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The severe drought devastating the Horn of Africa by killing animals and crops and leaving millions without enough food would not have happened if humans had not heated the planet, scientists have concluded.

Since October 2020, season after season of failed rains in the eastern tip of the continent have brought the worst drought in 40 years, driving conflict and leaving more than four million people needing humanitarian aid.

Nineteen scientists from seven nations assessed if climate change had disrupted rainfall in the region and impacted agricultural drought, when crops and pastures are affected by dry conditions.

They found that the rainy season – March through to May – is turning drier, and the short rains season – typically October through December – is becoming wetter due to climate change.

They called the region’s experience with drought “one of a kind”.

Human-caused climate change has made agricultural drought in the Horn of Africa about one hundred times more likely, they said, adding the “ongoing devastating drought would not have happened at all without the effect of greenhouse gas emissions”.

Joyce Kimutai, head meteorologist at the Kenya Meteorological Department, said: “Climate change has made the drought exceptional.”

As a result, 20 million people are at risk of acute food insecurity.

The team from the World Weather Attribution group, which specialises in rapid analysis of whether extreme weather was influenced by climate change, analysed historical weather data, including changes in the two main rainfall patterns in the region, alongside computer model simulations dating back to the 1800s.

While climate change has made drought more frequent and extreme in the Horn region, the scientists acknowledged that previous failed rainy seasons, high temperatures, conflict, fragile statehood and poverty are also to blame for the “devastating impacts”.

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Cheikh Kane, climate resilience policy advisor at the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, said: “People in the Horn of Africa are no strangers to drought, but the duration of this event stretched people beyond their ability to cope.

“Five consecutive seasons of below-normal rainfall, combined with rain-dependent livelihoods and vulnerability multipliers, like conflict and state fragility, have created a humanitarian disaster.”

Friederike Otto, senior climate scientist at Imperial College London and the leader of the study, said it underscored how climate change’s effects “strongly depend on how vulnerable we are”.

The United Nations said more than 20 million people in Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda and South Sudan have been affected by the drought, with more than 2.2 million displaced in Somalia and Ethiopia and severe maternal risks to hundreds of thousands of expectant or breastfeeding women.

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A famine could be declared in Somalia within weeks

Rod Beadle, head of relief and humanitarian affairs at Food for the Hungry, said almost 15 million children are exposed to acute malnourishment.

“Despite the recent rains in North Kenya, the pressure from previous failed seasons makes for a dire situation,” he said.

“The drought conditions have resulted in severely compacted soil that cannot absorb the water; hence the floods are more severe.

“The country is also facing severe outbreaks of cholera and other diseases as more refugees arrive.”

Watch the Daily Climate Show at 3.30pm Monday to Friday, and The Climate Show with Tom Heap on Saturday and Sunday at 3.30pm and 7.30pm.

All on Sky News, on the Sky News website and app, on YouTube and Twitter.

The show investigates how global warming is changing our landscape and highlights solutions to the crisis.

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Ukraine war: Zelenskyy warns partners not to let Putin ‘deceive’ them on ceasefire

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Ukraine war: Zelenskyy warns partners not to let Putin 'deceive' them on ceasefire

Volodymyr Zelenskyy has called on Ukraine’s partners to make sure Russia doesn’t “deceive” them over a ceasefire.

After breakthrough talks between Ukrainian and US officials in Saudi Arabia, Kyiv said it was ready to accept a proposed 30-day ceasefire with Russia.

But his nightly address on Wednesday evening, a day after the Jeddah summit, President Zelenskyy said, “we must move toward peace” – but issued a warning to allies.

“The key factor is our partners’ ability to ensure Russia’s readiness not to deceive but to genuinely end the war,” the Ukrainian leader said. “Because right now, Russian strikes have not stopped.”

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The focus has now switched to Vladimir Putin’s response to the proposed ceasefire. President Trump said the US had received “some positive messages” adding: “We have people going to Russia right now”.

However, he warned Moscow: “In a financial sense, yeah we could do things very bad for Russia, would be devastating for Russia.”

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Will Russia go for ceasefire deal?

European defence ministers, meeting in Paris, said now was the time for Moscow to show it was serious about ending the war.

UK Defence Secretary John Healey was among those attending, and had a direct message for Russia’s president: “I say to president Putin, over to you, you want to talk, prove it.”

Mr Healey called on Russia to accept the ceasefire and end the war, adding, “the pressure is now on Putin”.

