gold disks, pieces of bronze chariots and horse gear. But the ancient DNA from the remains in the smaller tombs showed a much wider genetic diversity, suggesting those people often came from far-flung regions of the empire — from the Black Sea region to Eastern Mongolia, Miller said.
The tomb of a high-status aristocratic woman was excavated at Takhiltiin Khotgor, Mongolian Altai. (Image credit: Michel Neyroud)
This finding suggests that the elite families who controlled the Xiongnu Empire probably sent their women to the frontiers in order to cement political alliances with local elites. Miller noted that the most special burials were given only to these elite women, who seem to have been involved in the politics of relatively remote regions.
“They are representatives of the imperial clan that ruled the empire,” he said. “You’ve got these marriage alliances spanning the whole empire, even in these local communities.”
Miller said these elite women maintained their high status throughout their lives, which was reflected in their special burials. That suggested they were active participants in the plan, and not just the tools of their male relatives. “They really played an active role,” he said. “They were part of it.”Ancient empire
The main source of information about the Xiongnu comes from Chinese records, who saw them as foreign enemies along China’s northern and western borders.
Indeed, the name Xiongnu is thought to be a pejorative term, because its Chinese characters also spell “fierce slave.”
A Xiongnu child’s bow and arrow kit from a burial the Shombuuziin Belchir cemetery. (Image credit: Bryan K. Miller)
Miller said that some of the earliest fortifications of what later became the Great Wall of China were built in an attempt to stop Xiongnu raids into Chinese lands. “It was a way to control that very vibrant frontier,” he said.
Eventually, the Xiongnu were divided by civil wars. Some groups became tributaries of Chinese states, while some were conquered by other steppe peoples.related stories—Medieval Swahilis and Persians paired up 1,000 years ago in East Africa, ancient DNA reveals
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Archaeologist Ursula Brosseder (opens in new tab) of the University of Bonn in Germany, who wasn’t involved in the research, said the new study showed how the investigation of ancient DNA was moving away from the large-scale genetics of populations and toward the genetics of particular localities.
“The field of ancient genetics is now shifting,” she told Live Science. “So far, most of the studies we have seen concerned the genetics of population structures, such as when large migrations happened. But with this study, we’ve just zoomed into one society and used genetics as a tool to get a better understanding of how that society worked,” she said.
It was in the evening that the bombing started to intensify.
Salah Jundia, his father and brothers huddled together in their home in Shujaiyya, just east of Gaza City, trying to work out what to do.
It was too risky for them to leave at night. There were a lot of them too. Extended family living across four storeys. They decided they would wait until after dawn prayers.
The explosion tore through the building just before 5am, collapsing one storey on to the next.
Image: The remains of Salah Jundia’s home in Shujaiyya, just east of Gaza City
Image: Salah Jundia
Jundia says he survived because pieces of bedroom furniture fell on top of him.
Then he looked for his father and brothers.
“I found one of them calling for help. I removed the rubble covering him with my hands. Then I saw another brother covered in rubble but he was dead,” he told Sky News.
Jundia added: “My father was also dead. My other brother was also dead. We got them out and that is when I saw that the whole building had collapsed.”
Over the next few hours, they scrambled to rescue who they could.
Image: One of the child victims of the attack on the home near the Gaza City
Image: Another one of child victims of the attack
An aunt and uncle and one of their children, Shaimaa. Uncle Imad and his son Mohammad. The bodies of Montasir and Mustaf.
Jundia says he could hear cries for help, but they were coming from deep in the rubble and were impossible to reach.
The rescue teams on site – civil defence they are called – did not have the kit to clear through three floors of 500 square metres, 30cm slabs of concrete.
Image: Rescuers drilling to try and reach the people trapped below the rubble
Image: Efforts to free those trapped beneath the rubble near the Gaza City
In the afternoon, Jundia says Israel’s Defence Forces (IDF) told rescue teams to leave as they would be resuming their bombardment.
Jundia buried the bodies he had managed to pull out but he knew 15 of his family members, 12 of them children, were still somewhere inside the rubble, still crying for help.
He made a desperate video appeal, begging the Red Cross and Arab countries to pressure Israel to grant access to the site. It was picked up on a few social media accounts.
Israel won’t allow heavy equipment into Gaza. No diggers or bulldozers, nor the fuel or generators to run them.
They say it will fall into Hamas’s hands.
It was a major sticking point during the ceasefire and it is a major issue now as the bombardment continues, given the fact that hundreds if not thousands of civilians might survive if there were the equipment to extract them.
