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Scientists have published the first human “pangenome” — a full genetic sequence that incorporates genomes from not just one individual, but 47. 

These 47 individuals hail from around the globe and thus vastly increase the diversity of the genomes represented in the sequence, compared to the previous full human genome sequence that scientists use as their reference for study. The first human genome sequence was released with some gaps in 2003 and only made “gapless” in 2022. If that first human genome is a simple linear string of genetic code, the new pangenome is a series of branching paths.

The ultimate goal of the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium, which published the first draft of the pangenome on Wednesday (May 10) in the journal Nature (opens in new tab) , is to sequence at least 350 individuals from different populations around the world. Although 99.9% of the genome is the same from person to person, there is a lot of diversity found in that final 0.1%. 

“Rather than using a single genome sequence as our coordinate system, we should instead have a representation that is based on the genomes of many different people so we can better capture genetic diversity in humans,” Melissa Gymrek (opens in new tab) , a genetics researcher at the University of California, San Diego, who was not involved in the project, told Live Science. 

Related: More than 150 ‘made-from-scratch’ genes are in the human genome. 2 are totally unique to us. 

The newly drafted human pangenome is a collection of different genomes from which to compare an individual genome sequence. Like a map of the subway system, the pangenome graph has many possible routes for a sequence to take, represented by the different colors.   The detouring paths at the top of the image represent single nucleotide variants (SNVs), which are single letter differences. The yellow path that loops around itself and repeats the same nucleotides represents a duplication variant. The pink path that loops counterclockwise and follows the nucleotide sequence backwards represents an inversion variant. At the bottom, the green and dark blue paths miss the C nucleotide in its route and represent a deletion variant. The light blue path, which has extra nucleotides in its route, represents an insertion variant. (Image credit: Darryl Leja, NHGRI) A reference for health 

The first full human genome sequence was completed in 2003 by the Human Genome Project and was based on one person’s DNA. Later, bits and pieces from about 20 other individuals were added, but 70% of the sequence scientists use to benchmark genetic variation still comes from a single person. 

Geneticists use the reference genome as a guide when sequencing pieces of people’s genetic codes, Arya Massarat (opens in new tab) , a doctoral student in Gymrek’s lab who co-authored an editorial about the new research with her in the journal Nature, told Live Science. They match the newly decoded DNA snippets to the reference to figure out how they fit within the genome as a whole. They also use the reference genome as a standard to pinpoint genetic variations — different versions of genes that diverge from the reference — that might be linked with health conditions. 

But with a single reference mostly from one person, scientists have only a limited window of genetic diversity to study.

The first pangenome draft now doubles the number of large genome variants, known as structural variants, that scientists can detect, bringing them up to 18,000. These are places in the genome where large chunks have been deleted, inserted or rearranged. The new draft also adds 119 million new base pairs, meaning the paired “letters” that make up the DNA sequence, and 1,115 new gene duplication mutations to the previous version of the human genome.

“It really is understanding and cataloging these differences between genomes that allow us to understand how cells operate and their biology and how they function, as well as understanding genetic differences and how they contribute to understanding human disease,” study co-author Karen Miga (opens in new tab) , a geneticist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, said at a press conference held May 9. 

The pangenome could help scientists get a better grasp of complex conditions in which genes play an influential role, such as autism, schizophrenia, immune disorders and coronary heart disease, researchers involved with the study said at the press conference. 

For example, the Lipoprotein A gene is known to be one of the biggest risk factors for coronary heart disease in African Americans, but the specific genetic changes involved are complex and poorly understood, study co-author Evan Eichler (opens in new tab) , a genomics researcher at the University of Washington in Seattle, told reporters. With the pangenome, researchers can now more thoroughly compare the variation in people with heart disease and without, and this could help clarify individuals’ risk of heart disease based on what variants of the gene they carry. 

Related: As little as 1.5% of our genome is ‘uniquely human’  A diverse understanding 

The current pangenome draft used data from participants in the 1000 Genomes Project, which was the first attempt to sequence genomes from a large number of people from around the world. The included participants had agreed for their genetic sequences to be anonymized and included in publicly available databases. 