For his part, President Putin has been playing to his domestic audience with a visit to Kursk, where Russian troops finally seem to be gaining the upper hand against Ukrainian forces who seized territory in the Russian region last year.

The Russian line is approaching Sumy from Kursk Oblast
Image:
The Russian line is approaching Sumy from Kursk Oblast

Dressed in camouflage, the Russian president called for his forces to defeat the enemy and completely liberate Kursk, in remarks reported by the Interfax news agency.

He also said enemy troops captured in the region will be treated as terrorists, as Russia’s chief of the general staff told Mr Putin that Ukrainian forces in the region are surrounded.

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Pakistan: Hostages killed after separatist militants hijack train carrying hundreds of passengers

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Pakistan: Hostages killed after separatist militants hijack train carrying hundreds of passengers

Hostages have been killed after separatist militants hijacked a train carrying hundreds of passengers in Pakistan, authorities have said.

The Pakistan military (ISPR) said 21 hostages were killed, as well as four security force soldiers, on the train that was carrying more than 400 people.

Earlier on Wednesday, the Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) claimed responsibility for the attack and said they had killed 50 people.

A Pakistani government spokesman described the attack as “an act of terrorism,” and passengers who had been freed described how gunfire was “coming from everywhere”.

ISPR director general Ahmed Sharif Chaudhry added in a statement: “Today we freed a large number of people, including women and children. The final operation was carried out with great care.”

A soldier stands guard next to a rescue train after the hijack by separatist militants. Pic: Reuters
Image:
A soldier stands guard next to a rescue train after the hijack by separatist militants. Pic: Reuters

The train was hijacked on Tuesday as it entered a tunnel in Bolan, a district in the southwestern province of Balochistan.

The Jaffar Express was packed with 440 people, including women and children, Mr Chaudhry told local broadcaster Dunya TV.

He added that “militants were in touch with their handlers and masterminds in Afghanistan via satellite phones” during the incident.

Passengers rescued by security forces from a passenger train attacked by insurgents arrive at a railway station in Quetta, Pakistan, Wednesday, March 12, 2025. (AP Photo/Arshad Butt)
Image:
Passengers rescued by security forces from the hijacked train. Pic: AP

The train was on a 1,000-mile journey from Quetta to the city of Peshawar.

Militants blew up the railway tracks before firing at the train, killing the driver and trapping it inside a tunnel at Mashkaf.

Security forces exchanged gunfire with the militants who were wearing vests loaded with explosives.

The train was hijacked as it entered a tunnel in Bolan, Pakistan
Image:
The train was hijacked as it entered a tunnel in Bolan, Pakistan

‘God saved us’

Noor Muhammad, who was travelling with his wife, said: “First, they hit the engine with an RPG (rocket-propelled grenade).

“After that, gunfire started and explosions were heard, RPGs were used. God saved us.

“They made us get off (the train) and told us to get down or they would shoot. We got down and then they said ‘leave’.”

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Passengers rescued by security forces from a passenger train attacked by insurgents comfort each other upon their arrival at a railway station in Quetta, Pakistan, Wednesday, March 12, 2025. (AP Photo/Arshad Butt)
Image:
Officials said a large number of the hostages had been rescued. Pic: AP

Bashir Yousaf, who was with his family, said: “Everyone was crying and passengers were shouting, everyone was lying on the floor trying to save their lives.

“The sound of gunfire was coming from everywhere, then they (insurgents) told us to get down.

“After getting off we were told not to look back. I just kept walking without looking back to save my family’s lives.”

A paramilitary soldier takes position at a railway station near the attack site of a passenger train by insurgents, in Mushkaf in Bolan district of Pakistan's southwestern Balochistan province, Wednesday, March 12, 2025. (AP Photo)
Image:
A soldier keeps watch near to the scene of the hijacked train. Pic: AP

Mr Chaudhry added to Dunya TV that security forces “first took out some of the militants and then began clearing compartment by compartment killing the militants”.

He said the total number of militants was 33, and added that no passenger was hurt or killed during rescue operations.

However, he added that before “the final clearance,” 21 people were killed by the militants. Four Frontier Corps soldiers were also killed.

“Perpetrators will be hunted down and will be brought to justice,” he said. “This incident of the Jaffar Express changes the rules of the game.”