Image: Members of Salah Jundia’s family left alive after the attack
Image: Salah Jundia and his surviving family
Civil defence trying to get to the Jundia family home over the next few days were halted because the IDF were in the vicinity. A family friend tried himself and was killed.
The footage that our camera teams have shot in Shujaiyya over the past two weeks shows how civil defence teams struggle to save those who are trapped and injured with the most rudimentary of equipment – plastering trowels, sledgehammers, ropes and small drills.
“The tight siege stops civil defence equipment from getting in,” says one.
They added: “So we are taking much longer to respond to these events. Time is a factor in getting these people out. So we call immediately for the necessary equipment to be allowed in for the civil defence to use.”
The IDF say they are investigating the circumstances around the Jundia family as a result of our enquiries.
In relation to the access of heavy equipment into Gaza, they say they work closely with international aid organisations to enable the delivery of humanitarian activities in accordance with international law.
The last contact Jundia had from beneath the rubble was a phone call from his uncle Ziad, three days after the strike.
“The line was open for 25 seconds then it went dead. We don’t know what happened. We tried to call, but there was no answer,” he says.
He and his family were displaced several times before they returned home to Shujaiyya – to Rafah in the south, then Khan Younis and Deir al-Balah.
Along the way, Jundia lost one brother and a nephew to Israeli bombs.
“We were happy and all the family came back. We went back to our house. It was damaged, but we improvised and we lived in it. We have nothing to do with the resistance. We are not interested in wars. But we have been gravely harmed,” he says.
The shock waves that came with the breakup of quarterback Nico Iamaleava and the Tennessee football program continue to reverberate.
Iamaleava’s case, which involved contract discussions, a skipped practice before the spring game and quick roster exit, has produced a flurry of action since Saturday, when coach Josh Heupel told reporters that “no one is bigger than” the program. It’s also a case study into the changing world of college football and has produced heated reaction, hyperbole and countless theories on how to fix the sport as the entire collegiate model awaits a judge’s blessing on how it will move forward.
But the most interesting aspects of the Iamaleava saga are still unresolved. His departure from Tennessee leaves a brand-name school and player at a compelling crossroads as both sides scurry to find answers for the 2025 season.
The early read after talking to sources in college football is that neither Tennessee nor Iamaleava is likely to have far better options for next season.
Iamaleava’s future is in the hands of his father, Nic, and a trusted family friend named Cordell Landers, a former Florida personnel staffer. Both are representing the quarterback in discussions with schools. Iamaleava’s next step is tied to a tricky spring transfer portal market where headwinds for a desirable landing place include awkward timing and the reputational damage from his Tennessee exit.
Finding a better football fit than Iamaleava had at Tennessee, where he was entering his third year, will be difficult. He’s coming off a season in which he threw for 2,616 yards with 19 touchdowns and five interceptions, and the Volunteers had the talent around him to again be one of college football’s top offenses. At his new school, however, he’ll need to win the starting job, learn the offense and be surrounded by a strong enough supporting cast to show significant enough improvement to stay on the radar of NFL teams. He also needs to win over the locker room.
And then there’s the money. Multiple sources have told ESPN that Iamaleava’s camp is seeking much more through the portal than the $4 million they hoped to earn with the Vols this year. The read after talking to sources, however, is that he’s unlikely to find a situation that gets him to that number.
“I think he has zero market,” said a general manager at a Power 4 school. “It will be an interesting test of how smart and disciplined colleges are in looking at him.”
There has not been a flood of immediate interest in Iamaleava from big brands. Schools with less-than-established quarterback situations such as Notre Dame, USC, North Carolina and UCF have not expressed significant interest, according to team sources. Big paydays come from leverage, and there appears to be little out there.
Sources caution that Iamaleava is talented enough that some market will form. He led the SEC’s ninth-best scoring offense in conference play and finished ninth in QBR (70.5) last season. There will be a place for a solid SEC starter with a five-star pedigree somewhere in the sport. But can he find a contender willing to invest millions and guarantee him a starting job?
SEC rules prohibit immediate eligibility for players who transfer within the conference during the spring portal window. That’s a limiting factor that cuts into the market. And the timing of the move has made coaches hesitant to go all-in.
Iamaleava’s camp strongly considered entering the transfer portal at the end of December, according to sources close to the quarterback. Had he made a move at that time, fresh off a 10-win season and College Football Playoff appearance, he likely would’ve been greeted with a strong list of options from teams desperate for an experienced arm and willing to pay top dollar, as Miami was for Georgia‘s Carson Beck in January.