The new study also used advanced sequencing technology called “long-read sequencing,” as opposed to the short-read sequencing that came before. Short-read sequencing is what happens when you send your DNA to a company like 23andMe, Eichler said. Researchers read out small segments of DNA and then stitch them together into a whole. This kind of sequencing can capture a decent amount of genetic variation, but there can be poor overlap between each DNA fragment. Long-read sequencing, on the other hand, captures big segments of DNA all at once. RELATED STORIES—Humans’ big-brain genes may have come from ‘junk DNA’

—Rosalind Franklin knew DNA was a helix before Watson and Crick, unpublished material reveals

—Smallest genome of living creature discovered 

While it’s possible to sequence a genome with short-read sequencing for about $500, long-read sequencing is still expensive, costing about $10,000 a genome, Eichler said. The price is coming down, however, and the pangenome team hopes to sequence their next batches of genomes at half that cost or less. 

The researchers are working to recruit new participants to continue to fill in diversity gaps in the pangenome, study co-author Eimear Kenny (opens in new tab) , a professor of medicine and genetics at  the Institute for Genomic Health at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City, told reporters. Because genetic information is sensitive and because different rules govern data-sharing and privacy in different countries, this is delicate work. Issues include privacy, informed consent, and the possibility of discrimination based on genetic information, Kenny said. 

Already, researchers are uncovering new genetic processes with the draft pangenome. In two papers published in Nature alongside the work, researchers looked at highly repetitive segments of the genome. These segments have traditionally been difficult to study, biochemist Brian McStay (opens in new tab) of the National University of Ireland Galway, told Live Science, because sequencing them via short-read technology makes it hard to understand how they fit together. The long read technology allows for long chunks of these repetitive sequences to be read at once. 

The studies found that in one type of repetitive sequence (opens in new tab) , known as segmental duplications, there is a larger than expected amount of variation, potentially a mechanism for the long-term evolution of new functions for genes. In another type of repetitive sequence (opens in new tab) that is responsible for building the cellular machines that create new proteins, though, the genome stays remarkably stable. The pangenome allowed researchers to discover a potential mechanism for how these key segments of DNA stay consistent over time.

“This is just the start,” McStay said. “There will be a whole lot of new biology that will come out of this.”

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‘We’re a very dangerous team now’: What all this winning means for the Red Sox’s trade deadline plans

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July 22, 2025

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'We're a very dangerous team now': What all this winning means for the Red Sox's trade deadline plans

  • Jesse RogersJul 22, 2025, 07:00 AM ET

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      Jesse joined ESPN Chicago in September 2009 and covers MLB for ESPN.com.

Just over a month ago, the Boston Red Sox traded Rafael Devers to the San Francisco Giants in a blockbuster deal that sent shockwaves through the industry. At the time of the trade, the Red Sox were just a game over .500. They went 3-7 in their first 10 games without Devers and looked to be fading out of contention.

As the team fell in the standings, rumors began to circulate that the slugging designated hitter wouldn’t be the only star traded out of Boston. But a 10-game win streak before the All-Star break has vaulted the Red Sox into the thick of the playoff race and provided some clarity about their trade deadline plans.

“Throughout the whole year, we thought we had a really good team,” assistant GM Paul Toboni told ESPN over the weekend. “We were kind of waiting for it to click. That streak reconfirmed the thought that we had a good team.”

Boston doesn’t have a lot of expiring contracts, so even without the win streak, a complete teardown was unlikely. Still, trading some of its outfield depth was a possibility. The Red Sox rank in the top 10 in OPS in right field, center field and left field thanks to Jarren Duran, Roman Anthony, Ceddanne Rafaela and Wilyer Abreu.

With that group helping the Red Sox hold an American League wild-card spot, the front office is likely to add pitching, according to sources familiar with their situation, while retaining the abundance of outfielders unless the club is blown away with an offer in the next 10 days.

“Having a surplus of good players isn’t a bad thing,” Toboni said. “The high-end depth is a really good thing. It’s not like we’re anxious to move away from that.”

With their outfield situation likely to be addressed in the offseason, the Red Sox have winning on their minds. A young core, highlighted by the arrival of Anthony and infielder Marcelo Mayer, has had some time to adjust to the majors, leaving the team’s veterans excited about the coming months.

“These guys have been here for a few months now,” Red Sox third baseman Alex Bregman said. “We’re starting to learn who we are as a group. The adjustments are being made quicker at this time of the year. It didn’t start out that way, but guys are wanting to learn and get better. You can see that in our growth this year.”

