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By Tarun Sai Lomte May 4 2023 Reviewed by Lily Ramsey, LLM

A recent study published in the Zoonoses and Public Health Journal summarized the current knowledge on the Tahyna virus (TAHV).

Study:  Ťahyňa virus—A widespread, but neglected mosquito-borne virus in Europe. Image Credit: xpixel/Shutterstock.com Background

TAHV is a human pathogen of the California serogroup (CSG) orthobunyaviruses. It is a spherical enveloped virus around 100 nm in diameter, with three segments of negative-sense single-stranded RNA as the genome.

The genome is about 13 kb in size, and the segments are labeled as small (S), medium (M), and large (L). The S segment encodes a non-structural protein and the nucleocapsid.

The M segment encodes a polyprotein cleaved into two glycoproteins and a non-structural protein, whereas the L segment encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The bunyaviral non-structural proteins might be pathogenic factors in vertebrates. TAHV was the first pathogenic arbovirus isolated from mosquitos in Europe.

TAHV transmission occurs via endemic mosquitos, with mammals as vertebrate hosts. Research attention shifted toward the medical significance of the virus when it was isolated from sick/hospitalized children.

Valtice fever, caused by TAHV, manifests as a febrile summer illness with laryngitis, nausea, and atypical pneumonia, particularly in children.

Acute neurologic symptoms also occur but in relatively fewer cases. There are no reports of fatalities. Given the widespread distribution of TAHV in Central Europe, it should be studied from a public health perspective.

The present study’s authors discussed the available knowledge on TAHV history, geographic distribution, transmission, diagnosis, and clinical manifestations. Ecology, hosts, and vectors of TAHV

TAHV transmission in endemic regions occurs in deciduous/mixed woodland forests with trees withstanding floods. TAHV outbreaks have been mainly recorded in southern Moravia and southern/eastern Slovakia. Related StoriesStudy indicates that targeted interventions strengthening HIV antiretroviral therapy initiation are criticalWhat is the risk for symptomatic H5N1 virus infection in humans?Study suggests the zoonotic-like avian H3N8 virus has limited efficiency for human-to-human transmission and is unlikely to cause severe disease in humans

Serologic investigations report increased TAHV exposure in flooded areas and regions adjacent to rivers, where floodplain mosquitos exist. TAHV was also detected in several biotopes in Asia.

Studies indicate that European hares are the likely amplifying hosts of TAHV. Experimental studies showed that Central Europe-endemic mammalian species develop viremia and TAHV-specific antibodies. However, only hares and rabbits have been established as competent hosts. Although infection in primates caused viremia and induced antibodies, the animals lacked clinical symptoms.

One study observed a febrile period of up to four days, reduced motility, and weakness in chimpanzees infected subcutaneously. Serosurveys detected TAHV-reactive antibodies in red deer, wild boars, fallow deer, mouflons, red deer, horses, cattle, wild rodents, European brown bears, and domestic sheep.

TAHV has been isolated from several mosquito species, including Aedes vexans, A. cinereus, and A. caspius, with many studies implicating A. vexans as the primary vector. Disease and diagnosis

Valtice fever may manifest from mild febrile illness to aseptic meningoencephalitis. TAHV infection causes symptoms similar to those caused by other CSG orthobunyaviruses, such as California encephalitis and La Crosse viruses. The main symptoms include severe headage, accompanied by nausea and dizziness.

Other symptoms include atypical pneumonia, anorexia, conjunctivitis, myalgia, laryngitis, and gastrointestinal symptoms typical of encephalitic orthobunyaviruses.

Only a small proportion of infected individuals may develop pleocytosis or severe meningitis. Serosurveys in endemic regions of Czechoslovakia revealed a high seroprevalence of up to 70%.

TAHV was isolated for the first time from a human with a natural infection in 1972. Subsequently, it was isolated from hospitalized children with acute fever. TAHV seropositivity has been documented in several European countries like Hungary, Austria, Yugoslavia, Croatia, Albania, and Russia. China, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan have also reported TAHV infections.

Serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) detection is the basis of TAHV diagnosis, with virus neutralization tests accepted as the gold standard. TAHV infection could be diagnosed using a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test.