USC and Notre Dame have been linked to Iamaleava, but sources at both schools have denied interest. The Trojans are moving forward with Jayden Maiava, who started their final four games last season. The Fighting Irish are in the middle of a three-man competition between Steve Angeli, CJ Carr and Kenny Minchey.
North Carolina is in the market for an upgrade at quarterback in the spring portal window, but sources expect the Tar Heels to focus their efforts on South Alabama‘s Gio Lopez when he officially enters the portal Wednesday.
UCF has an Iamaleava connection with quarterbacks coach McKenzie Milton, who worked with the quarterback during his stint as a Tennessee offensive analyst. But the Knights have already brought in Indiana transfer Tayven Jackson this offseason and are not expected to be in the mix.
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Iamaleava’s departure from Vols opens opportunities for others
With Nico Iamaleava leaving the Tennessee program and headed for the transfer portal, the quarterback job is up for grabs between Jake Merklinger and George MacIntyre
UCLA has been perceived as a contender for the Southern California native almost by default, despite adding veteran App State transfer Joey Aguilar in the winter portal window. It’s worth noting the Bruins previously held a commitment from Iamaleava’s younger brother, Madden, before he flipped to Arkansas in December, so there’s already a hurdle for his camp to overcome. Madden Iamaleava had been the local gem of UCLA coach DeShaun Foster’s first full recruiting class, but he and Long Beach Poly teammate Jace Brown bailed on the Bruins on signing day for Arkansas.
From the timing to the public nature of the exit to the attention he’d draw upon arrival, there’s a general vibe of hesitancy around the market. Essentially, coaches see a narrow path to success with the time frame, learning the offense and the pressure on Iamaleava to produce at the amount he’s expected to be paid.
“Absolutely zero interest,” another Power 4 general manager said.
Meanwhile, Tennessee will need to find an immediate and significant upgrade who can seamlessly transition and thrive in 2025. This would involve a transfer learning a new offense, winning over the team and having the arm talent to be an adequate maestro in Heupel’s up-tempo system. If this is going to be an established Power 4 starter, he’d also have to be OK walking away from a locker room, coaching staff and teammates who he’s bonded with for months ahead of the season.
“This is a terrible time,” said an industry source familiar with the quarterback market, with observations applying to both the quarterback and Tennessee. “You are setting yourself up to fail. You are so late. You get no spring ball, and all new wide receivers and a new system. The kids being paid a lot of money are already in the system, or they are four months into it.”
So far, Tennessee has appeared to have little luck in its search for talent. Sources told ESPN that at least one starting quarterback has received a raise thanks to an inquiry his agent received from Tennessee. Expect the agents of nearly every established starter in the ACC, Big Ten and Big 12 to get a call.
“I feel 100% confident that we have nothing to worry about,” one general manager of a Big 12 program said, “but how do you ever truly know?”
Dutch semiconductor equipment firm ASML on Wednesday missed on net bookings expectations, suggesting a potential slowdown in demand for its critical chipmaking machines.
ASML reported net bookings of 3.94 billion euros ($4.47 billion) for the first three months of 2025, versus a Reuters reported forecast of 4.89 billion euros.
Here’s how ASML did versus LSEG consensus estimates for the first quarter:
Net sales: 7.74 billion, against 7.8 billion euros expected
Net profit: 2.36 billion, versus 2.3 billion euros expected
In comments accompanying the results, ASML CEO Christophe Fouquet said that the demand outlook “remains strong” with artificial intelligence staying as a key driver. However, he added that “uncertainty with some of our customers” could take the company into the lower end of its full-year revenue guidance.
ASML is estimating 2025 revenue of between of 30 billion euros to 35 billion euros.
Fouquet said that tariffs are “creating a new uncertainty” both on a macroeconomic level and with respect to “our potential market demands.”
“So this is a dynamic I think we have to watch very carefully,” Fouquet said. “Now this being said, where we are today, we still see basically our revenue range for 2025 being between basically €30 and €35 billion.”
Global chip stocks have been fragile over the last two weeks amid worries about how U.S. President Donald Trump’s tariff plans will affect the semiconductor supply chain.
Last week, the U.S. administration announced smartphones, computers and semiconductors would be temporarily exempted from his so-called “reciprocal” duties on counterparties. But on Sunday, Trump and his top trade officials created confusion with comments that there would be no tariff “exception” for the electronics industry, and that these goods were instead moving to a different “bucket.”
On Tuesday, a federal government notice announced that the U.S. Commerce Department was conducting a national security investigation into imports of semiconductor technology and related downstream products. The probe will examine whether additional trade measures, including tariffs, are “necessary to protect national security.”