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Fighting has erupted in Sudan as the army and paramilitary forces clashed, leaving hundreds of people dead and thousands injured.

They were the first clashes between the forces since they formed an alliance in 2019 and rose out of a long-running tussle for power.

US secretary of state Antony Blinken is among those around the world who have urged a ceasefire after a US convoy came under fire.

Both sides have offered truces in previous days, but the fighting has not stopped.

Here is what you need to know about the conflict.

Who are the main players?

On one side you’ve got Sudan’s army, headed by General Abdel Fattah al Burhan.

He has been the country’s de facto president since a military coup in October 2021.

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What’s going on in Sudan?

On the other is paramilitary group the RSF, the partner-turned-rival of the military.

The RSF is led by General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, better known as Hemedti. He is the deputy head of Sudan’s ruling Sovereign Council.

The two sides came together to oust former leader Omar al Bashir in 2019 but there have been long-running disagreements over how the country should be run.

Since the clashes started, both sides have claimed to be in control of strategic locations, including the presidential palace, airports and air bases.

Speaking to Sky News, General Burhan said he was open to negotiations as the fighting continues.

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Sudan army chief open to negotiations

“If negotiations will restore the country and are fair then it’s possible,” he added.

The RSF also issued a statement saying it was waging a continuing battle to restore “the rights of our people”.

However, the fighting has continued.

Why has violence erupted now?

The recent violence erupted out of tensions over the transition from military to civilian rule.

Things escalated in the days before as RSF troops were deployed around the country.

In a rare statement, the army said the mobilisation represented a “clear violation of law”.

Central to the tension was a disagreement between the army and the paramilitary over how and when the RSF should be integrated into the military.

The army wanted the transition to happen within two years while the RSF said it would take 10 years.

The merger was a key condition of a framework deal agreed in December that would have seen power shifted to civilians.

The agreement was supposed to be signed on 1 April, but it was delayed because of failed talks.

Read more:
Why tensions in Sudan could escalate into ‘all-out civil war’
Civilians among 56 killed during heavy fighting in Sudan

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‘Tension had been boiling’ in Sudan

Where is the fighting happening?

The fighting began at a military base south of the capital Khartoum, with both sides accusing the other of initiating attacks.

Clashes then spread across the city, including around the military’s headquarters, the airport and the presidential palace.

Witnesses have reported gunfire in many parts of the country, including heavy exchanges of gunfire in the northern city of Merowe and clashes in the Darfur cities of El Fasher and Nyala.

Several countries, including the UK, have extracted their diplomats but many civilians with foreign or dual citizenship say they cannot escape the fighting.

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UN secretary-general Antonio Guterres has strongly condemned the outbreak of fighting and appealed to both leaders to immediately cease hostilities, restore calm and begin a dialogue to resolve the crisis.

Meanwhile, the World Health Organization (WHO) says there have been three attacks on healthcare facilities in Sudan since the outbreak of fighting.

The International Federation of Red Cross (IFRC) has warned that continued disruption to the healthcare system could result in its collapse and that providing aid around the Sudanese capital was “almost impossible”.

Who are the RSF?

The RSF is made up of about 100,000 troops and evolved from so-called janjaweed militias that fought in the Darfur conflict in the 2000s.

The RSF has long been accused of atrocities linked to the Darfur conflict.

In 2017, a law legitimising the RSF as an independent security force was passed.

Smoke is seen rising from planes in Khartoum's international airport amid violent fighting
Image:
Smoke is seen rising from planes in Khartoum’s international airport amid violent fighting

Transition to democracy

Former president Omar al Bashir was ousted in 2019 following months of protests against his three-decade authoritarian rule.

He was convicted of corruption and money laundering and accused by the International Criminal Court of war crimes and genocide, linked to the bloody conflict in Darfur.

A joint military-civilian government was established after he was toppled but that was overthrown in the 2021 coup.

The coup put the army back in charge, but it faced weekly demonstrations, renewed isolation and deepening economic woes.

