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Russian forces launched a huge barrage of 18 missiles at Kyiv on Tuesday. All of them were shot down, Ukraine says.

Using “onion rings” of different guns and missiles provided by the West, Ukraine’s air defences are now increasingly successful at thwarting Russian launches.

From Stinger missiles that can be carried by a single soldier to the cutting edge Patriot systems, Ukraine now has a variety of options to defend its skies.

Sky News spoke to military analyst Philip Ingram about why Kyiv’s air defences are now so effective, and the psychological boost this gives the population.

But first let’s rewind back to 24 February 2022 and the early hours the full-scale invasion when Russia launched more than 100 missiles from land and sea.

Firefighters work at a site of a vehicle parking area damaged by remains of Russian missiles, amid Russia’s attack on Ukraine, in Kyiv, Ukraine May 16, 2023. Pavlo Petrov/Press service of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine in Kyiv/Handout via REUTERS ATTENTION EDITORS - THIS IMAGE HAS BEEN SUPPLIED BY A THIRD PARTY.
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Even after missiles are shot down, the debris that falls to the ground can cause damage – seen here in Kyiv on Tuesday

The missiles were fired at several cities including Kyiv and targeted air defence facilities and other military infrastructure. Sirens blared through the capital and the sounds of explosions could be heard downtown, catching many by surprise.

Fourteen months later, Ukraine is much better prepared.

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Overnight on Tuesday, Kremlin forces launched six Kinzhal hypersonic missiles, nine Kalibr cruise missiles and three ground-launched missiles as well as drones at Ukraine. All were shot down, the country’s air force said.

Ukraine is now shooting down around 96-98% of Russian missiles thanks to a number of defence elements working together, Mr Ingram tells Sky News.

‘Onion rings’ defence

“A layered air defence system is like a series of onion rings of air defence capability,” he said.

At the lowest level, Mr Ingram says, Ukraine has guns and some of the short-range missiles like the Starstreak man-portable system provided by the UK.

“There’ll be lots of those with troops in posts around the cities or areas of critical national infrastructure.”

A Ukrainian serviceman holds a Stinger anti-aircraft missile at a position in a front line in Mykolaiv region, as Russia's attack on Ukraine continues, Ukraine August 11, 2022. REUTERS/Anna Kudriavtseva
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A Ukrainian soldier holds a Stinger anti-aircraft missile on the frontline in Mykolaiv region in August 2022

Ukraine then has a number of medium-range systems such as the Soviet S-300 and others supplied by its allies.

These provide a medium level anti-aircraft capability and also work against cruise missiles and drones.

And then at the top level they have the Patriot system supplied by the US and Germany.

Mr Ingram added: “And you look at this as a series of protective domes going up to different heights and out to different ranges around the target you’re trying to protect.”

While the defences have certainly been effective in shooting down missiles, it doesn’t mean there is no impact on the ground, he says. Debris from intercepted missiles falls out of the sky and can injure people below.

A Kh-47 Kinzhal Russian hypersonic missile warhead, shot down by a Ukrainian Air Defence unit amid Russia's attack on Ukraine, is seen at a compound of the Scientific Research Institute in Kyiv, Ukraine May 12, 2023. REUTERS/Valentyn Ogirenko
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The warhead of a Kh-47 Kinzhal Russian hypersonic missile that Ukraine says it shot down

How does Ukraine go from detecting a missile to shooting it down?

So the sequence of events is that Western intelligence will pick up a missile launch – there’s a mechanism to be able to transmit that in real time directly into the Ukrainians.

“That real-time launch data will identify where the missiles have been launched from, what the likely missile is and the likely trajectory that it’s on.”

The amount of time the Ukrainians have to react – from just minutes to more than an hour – depending on the type of missile.

A view shows a residential area heavily damaged by a Russian missile strike, amid Russia's attack on Ukraine, in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine May 3, 2023. REUTERS/Stringer
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A residential area in Zaporizhzhia heavily damaged by a Russian missile strike in May

Those in charge of air defence can then decide on the best course of action and engage the missile before it hits its target.