Bregman watched closely while he was out of the lineup because of a quad injury he sustained at the end of May. He has seen what winning baseball looks like during his time in Houston. It has taken the young Red Sox some time to get there.

“We’re a very dangerous team now, especially when we’re prepared and executing,” Bregman said. “We’ve played good for a while now.

“People will say this is a hot streak, but I believe this is who we are.”

As the calendar inches toward August, that’s the sentiment throughout the clubhouse, where the veterans who have been through the uncertainty of trade season are relieved to spend the next two weeks without trade chatter.

“The run we went on before the All-Star break, it was good. We needed something like that to get us back in the mix, restore some confidence,” starting pitcher Lucas Giolito said. “Right now, staying in the present is important, but I don’t think we have guys in this room too worried they’re going to get dealt or anything anymore.”

Two players who were brought in over the offseason might be the most relieved.

All-Star closer Aroldis Chapman, who has a 1.18 ERA and 17 saves, could have been one of Boston’s most sought-after deadline trade candidates had the front office elected to deal him.

When asked about possibly being moved, the 37-year-old, who is playing for his seventh major league club, smiled as he responded through his interpreter: “The team is in good shape.”

Fellow Boston pitcher Walker Buehler added: “It’s probably good timing to hopefully push the front office to go out and buy and help us make a run. We did our part at the end of the first half there. I want to stay here and be part of it. Don’t want to be on the wrong side of a trade.”

Though they might have done enough to convince the front office to stick with the current veterans, the Red Sox have some of their toughest work ahead of them. According to ESPN Research, they have the hardest remaining schedule for the rest of the month and sixth hardest for the rest of the season, but manager Alex Cora isn’t interested in looking at the stretch run — or what Boston’s first postseason berth since 2021 would mean.

Instead, he believes that if the players can keep attacking each day, the rest will take care of itself.

“I promised myself I’m going to stay in the moment,” Cora said. “It doesn’t do the group any good to start talking about that. We have to win games. It’s not to put pressure on the front office or ownership. It’s what we need to do for us to play in October.”

Opposing teams are asking for “outrageous returns” for pitching, according to league sources, but if the asking prices become more reasonable closer to the deadline, expect the Red Sox to be involved. Until then, they are focused on riding their July momentum while navigating a tough schedule.

“Time to keep it locked in,” Giolito said. “We’ll be welcoming whatever help comes.”

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Environment

Aventon Sinch 2 folding e-bike at $1,399 low, Autel AC Lite 50A level 2 EV charger $455, NIU KQi 300X e-scooter $750, EcoFlow, more

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July 22, 2025

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Aventon Sinch 2 folding e-bike at ,399 low, Autel AC Lite 50A level 2 EV charger 5, NIU KQi 300X e-scooter 0, EcoFlow, more

Today’s Green Deals are all about EVs and power stations, with our headliner being Aventon’s Sinch 2 Folding e-bike at its $1,399 low. Right behind it, we have Autel’s MaxiCharger AC Lite Home Level 2 EV charger down at $455, as well as NIU’s KQi 300X All-Terrain Suspension Electric Scooter for $750. From there we have four limited-time EcoFlow member-only solar generator bundle deals at up to 56% off, Anker’s SOLIX C1000 power station, and a one-day-only sale on Anker’s SOLIX BP1000X expansion battery for the previously mentioned station. All these and more are waiting for you below. Plus, there’s all the hangover savings at the bottom of the page, like yesterday’s Anker PowerCore Reserve dropping under $90, Schumacher’s new portable level 1 EV charger, and more.

Head below for other New Green Deals we’ve found today and, of course, Electrek’s best EV buying and leasing deals. Also, check out the new Electrek Tesla Shop for the best deals on Tesla accessories.

Aventon’s space-saving Sinch 2 folding e-bike brings utility to your commutes for up to 55 miles at its $1,399 low

Among the selection of Aventon e-bikes retaining their post-July 4th Sale lows, we wanted to shine a spotlight on the brand’s Sinch 2 Folding e-bike that is still down at $1,399 shipped. Normally going for $1,699 at full price, we’ve mostly seen this model discounted to $1,499 over the last year, with more recent sales dropping the costs to its $1,399 low, mostly in response to the launch of the upgraded Sinch 2.5 descendant model. You’ll be saving $300 off the going rate while the savings last, giving you a space-saving commuter at the best price we have tracked.