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UK condemns Israel’s approval of plans for new West Bank settlement to ‘erase’ idea of Palestinian state

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UK condemns Israel's approval of plans for new West Bank settlement to 'erase' idea of Palestinian state

The UK has condemned Israel’s approval of plans for a new West Bank settlement, which has been hailed as “erasing” the idea of a Palestinian state by an Israeli minister.

David Lammy said the settlement, planned to be built east of Jerusalem, “would divide a Palestinian state in two”.

In a post on the X social media platform, the foreign secretary called the settlement in the West Bank “a flagrant breach of international law”, which “critically undermines the two-state solution”, and urged the Israeli government to reverse the decision.

The approval of the plans was announced by Bezalel Smotrich, Israel’s finance minister, on Wednesday after they received the final go-ahead from Israel’s higher planning committee.

Israeli Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich shows the planned settlement on a map. Pic: Reuters/Ronen Zvulun
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Israeli Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich shows the planned settlement on a map. Pic: Reuters/Ronen Zvulun

Mr Smotrich, an ultra-nationalist in the ruling right-wing coalition, said in a statement that the government was delivering with the settlement what it had promised for years: “The Palestinian state is being erased from the table, not with slogans but with actions.”

He said last week that the settlement would “finally bury the idea of a Palestinian state, because there is nothing to recognise and no one to recognise”.

The settlement is set to be built in E1, an open tract of land east of Jerusalem, and includes around 3,500 apartments to expand the existing settlement of Maale Adumim.

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E1 has been eyed for Israeli development for more than two decades, but plans were halted due to pressure from the US during previous administrations.

A view of part of the Israeli settlement of Maale Adumim. Pic: Reuters/Ronen Zvulun
Image:
A view of part of the Israeli settlement of Maale Adumim. Pic: Reuters/Ronen Zvulun

Peace Now, which tracks settlement activity in the West Bank, said if the bureaucratic process moves quickly, infrastructure work on E1 could start in the next few months, with the construction of homes to follow in about a year.

“The E1 plan is deadly for the future of Israel and for any chance of achieving a peaceful two-state solution. We are standing at the edge of an abyss, and the government is driving us forward at full speed,” Peace Now said in a statement last week.

It added that the planned settlement was “guaranteeing many more years of bloodshed”.

‘Stake through the heart of the two-state solution’

A two-state solution to the decades-old Israeli-Palestinian conflict would see a Palestinian state in East Jerusalem, the West Bank and Gaza existing side by side with Israel, but campaign groups fear the new settlement could undermine a future peace deal with the Palestinians.

The UN condemned the decision to approve the settlement, with spokesperson Stephane Dujarric saying that it “will drive a stake through the heart of the two-state solution”.

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The activists trying to stop Israeli settlers

The Palestinian foreign ministry added that the settlement would isolate Palestinian communities living in the area and undermine the possibility of a two-state solution.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has not yet commented on the plans.

But during a visit to a West Bank settlement on Sunday, he said: “I said 25 years ago that we will do everything to secure our grip on the Land of Israel, to prevent the establishment of a Palestinian state, to prevent the attempts to uproot us from here. Thank God, what I promised, we have delivered.”

Read more:
Inside the conflict forcing Palestinians from their homes
The city where what was law now has no place in reality

Today, an estimated 700,000 Israeli settlers live in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. There is also a growing movement of Israelis wanting to build settlements in Gaza.

Settlers make up around 5% of Israel’s population and 15% of the West Bank’s population, according to data from Peace Now.

Settlements are illegal under international law and have been condemned by the UN. They are, however, authorised by the Israeli government.

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New Zealand: Family’s plea to fugitive dad on the run with children for nearly four years

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New Zealand: Family's plea to fugitive dad on the run with children for nearly four years

The family of a father who disappeared with his three children nearly four years ago in New Zealand have broken their silence to appeal for him to return home.

In December 2021, Tom Phillips vanished into the wilderness with his two daughters and son – but his family have said they still remain hopeful “today will be the day you all come home”.

Phillips, along with Jayda, now aged 12, Maverick, 10, and Ember, nine, were last believed to have been seen in a “credible sighting” last October hiking through a bush area near Marokopa on the country’s North Island.