It’s this multiple layers of defence under a single command and control system informed by intelligence that is coming in all the time that makes it so effective, he says.

What does this mean for Ukraine’s war effort?

“It’s yet another success from the Ukrainians in what is a very, very complex and difficult battle for them as they try to save their homeland,” Mr Ingram says.

Psychologically it’s also very important, he adds, because it’s protecting the population while soldiers are at the front line.

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Inside the battle for Bakhmut

“It’s probably one of the factors that has stopped the Russians using their fixed wing aircraft over Ukrainian territory,” he added.

“The Russians have largely restricted themselves to flying no further forward than their own frontlines.

“Now if the Ukrainians can move air defence capability further forward to their frontlines and put that bubble over their frontline troops that will then push Russian fixed-wing air and rotary-wing air back even further and help the Ukrainians in any counterattack that they’re putting together.”

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Dozens injured after ‘savage’ Russian drone strike on Ukrainian railway station, Zelenskyy says

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Dozens injured after 'savage' Russian drone strike on Ukrainian railway station, Zelenskyy says

At least 30 people have been injured in a Russian drone strike on a Ukrainian railway station, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has said.

Two trains were hit when Shostka station was targeted on Saturday, the head of Ukraine’s railways, Oleksandr Pertsovskyi, said in a Facebook post.

Three children were among the passengers injured, he said, adding an employee had also been hurt.

Ukraine’s president wrote on X: “A savage Russian drone strike on the railway station in Shostka, Sumy region.

“All emergency services are already on the scene and have begun helping people. All information about the injured is being established.

“So far, we know of at least 30 victims. Preliminary reports indicate that both Ukrzaliznytsia staff and passengers were at the site of the strike.”

Regional governor Oleh Hryhorov said a train heading to Kyiv had been hit and that medics and rescuers were working on the scene.

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Mr Zelenskyy and the governor posted pictures from the scene that show a passenger carriage on fire.

The head of the local district administration, Oksana Tarasiuk, told Ukraine’s public broadcaster that about 30 people
were injured by the strike. No fatalities were reported in the immediate aftermath.

Mr Pertsovskyi said the strikes were a “despicable attack aimed at stopping communication with our frontline communities”.

Moscow has stepped up its air strike campaign on Ukraine’s railway infrastructure, hitting it almost every day over the last two months.

They have also targeted energy infrastructure with a massive bombardment on Ukraine’s gas production facilities earlier this week.

Mr Zelenskyy’s top aide, Andriy Yermak, accused Russia of deliberately targeting the station and train, saying it was carrying out a “war against civilians”.

Overnight into Saturday, Russian drones and missiles pounded Ukraine’s power grid, a Ukrainian energy firm said.

The strike damaged energy facilities near Chernihiv, a northern city west of Shostka that lies close to the Russian border, and sparked blackouts set to affect some 50,000 households, according to regional operator Chernihivoblenergo.

On Friday, Russia carried out what officials have described as the biggest attack on Ukraine’s natural gas facilities since the war started in February 2022.

Russia fired a total of 381 drones and 35 missiles at Ukraine on Friday, according to Ukraine’s air force, in what officials said was an attempt to wreck the Ukrainian power grid ahead of winter.

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Hamas agrees to release all remaining Israeli hostages – but seeks further talks on rest of Trump’s peace deal

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Hamas agrees to release all remaining Israeli hostages - but seeks further talks on rest of Trump's peace deal

Hamas has said it agrees to release Israeli hostages, dead and alive, under Donald Trump’s peace plan for Gaza.

The group also said it wants to engage in negotiations to discuss further details, including handing over “administration of the enclave to a Palestinian body of independent autocrats”.

However, other aspects of the 20-point plan, it said, would require further consultation among Palestinians.