Although TAHV infections are prevalent, disease incidence is often underreported due to the lack of diagnostic tests. As such, TAHV infections remain underdiagnosed in several countries. Concluding remarks

In summary, while TAHV remains endemic to Central Europe, with a larger geographic distribution, there is limited data on fundamental ecological and virological aspects.

Mosquito surveillance should also involve screening for TAHV. Although TAHV causes a relatively mild illness, the manifestation of neurologic symptoms cannot be overlooked.

Above all, high temperatures and increased flooding events in summer could lead to TAHV transmission; therefore, control strategies and serologic surveys should be implemented in regions where TAHV or its vectors exist. Journal reference:

Mravcová, K., Camp, J.V., Hubálek, Z., Šikutová, S., Vaux, A.G.C., Medlock, J.M. & Rudolf, I. (2023) Ťahyňa virus—A widespread, but neglected mosquito‐borne virus in Europe. Zoonoses and Public Health. doi: 10.1111/zph.13042 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/zph.13042

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Truck driver found guilty of murdering wife after her remains were found under stairs

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Truck driver found guilty of murdering wife after her remains were found under stairs

A truck driver has been found guilty of murdering his wife, whose remains were found under the stairs at their home in Ireland.

Richard Satchwell, originally from Leicester, had denied the murder of Tina Satchwell on a date between 19 March and 20 March 2017.

Her skeletal remains were discovered at the Co Cork property in October 2023, six years after her husband reported her missing.

The Briton, 58, did not react as the unanimous verdict was read to the Central Criminal Court in Dublin.

Tina Satchwell went missing from her home in Youghal in March 2017
Image:
Tina Satchwell

The jury had been deliberating since Tuesday afternoon.

During the five-week trial, jurors heard from more than 50 witnesses, including police officers involved in the investigation.

Police discovered Mrs Satchwell’s remains buried under the stairs in the living room of their home. Her badly decomposed body was wrapped in a soiled sheet and covered with a black plastic sheet.

She was wearing pyjamas with a dressing gown, with the belt of the gown wrapped around her.

A state pathologist said she could not establish the exact cause of death because of how decomposed the body was.

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During police interviews, Satchwell said that on the morning of 20 March 2017 he found his wife standing at the bottom of the stairs with a chisel in her hand, scraping off the plasterboard, and claimed she came at him with the object and he fell back on to the floor.

He said Mrs Satchwell tried to stab him multiple times with the chisel and he grabbed her clothing and restrained her by putting the belt of the robe against her neck.

Satchwell said that in a very short period of time she went limp and fell into his arms.

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He said he put her body on the sofa in the living room, before moving her to the chest freezer and then burying her under the stairs.

Relatives of Mrs Satchwell wept as the guilty verdict was returned.

He will be sentenced on 4 June.

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More than 40% of Europe slides into drought, including pockets of Greece, southern Italy and Spain

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More than 40% of Europe slides into drought, including pockets of Greece, southern Italy and Spain

Well over a third of Europe, including parts of holiday destinations like Spain, Greece and Italy, are now in drought.

March was Europe’s warmest on record – a trend driven by climate change – and also saw below average rain across large parts of the north and east of the continent.

Now 41.2% of Europe finds itself in some form of drought, according to the latest update from the EU’s European Drought Observatory, which covers 11 to 20 May.

It is most acute in pockets of south-eastern Spain, Cyprus, Greece and Albania, where the strongest “alert” category has been issued, as well as parts of Poland and Ukraine.

But broad stretches of northern and eastern Europe through France, Germany, Poland and Ukraine also drying up, sowing concerns about crop yields.

On Thursday, the UK’s Environment Agency officially declared a drought in North West England after river and reservoir levels were licked away by a dry spring.

More than 40% of Europe was in drought as of 11-20 May 2025. Pic: CEMS /  EDO
Image:
More than 40% of Europe was in drought as of 11-20 May 2025. Pic: CEMS / EDO

Heat was record high in March in Europe, while the south of the continent was much wetter than average and the north much drier. Source: Copernicus Climate Change Service
Image:
Heat was record high in March in Europe. The image on the right shows the south of the continent was much wetter than average and the north much drier. Source: Copernicus Climate Change Service

Greece tourism is ‘unsustainable’

In Greece, “overtourism” from millions flocking to its beaches adds further pressure to water supplies, said Nikitas Mylopoulos, professor of water resource management at Thessaly University.