Aventon’s Sinch 2 e-bike is the second-generation legacy model among its folding series of commuters, with the frame providing more space-saving functionality when storing or transporting it. It comes equipped with a 500W rear-hub motor (peaking at 1,056W) alongside a 672Wh battery in order to reach top speeds of 20 MPH for up to 55 miles of travel while its four PAS levels are activated, which come supported by a torque sensor. Of course, you’ll gain added utility thanks to included features like the rear cargo rack, with others including the integrated front and rear lighting that sport turn signal functionality, an 8-speed derailleur, fenders to go over both 20 by 4-inch tires, an LCD smart “easy read” display, and more.

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You can check out the full lineup of Aventon’s current deals in our original coverage of these extended savings here, which include models like the Level 2 Commuter e-bike still down at its $1,399 annual low. You can also find the brand’s new Pace 4 Step-Through Cruiser e-bike that comes with an array of smart features still benefitting from its first-ever savings at $1,699 too.

man using Autel AC Lite 50A level 2 EV charger to charge EV

Install Autel’s MaxiCharger AC Lite level 2 EV charger at home for up to 50A speeds for $455

Through its official Amazon storefront, Autel is offering Prime members its MaxiCharger AC Lite Home Level 2 EV charger back at $455.20 shipped, which we’re also seeing matched in price direct from the brand’s website. While this model goes for $569 at full price directly from the manufacturer, we’ve regularly been seeing it keep down to this same rate for most of 2025, with things only falling lower in that period to $450 during Prime Day two weeks ago. You can take advantage of the 20% savings that cuts $114 off the tag for the third-lowest price we have tracked – $56 above the low from Black Friday.

If you want to learn more about this at-home EV charger, be sure to check out our original coverage of this deal here.

man posing on NIU KQi 300X electric scooter

NIU’s 37-mile trekking KQi 300X all-terrain e-scooter with hydraulic suspension and regen braking at $750

NIU’s official Amazon storefront is now offering its KQi 300X All-Terrain Suspension Electric Scooter for $749.99 shipped, which is also matching in price direct from NIU’s website. While this higher-end model from the brand would cost you $1,299 at full price, it keeps down between $1,049 and $1,198 at Amazon on average. From January to late June we mostly saw discounts taking things to $999, with more recent price cuts seeing drops lower to $919 and $899. While the deal here lasts, you’re looking at a 42% markdown from its MSRP, with up to $549 in savings landing it at the best price we’ve tracked in 2025, only beaten out by the $731 low we last saw in October 2024.

If you want to learn more about this NIU e-scooter, be sure to check out our original coverage of this deal here.

EcoFlow DELTA Pro power station sitting next tow extra battery and solar panel in yard

Score up to 56% savings on four EcoFlow bundles like the DELTA Pro with a 400W panel at $2,169

As part of EcoFlow’s current post-Prime Day power deals, the brand is offering up to 56% off four members-only bundle units through July 24, with sign-up being free, though we’re also seeing these or lower prices at Amazon for Prime members. Among the offers, a notable standout is the DELTA Pro Solar Generator bundle with a 400W panel that is down at $2,169 shipped, and also matching in price at Amazon. This package would normally run you $4,898 from the brand at full price, while we see it keep down at $3,999 at Amazon on average. This opportunity also beats out the costs of two of the current flash sale offers that give you the station, panel, and protective bag for $2,428 (though you won’t get the bag that adds $99 to that price). You’re looking at a 56% markdown with this bundle deal, saving you up to $2,729 at the second-lowest price we have tracked.

If you want to learn more about this solar generator package, as well as the other bundle deals, be sure to check out our original coverage here.

man powering griddle with Anker SOLIX c1000 power station

Cover power needs on camping trips through Anker’s SOLIX C1000 station at $469

By way of its official Amazon storefront, Anker is offering its SOLIX C1000 Portable Power Station at $469 shipped, beating out the brand’s direct pricing by $50. While this model fetches $999 at full price directly from the brand, we see it keep down at $799 when at full price at Amazon, with discounts having taken things as low as $429 in the past, which was last seen two weeks ago during the Prime Day event. If you missed out on the pricing then, you’re still looking at a solid 41% markdown off the going rate here (53% off its MSRP), giving you up to $530 savings at the third-lowest price we have tracked.