Paramilitary soldiers and police officers deploy at a railway station near the attack site of a passenger train by insurgents, in Mushkaf in Bolan district of Pakistan's southwestern Balochistan province, Wednesday, March 12, 2025. (AP Photo)
Image:
Soldiers and police have been deployed at sites close to the hijacking. Pic AP

Earlier in the day, Pakistan’s Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif condemned the attack and said security officials were “repelling” the militants, while interior minister Mohsin Naqvi called the attackers “enemies” of the country.

The BLA – designated a terrorist organisation by the UK – had demanded the release of Baloch political prisoners, activists, and missing persons within 48 hours.

It had threatened to start executing the hostages if the government did not fulfil its demands.

The group often targets infrastructure and security forces in Balochistan but has also struck in other areas, including the southern port city Karachi and the strategic port of Gwadar on the Arabian Sea.

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Pakistan: Hostages killed after separatist militants hijack train carrying hundreds of passengers

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Pakistan: Hostages killed after separatist militants hijack train carrying hundreds of passengers

Hostages have been killed after separatist militants hijacked a train carrying hundreds of passengers in Pakistan, authorities have said.

The Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) claimed responsibility for the attack and said they had killed 50 people on the train that was carrying more than 400.

Government officials have not confirmed how many hostages have been killed. Sarfraz Bugti, the chief minister in Balochistan province, said “we people have also been martyred, but we will share details later”.

More than 50 militants have been killed and the insurgent attack has now ended after a day-long stand-off, according to officials.

A soldier stands guard next to a rescue train after the hijack by separatist militants. Pic: Reuters
Image:
A soldier stands guard next to a rescue train after the hijack by separatist militants. Pic: Reuters

Security officials told the Associated Press news agency that more than 300 hostages had been rescued.

Pakistan’s junior interior minister Talal Chaudhry said 70 to 80 attackers had hijacked the train.

A Pakistani government spokesman described the attack as “an act of terrorism”.

Passengers who have been freed described how gunfire was “coming from everywhere”.

Passengers rescued by security forces from a passenger train attacked by insurgents arrive at a railway station in Quetta, Pakistan, Wednesday, March 12, 2025. (AP Photo/Arshad Butt)
Image:
Passengers rescued by security forces from the hijacked train. Pic: AP

The train was hijacked on Tuesday as it entered a tunnel in Bolan, a district in the southwestern province of Balochistan.

The Jaffar Express was packed with 425 people, including women and children.

The train was on a 1,000-mile journey from Quetta to the city of Peshawar.

Militants blew up the railway tracks before firing at the train, killing the driver and trapping it inside a tunnel at Mashkaf.

Security forces exchanged gunfire with the militants who were wearing vests loaded with explosives.

The train was hijacked as it entered a tunnel in Bolan, Pakistan
Image:
The train was hijacked as it entered a tunnel in Bolan, Pakistan

Passengers rescued by security forces from a passenger train attacked by insurgents comfort each other upon their arrival at a railway station in Quetta, Pakistan, Wednesday, March 12, 2025. (AP Photo/Arshad Butt)
Image:
Officials said a large number of the hostages had been rescued. Pic: AP

Noor Muhammad, who was travelling with his wife, said: “First, they hit the engine with an RPG (rocket-propelled grenade).

“After that, gunfire started and explosions were heard, RPGs were used. God saved us. They made us get off (the train) and told us to get down or they would shoot. We got down and then they said ‘leave’.”

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Bashir Yousaf, who was with his family, said: “Everyone was crying and passengers were shouting, everyone was lying on the floor trying to save their lives.

“The sound of gunfire was coming from everywhere, then they (insurgents) told us to get down.

“After getting off we were told not to look back. I just kept walking without looking back to save my family’s lives.”

A paramilitary soldier takes position at a railway station near the attack site of a passenger train by insurgents, in Mushkaf in Bolan district of Pakistan's southwestern Balochistan province, Wednesday, March 12, 2025. (AP Photo)
Image:
A soldier keeps watch near to the scene of the hijacked train. Pic: AP

Paramilitary soldiers and police officers deploy at a railway station near the attack site of a passenger train by insurgents, in Mushkaf in Bolan district of Pakistan's southwestern Balochistan province, Wednesday, March 12, 2025. (AP Photo)
Image:
Soldiers and police have been deployed at sites close to the hijacking. Pic AP

Pakistan’s Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif condemned the attack and said security officials were “repelling” the militants, while interior minister Mohsin Naqvi called the attackers “enemies” of Pakistan.

The BLA had demanded the release of Baloch political prisoners, activists, and missing persons within 48 hours.

It had threatened to start executing the hostages if the government did not fulfil its demands.

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