“The tourist sector is unsustainable and there is no planning… leading to a tremendous rise in water demand in summer,” he told Sky News.

“The islands have an intense problem of drought and water scarcity.”

Islands like Santorini and Mykonos are now forced to ship in water from Athens or desalination plants to provide for showers and swimming pools. In the past, many residents could make do with local methods like rainwater harvesting.

But agriculture is a far bigger drain on the country’s water, with waste rife and policies lacking, said Prof Mylopoulos.

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‘Tropical nights’ soar in European hotspots

Wildfire season could be ‘particularly difficult’

This year’s hot and dry conditions are also fuelling the risk of yet another fierce wildfire season in Greece.

Last week civil protection minister Ioannis Kefalogiannis warned of a “particularly difficult” summer.

He said a record 18,000 firefighters have been deployed and the drone fleet almost doubled in a bid to combat fires being fuelled by a hotter climate.

Droughts and their causes are more complicated, but scientists at World Weather Attribution say global warming is exacerbating drought in some parts of the world, including around the Mediterranean.

A family of geese walk across a partially dried-out section of the bed of the Woodhead Reservoir after a prolonged period without rain, which resulted in water levels dropping, near Tintwistle, Britain, May 13, 2025. REUTERS/Phil Noble
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A drought was declared in northwest England on Thursday. Pic: Reuters

They found the drought of 2022, which spread across the Northern Hemisphere, was made 20 times more likely by climate change.

The International Hydropower Association said drought and intense rain in Europe are pushing power plants to “operate at the limits of their existing equipment”.

Extreme weather costs the EU about €28.3bn (£23.8bn) in lost crops and livestock per year, according to insurance firm Howden.

Hayley Fowler, professor of climate change impacts at Newcastle University, said: “With global warming, we expect more prolonged and intense droughts and heatwaves punctuated by more intense rainfall, possibly causing flash floods.

“In recent years, we have experienced more of these atmospheric blocks, causing record heat and persistent drought, as well as severe flooding in other locations in Europe.

“Recent months have been no different, with prolonged dry conditions and heatwaves in northern Europe and floods in southern Europe.”

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Former Sinn Fein leader awarded thousands in damages after winning libel action against BBC

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Former Sinn Fein leader awarded thousands in damages after winning libel action against BBC

Former Sinn Fein leader Gerry Adams has been awarded €100,000 (£84,000) in damages after winning his defamation action against the BBC.

The 76-year-old had claimed a BBC Spotlight programme and an online article published in 2016 defamed him by alleging he sanctioned the murder of former Sinn Fein official Denis Donaldson, for which he denies any involvement.

A jury at the High Court in Dublin found in his favour on Friday after determining that was the meaning of words included in the programme and article.

It also found the BBC’s actions were not in good faith and the corporation had not acted in a fair and reasonable way.

Mr Donaldson, 55, was shot dead at a cottage near Glenties, County Donegal in 2006, months after being exposed as a British agent.

The dissident republican group the Real IRA claimed responsibility for the killing in 2009 and a Garda investigation is ongoing.

During the civil defamation trial, Mr Adams claimed the Spotlight programme was an “attempted hatchet job” that was “full of inaccuracies”.

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The programme featured an anonymous source named “Martin” who said that murders had to be approved by the political and military leadership of the IRA. When pressed on who he was referring to, “Martin” replied: “Gerry Adams. He gives the final say”.

Mr Adams, who spent seven days in the witness box during the trial, described the allegation as a “grievous smear”.

He told the court that he had “liked” Mr Donaldson and was “shocked” to learn of his murder.

“Personally, I think Denis Donaldson was a victim of the conflict. I don’t see any other way of describing it,” he said.

Gerry Adams outside the High Court in Dublin.
Pic: PA
Image:
Gerry Adams outside the High Court in Dublin. Pic: PA

Martin McGuinnes, Denis Donaldson and Gerry Adams.
Pic: PA
Image:
From left: Former IRA commander Martin McGuinness, Denis Donaldson and Gerry Adams. Pic: PA

Speaking outside court after the verdict, Mr Adams, who spoke in both Irish and English, said this case was “about putting manners on the British Broadcasting Corporation”.