If you want to learn more about this model, be sure to check out our original coverage of this deal here.

man and woman having picnic on beach with Anker SOLIX C1000 power station and expansion battery

Expand your Anker SOLIX C1000 station with the BP1000 add-on battery at a new $380 low for today only

As part of its Deals of the Day, Best Buy is giving folks a small window to expand their Anker SOLIX C1000 setup with the BP1000X Expansion Battery at $379.99 shipped, which beats out Amazon’s pricing of the standard model by $49 and Anker’s direct pricing by $419. You’d normally have to shell out $799 for this add-on gear at full price, which we’ve seen discounted as low as $400, the most recent of which was back at the tail-end of March. All the deals we’ve ever seen before are getting beaten out here for the rest of the day, with the 52% markdown saving you $419 at the best new price we have tracked.

If you want to learn more about this expansion battery, be sure to check out our original coverage of this one-day-only sale here.

Best Summer EV deals!

Best new Green Deals landing this week

The savings this week are also continuing to a collection of other markdowns. To the same tune as the offers above, these all help you take a more energy-conscious approach to your routine. Winter means you can lock in even better off-season price cuts on electric tools for the lawn while saving on EVs and tons of other gear.

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Environment

The Hyundai IONIQ 2 is an affordable little brother to the IONIQ 5 [images]

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3 hours ago

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July 22, 2025

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The Hyundai IONIQ 2 is an affordable little brother to the IONIQ 5 [images]

Hyundai-IONIQ-2

The Hyundai IONIQ 2 was just spotted out in public for the first time. Hyundai is expected to introduce the smaller, more affordable EV later this year. Here’s our first look at the IONIQ 5’s little brother.

The Hyundai IONIQ 2 is coming in just a few months

According to Xavier Martinet, president and CEO of Hyundai’s European operations, the new EV will debut “in the next few months.”

Hyundai is expected to showcase the electric crossover SUV at the Munich Motor Show in September. It will be underpinned by the same E-GMP platform that powers Hyundai’s other IONIQ models and the Kia EV lineup.

The new model is expected to arrive as the IONIQ 2, positioned between the Inster EV and Kona Electric in Hyundai’s electric vehicle lineup. Based on the same platform, Hyundai’s new EV will likely share components with the upcoming Kia EV2.

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Kia is launching the EV2, its smallest and most affordable EV, next year. The Hyundai IONIQ 2 is expected to arrive shortly after.

Ahead of its official debut, we are getting our first glimpse of Hyundai’s upcoming EV. A camouflaged prototype was spotted by Korean blogger ShortsCar in a parking garage.

Although it’s covered, the crossover SUV-like profile is still visible, similar to the EV2. You can also see Hyundai’s signature EV elements, such as pixelated lighting on the side mirrors and front LED headlights.

Like the EV3, it will likely be offered with several battery options, including a 58.3 kWh or 81.4 kWh battery pack. The standard range battery is rated for a WLTP range of 267 miles, while the extended range pack offers a range of up to 372 miles. Both variants are powered by a single front-mounted electric motor with 201 horsepower.

Hyundai-IONIQ-2
Kia Concept EV2 (Source: Kia)

Although it will share components with the EV2, the IONIQ 2, according to Autocar, will be a “step change” in terms of usability, featuring advanced new software and in-car features.

It will likely debut with Hyundai’s new Pleos software and infotainment system. The end-to-end software-defined platform connects everything from the vehicle’s infotainment to the operating system (OS) and then to the Cloud.

Hyundai-IONIQ-2-Pleos-infotainment
Hyundai’s next-gen infotainment system powered by Pleos (Source: Hyundai)

Hyundai plans to unlock new features, including self-driving capabilities and real-time data analysis. With an Android-based system, the infotainment system has a “smartphone-like UI,” offering new functions like multi-window viewing. It also comes with an AI voice assistant.

Hyundai-IONIQ-2
Kia EV3 Air in Frost Blue (Source: Kia UK)

Prices and final specs will be revealed closer to launch. However, given that the Kia EV3 starts at €35,990 ($42,500), the Hyundai IONIQ 2 is expected to start at around €30,000 ($35,400).

For those in the US, sorry to disappoint, but the IONIQ 2 is not likely to make the trip overseas. Hyundai is betting on bigger electric SUVs, including the IONIQ 5 and IONIQ 9.

The Kia EV3 is already the most popular retail EV in the UK. Will Hyundai’s IONIQ 2 see the same demand when it arrives?

Source: TheKoreanCarBlog, ShortsCar

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