Stars and lines engraved in rocks on the Arabian Peninsula may represent nearby hunting traps, making these carvings the first scale-plan diagrams in human history, according to a new study that reveals humans’ sophisticated understanding of space around 8,000 years ago.

Archaeologists first noticed these structures, known as desert kites, about 100 years ago, when aerial photography began taking off with airplanes. Kites are large areas of land bordered by low stone walls, sometimes with pits scattered on the inside near the edges. Found primarily in the Middle East and Central Asia, kites are thought to have functioned like pens or traps for animals. Hunters would herd animals, like gazelle, into the kite through a long, narrow passage, where the game would be unable to escape the walls or the pits, making them easier to kill. 

Because of their massive size — averaging close to the square footage of two football fields — kites cannot be seen in their entirety from the ground. But the advent of publicly available, high-resolution satellite images, such as those from Google Earth, has jump-started the study of desert kites in the past decade.

An aerial view of a desert kite from Jebel az-Zilliyat, Saudi Arabia. (Image credit: O. Barge/CNRS)

The recent discovery of architectural-like designs engraved in rocks in Jordan and Saudi Arabia has revealed how Neolithic humans may have planned these “mega-traps,” according to a new study, published Wednesday (May 17) in the journal PLOS One (opens in new tab) .

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The study authors made mathematical calculations to compare the rock-cut kite diagrams with the shape and dimensions of known kites. Their first example was an engraved limestone monolith from the archaeological site of Jibal al-Khashabiyeh in Jordan. The nearly 3-foot-tall (80 centimeters) stone provided a good canvas for prehistoric people, who carved long, kite-looking lines that drove animals into a star-shaped enclosure, which has eight cup-shaped depressions that represent the pit traps. The stone has different carving techniques, but it’s unknown if they represent the work of one person or several people, study first author Rémy Crassard (opens in new tab) , an archaeologist at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS),  told Live Science in an email. 

An excavated pit-trap from a desert kite in Jibal al-Khashabiyeh, Jordan.  (Image credit: SEBAP & O. Barge/CNRS)

The second example, from Wadi az-Zilliyat in Saudi Arabia, shows two kites carved into an enormous sandstone boulder that’s over 12 feet tall and nearly 8 feet across (about 4 by 2 meters). Although made in a different style than the Jordan one, the Saudi Arabia kite diagram also depicts driving lines, a star-shaped enclosure and six cup marks at the ends of the points. 

Kites are notoriously difficult to date because they are arrangements of rocks and pits, meaning they don’t usually have organic material that’s testable with radiocarbon dating. But based on comparisons with neighboring kites associated with sediments and organic remains, the team estimates that these two sites date to about 8,000 years ago, around the end of the Neolithic period in Arabia.Image 1 of 2A drawing of a projected view of the kites’ representation showing legible and unclear engravings, with a colored restitution of the topography of the boulder surface, from Jebel az-Zilliyat, Saudi Arabia. (Image credit: Crassard et al. 2023 PLOS One) The engraved boulder from Jebel az-Zilliyat, Saudi Arabia, depicting two desert kites. (Image credit: Crassard et al. 2023 PLOS One)

Crassard and colleagues with the Globalkites Project (opens in new tab) then quantitatively compared the rock-cut diagrams with dozens of plans of known kites through geographical graph modeling. Mathematical comparisons of the engravings with documented kites revealed similarity scores — the diagram from Jordan was found to be most similar to a kite located 1.4 miles (2.3 kilometers) away, while the diagram from Saudi Arabia was most similar to a kite 10 miles (16.3 km) away and very close in appearance to another one 0.87 mile (1.4 km) away. 

“The engravings are surprisingly realistic and accurate, and are moreover to scale, as observed by the geometric graph-based assessment of shape similarity,” the authors wrote in the study. “These examples of kite representations are thus the oldest known architectural plans to scale in human history.”

The team theorized that a group of people preparing for a hunting activity might have studied and discussed the plan of an already-built kite, which might have included coordinating the number and position of the hunters and anticipating the animals’ actions ahead of the event. It’s also possible that a diagram like this was used to construct the kite in the first place. In either case, the fact that humans were creating a link between physical space as seen from above and graphical representation is an important development in abstract thought and symbolic representation, the researchers suggested in their study.Related stories—’Almost intact’ shrine found in Jordanian desert is 9,000 years old

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Jens Notroff (opens in new tab) , a Neolithic archaeologist at the German Archaeological Institute who was not involved in this research, told Live Science in an email that “the discovery of this specific type of schematic rock art already is an absolutely fascinating addition to our now growing understanding of these Neolithic desert kites and their obviously complex layout within the landscape.” Notroff also said “the most stunning insight for me personally is the degree of abstraction — they represent a view none of those participating in construction and use of these desert kites could easily reproduce from their own visual experience.”

Crassard and colleagues are continuing their work on desert kites through the Globalkites Project. Although “these engravings are the oldest known evidence of at-scale plans,” Crassard said, it is possible that people created similar diagrams in less-permanent material, such as by drawing them in dirt.