For the first time, his family have directly appealed to Phillips in the hope that “just maybe, he’s going to see this” and “that we are here for him”.

In an interview with New Zealand journalist Paddy Gower, his sister Rozzi Phillips said she missed being part of her brother’s life, adding “I really want to see you” and “you’re very special to me”.

She also read out a handwritten message from Phillips’ mother, Julia, which came from her “heart, just to her son”.

“Tom, I feel really sad that you thought you had to do this, not considering how much we love you and could support you,” she said.

“It hurts every time I see photos of the children and of you and see some of your stuff that is still here, thinking what could have been if you’d not gone away.”

Tom Phillips. Pic: New Zealand Police
Image:
Tom Phillips. Pic: New Zealand Police

According to New Zealand news site, Stuff, the letter ended with a message for the three children.

“We love you so much and really miss being part of your lives,” it read.

“Every day we wake up and hope that today will be the day you all come home.”

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Ms Phillips said her brother is a skilled builder and would have constructed a shelter.

Police believe his actions could be linked to a custody battle.

There have been numerous reported sightings since December 2021.

The most recent last October was said to be from a distance when the group were seen wearing camouflage gear and carrying large camping backpacks.

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Israel calls up thousands of reservists as it prepares to launch new Gaza offensive

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Israel calls up thousands of reservists as it prepares to launch new Gaza offensive

Israel will call up 60,000 reservists as it prepares to launch an expanded military operation in Gaza City.

The military said the country’s defence minister Israel Katz has approved plans to begin a new phase of operations in some of the most densely populated areas of the Gaza Strip.

Israeli forces will operate in areas of Gaza City where they have not yet operated and where it believes Hamas is still active, a military official said.

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Israel must have ‘security control’ to end Gaza war, Netanyahu says

The city is the main military and governing stronghold of Hamas and Israeli troops will target the group’s vast underground network, the official added.

Although Israel has targeted and killed much of Hamas’ senior leadership, parts of the group are actively regrouping and carrying out attacks, including launching rockets towards Israel, the official said.

It remains unclear when the operation will begin, but it could be a matter of days.

Palestinians at the site of a house struck by Israel in Gaza City. Pic: Reuters
Image:
Palestinians at the site of a house struck by Israel in Gaza City. Pic: Reuters

The official said 60,000 reservists will be called up in the coming month and the service of an additional 20,000 reservists currently serving will be lengthened.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has said the objectives of the war are to secure the release of the remaining hostages and destroy Hamas.

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Gaza hospitals ‘overwhelmed with malnutrition cases’

International criticism of Israel increased after the planned offensive was announced earlier this month amid fears of another mass displacement of Palestinians.

The families of the hostages and former army and intelligence chiefs oppose an expanded operation in Gaza City, with most of the families of hostages wanting an immediate ceasefire.

They worry an expanded assault could threaten prospects of bringing the 50 remaining hostages home. Israel believes 20 of those are still alive.

Read more:
Tents abandoned as Palestinians flee Israeli advance

Gaza ceasefire proposal agreed by Hamas

Parachutes drop aid supplies in Gaza. Pic: AP
Image:
Parachutes drop aid supplies in Gaza. Pic: AP

Palestinians rush to collect airdropped humanitarian aid packages. Pic: AP
Image:
Palestinians rush to collect airdropped humanitarian aid packages. Pic: AP

The war began when Hamas-led militants attacked Israel on 7 October 2023, killing some 1,200 people and abducting 251.

Many of the hostages have been released in ceasefires and other deals, with Hamas saying it will only free the remainder in exchange of a lasting ceasefire and Israeli withdrawal.

More than 62,000 people have been killed during Israel’s 22-month counteroffensive, according to Gaza’s Hamas-run health ministry, which does not differentiate between civilians and combatants in its count, but says women and children make up around half of those killed.

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Earlier this week, the ministry said 154 adults had died of malnutrition-related causes since the ministry began counting such deaths in late June, and 112 children have died of malnutrition-related causes since the war began.

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