The announcement came just hours after President Trump had set a new deadline of Sunday to respond to his proposals, backed by the Arab nations.

The president and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu unveiled the plan at the White House on Monday.

Israel agreed to the terms, which include an immediate ceasefire; the release of all hostages; Hamas disarming; a guarantee no one will be forced to leave Gaza; and a governing “peace panel” including Sir Tony Blair.

And on Friday night, a statement from Hamas confirmed “its approval to release all prisoners of the occupation – whether alive or the remains of the deceased – according to the exchange framework included in President Trump’s proposal”.

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Trump’s Sunday deadline threat

The group also said it was ready to engage in negotiations through mediators and that it appreciated “Arab, Islamc and international efforts, as well as the efforts of US President Donald Trump”.

But, Hamas official Mousa Abu Marzouk told Al Jazeera news the group would not disarm “before the Israeli occupation ends”.

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In a Truth Social post on Friday, Mr Trump said if Hamas did not agree to the peace deal by Sunday evening “all hell” would break out.

Ramping up pressure

He had posted: “An Agreement must be reached with Hamas by Sunday Evening at SIX (6) P.M., Washington, D.C. time. Every Country has signed on! If this LAST CHANCE agreement is not reached, all HELL, like no one has ever seen before, will break out against Hamas. THERE WILL BE PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST ONE WAY OR THE OTHER.”

There has been no official response from the US and Israel to the partial acceptance.

Israel has sought to ramp up pressure on Hamas since ending an earlier ceasefire in March.

It sealed the territory off from food, medicine and other goods for two and a half months and has seized, flattened and largely depopulated large areas of the territory.

Experts determined Gaza City had slid into famine shortly before Israel launched a major offensive aimed at occupying it.

An estimated 400,000 people have fled the city in recent weeks, but hundreds of thousands more have stayed behind.

Most of Hamas’ top leaders in Gaza and thousands of its fighters have already been killed, but it still has influence in areas not controlled by the Israeli military and launches sporadic attacks that have killed and wounded Israeli soldiers.

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Colombia is high on Trump’s troublemaker list – but coca farmers will keep producing to match US demand

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Colombia is high on Trump's troublemaker list - but coca farmers will keep producing to match US demand

“Listen man, we’re a narco state, it’s just how it is, if you want to see drug deals, I’ll show you drug deals – it’s Colombia.”

I’d only asked one of our Colombian producers in passing if it was possible to see drugs being traded on the streets of Medellin. I didn’t realise it was that simple.

Medellin is synonymous with drugs and cartels. The home of perhaps the most famous of all the drug lords, Pablo Escobar, it seems to revel in its notoriety.

There are pictures of Escobar everywhere, on posters, on caps, and on t-shirts. There are even guided tours to his grave, and a museum in his honour.

Stuart Ramsay speaks with a coca farmer, who earn very little from growing the crop
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Stuart Ramsay speaks with a coca farmer, who earn very little from growing the crop

This is where the big business drug cartels were born, invented by Escobar himself, the original Latin American “Godfather”.

In an infamous district in Medellin, we were instantly confronted with the sounds of dealers on the streets shouting out their products for sale as we drove through.

“Cocaine! Pills! Ecstasy! Tusi!” they shouted. All available to a traffic jam of cars waiting to buy.

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Motorcycle delivery drivers queued to make the pick-up for their clients waiting in high-end apartments and nightclubs elsewhere in the city, while buyers on foot discreetly scored their drugs, before moving on.

Medellin was the home of Pablo Escobar and drugs are widely traded on its streets
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Medellin was the home of Pablo Escobar and drugs are widely traded on its streets

‘Narco’ culture

It was chaotic and noisy, a place where lookouts use whistles to send signals to the dealers.

Two toots mean it’s all clear, a single toot is a warning – it means the police are nearby.

In the middle of this big open-air market for drugs, dimly lit restaurants and cafes served dinner. We passed one café where we saw a family sat at a table outside, celebrating a woman’s 70th birthday.