Mr Adams told reporters: “The British Broadcasting Corporation upholds the ethos of the British state in Ireland, and in my view it’s out of sync in many, many fronts with the Good Friday Agreement.

“It hasn’t caught on to where we are on this island as part of the process, the continuing process, of building peace and justice, and harmony, and, hopefully, in the time ahead, unity.”

Mr Adams added that he was “very mindful of the Donaldson family” in the course of the case.

He continued: “I want to say that the Justice Minister Jim O’Callaghan should meet the family of Denis Donaldson as quickly as possible, and that there’s an onus on both governments and everyone else, and I include myself in this, to try and deal with these legacy issues as best that we can.”

Gerry Adams speaks to media.
Pic: Reuters
Image:
Gerry Adams speaks to media.
Pic: Reuters

Asked what the outcome of the case might mean for his reputation, Mr Adams replied: “I’ve always been satisfied with my reputation.

“Obviously, like yourself, we all have flaws in our character, but the jury made the decision and let’s accept the outcome, and I think let’s accept what the jury said.”

Mr Adams’s legal team sought at least €200,000 (£168,000) in damages. The former Sinn Fein president had said he would give any award received to good causes.

His testimony during the trial was wide-ranging, including a lengthy account of his early years and political awakenings. At times, he became emotional as he recalled past events.

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Gerry Adams outside the High Court in Dublin.
Pic: PA
Image:
Gerry Adams outside the High Court in Dublin. Pic: PA

The BBC denied it defamed Mr Adams and claimed the Spotlight programme and article were put out in good faith and during the course of discussion on a subject of public and vital interest.

It defended its “responsible journalism” and said that it was the result of careful investigation. The BBC also argued it was merely reporting allegations, rather than standing over them.

The British public service broadcaster also argued it would be a “cruel joke” to award the former Sinn Fein president any damages.

The scene of the 2006 murder of Sinn Fein member and British spy Denis Donaldson.
File pic: PA
Image:
The scene of the 2006 murder of Sinn Fein member and British informant Denis Donaldson.
File pic: PA

Adam Smyth, director of BBC Northern Ireland, expressed disappointment at the outcome of the case.

Speaking to media outside court, Mr Smyth said: “We believe we supplied extensive evidence to the court of the careful editorial processes and journalistic diligence applied to this programme, and to the accompanying online article.

“Moreover, it was accepted by the court and conceded by Gerry Adams’ legal team that the Spotlight broadcast and publication were of the highest public interest.

“We didn’t want to come to court but it was important that we defend our journalism and we stand by that decision.

“[Northern Ireland’s] past is difficult terrain for any jury and we thank them for their diligence and careful consideration of the issues in this case.

“The implications of their decision, though, are profound. As our legal team made clear, if the BBC’s case cannot be won under existing Irish defamation law, it is hard to see how anyone’s could, and they warned how today’s decision would hinder freedom of expression.”

Director of BBC Northern Ireland, Adam Smyth, outside the High Court in Dublin.
Pic: PA
Image:
Director of BBC Northern Ireland, Adam Smyth, outside the High Court in Dublin.
Pic: PA

Journalist Jennifer O'Leary outside the High Court.
Pic: PA
Image:
BBC Spotlight journalist Jennifer O’Leary outside the High Court. Pic: PA

BBC Spotlight reporter Jennifer O’Leary said: “I said in the witness box that I had nothing to hide, only sources to protect, and I want to thank them for trusting me.

“I’m a big believer in trying your best in life and going about your business with integrity, and I want to pay a particular tribute to our witnesses in court, senator Michael McDowell, Trevor Ringland, and in particular Ann Travers, who spoke so courageously.

“There are thousands of Ann Travers across this island and in Britain, victims and survivors of the Troubles, and in the years of violence after the peace agreement … those people carry the burden of their grief and trauma with incredible dignity and courage, and they are the people I am thinking of, I know my colleagues are also thinking of. I am thinking of all of them today.”

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