This neighbourhood runs a 24-hour drug selling market alongside the usual shops and cafes that spill over on to the pavement.

It is not illegal to grow coca, only to use it to produce cocaine
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It is not illegal to grow coca, only to use it to produce cocaine

Although Colombia has a long history and fascination with “narco” culture and drug-taking, its immediate problem is that President Donald Trump has launched a war on Latin American drug cartels, manufacturers, and the nations the drugs come from – and through.

Venezuela is at the top of his hit list; he has launched strikes on boats off the Venezuelan coast that he says were carrying drugs. He has boosted American military presence in the Caribbean – sending ships, marines, helicopters, drones and jets into the region.

There is speculation he may be looking for regime change in Venezuela, and that the war on drugs is a front to remove President Nicolas Maduro from power, claiming the Venezuelan government is basically a drug cartel. Something they of course deny.

This coca plantation was hacked into the rainforest on the border of Colombia and Peru
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This coca plantation was hacked into the rainforest on the border of Colombia and Peru

None of this bodes well for Venezuela’s neighbour Colombia, indeed President Trump has made it clear Colombia is high on his list of troublesome nations.

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There are other countries on his list, like Mexico, that he says has demonstrated willingness to clean up their act and take the war to Mexico’s deadly cartels.

Mr Trump’s gripe with Colombia isn’t necessarily that its society has a relaxed attitude to drug use – it is widespread across all classes – no, his problem is that Colombia is one of the biggest producers of cocaine in the world, and it feeds the biggest market, which is the United States of America.

Coca plantations are hidden miles away from other people in the Amazon
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Coca plantations are hidden miles away from other people in the Amazon

Hidden away, miles from people

It seems that the president’s view is that the supplier is the problem, not necessarily the user.

Cocaine is extracted from the coca leaf, which is grown in abundance in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia.

Growing the coca plant in these countries is not illegal, and the leaf itself is often used for other purposes. The plant only becomes illegal when it’s used for cocaine production.

I wanted to meet the farmers who grow coca to find out if they are the masterminds of a multi-billion-pound international drugs business, or just farmers meeting international demand.

My journey began just after dawn in pouring rain on the Amazon River in Colombia.

Perhaps unsurprisingly the plantations are hidden away in remote areas, miles away from people.

Stuart Ramsay in the rainforest
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Stuart Ramsay in the rainforest

We travelled for hours in the rain, on a small boat with a guide, passing indigenous communities who have nothing to do with the business hiding in their forest.

The river narrowed as we got closer to our destination, and five hours later, after navigating through broken tree trunks and low hanging branches, we arrived at an eight hectare coca plantation hacked into the rainforest bordering Colombia and Peru.

The crop, which is two-and-a-half years old, is hidden by the trees and the river.

They are about to start harvesting it, but it’s incredible just how many leaves they need.

The farmer says that for every 70 grams of cocaine produced, the cartel producers need 30 kilograms of leaves.

Colombia is one of the biggest producers of cocaine
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Colombia is one of the biggest producers of cocaine

Only way to provide for his family

That’s a lot of picking – and the farmer will earn just $7 for those 30 kilograms of leaves.

The cocaine business might be incredibly lucrative for the cartels that control it, but at the very bottom the farmers hardly get paid a thing.

And though he is worried about getting caught, the farmer I meet sees it as the only way to provide for his family.

“For me it’s very valuable, it’s my sustenance, the way for sustaining life,” he told me.

“We are aware that illegal processing isn’t good for anybody, not exactly, you can’t say I am doing this, and this is good for people, no, this harms the entire community, everyone,” he explained when I asked him if he was at all conflicted about his crop.

“But we all make sacrifices, and we struggle to make our way in life.”

It’s hard to believe that the global business of manufacturing and shipping cocaine around the world all starts with these fairly innocuous looking coca leaves.

And whatever Donald Trump says, they will keep producing as long as users in America, Europe, and indeed the world, demand it.

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