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Scientists have painstakingly constructed the world’s biggest butterfly tree of life and discovered that the first butterflies evolved 100 million years ago in what is now Central and North America,

At this time, the supercontinent Pangaea was in the process of breaking apart, and North America was split in two by a seaway separating the east and west. Butterflies originated in the western side of this continental chunk. 

There are now an estimated 20,000 species of butterflies, and they are found on every continent except Antarctica. 

Although scientists knew when butterflies originated, they were still unsure about the region they emerged from and their earliest diet. 

The team of scientists, led by Akito Kawahara, a curator of lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) at the Florida Museum of Natural History, constructed the new butterfly tree of life by sequencing 391 genes from nearly 2,300 butterfly species from 90 countries — representing 92% of recognised genuses.

The researchers compiled data from multiple sources into a single publicly available database. They used 11 rare butterfly fossils as a standard to make sure that the branching points of their tree of life matched the time period of branching displayed by fossils. “It’s the most difficult study I’ve ever been a part of, and it took a massive effort from people all over the world to complete,” Kawahara said in a statement. 

Related: What’s the difference between a moth and a butterfly?

The findings, published May 15 in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution, showed that butterflies emerged  around 101.4 million years ago from the ancestors of nocturnal herbivorous moths. This puts the first butterflies in the mid-Cretaceous, making them contemporaries of dinosaurs. 

Butterfly tree of life traced back to North America 100 million years ago.  (Image credit: Kawahara et al)

After evolving, butterflies  spread to what is now South America. Some migrated to Antarctica, which was much warmer at the time and still connected to Australia. They had reached the northern edge of Australia when the two landmasses split — a process that began around 85 million years ago. 

Next the butterflies crossed the Bering Land Bridge — a land bridge that once existed between Russia and North America — and reached what is now Russia 75-60 million years ago.  . They then spread out to Southeast Asia, the Middle East and the Horn of Africa. They even reached the then-isolated island of India around 60 million years ago. Surprisingly, due to unknown reasons, the spread of butterflies paused at the edge of the Middle East for 45 million years before finally spreading into Europe around 45-30 million years ago. Kawahara said that this pause is reflected in the low number of butterfly species in Europe today compared with other parts of the world.

An analysis of 31,456 records of butterfly host plants revealed that the first butterflies fed on plants from the legume family. Legumes are found in almost every ecosystem and most lack potent defensive chemicals against insect feeding. Scientists believe these traits might have caused the butterflies to stick with a legume diet for millions of years. RELATED STORIES—Monarch butterflies teetering ‘on the edge of collapse,’ added to endangered species list

—Butterflies Sip Turtle Tears in Stunning Video

—Milkweed butterflies tear open caterpillars and drink them alive 

Today, butterflies have diversified to eating other plant families but most stick to a single plant family. Around two-thirds of the existing species feed on a single plant family, mostly wheat family and legume family. Interestingly, the most recent common ancestor of legumes is around 98 million years old —which largely coincides with the origin of butterflies.

“The evolution of butterflies and flowering plants has been inexorably intertwined since the origin of the former, and the close relationship between them has resulted in remarkable diversification events in both lineages,” co-author Pamela Soltis, a curator at the Florida Museum, said in the statement.

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Collapsed crypto firm Ziglu faces $2.7M deficit amid special administration

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Collapsed crypto firm Ziglu faces .7M deficit amid special administration

Collapsed crypto firm Ziglu faces .7M deficit amid special administration

Thousands of savers face potential losses after a $2.7 million shortfall was discovered at Ziglu, a British crypto fintech that entered special administration.

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Heidi Alexander says ‘fairness’ will be government’s ‘guiding principle’ when it comes to taxes at next budget

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Heidi Alexander says 'fairness' will be government's 'guiding principle' when it comes to taxes at next budget

Another hint that tax rises are coming in this autumn’s budget has been given by a senior minister.

Speaking to Sunday Morning with Trevor Phillips, Transport Secretary Heidi Alexander was asked if Sir Keir Starmer and the rest of the cabinet had discussed hiking taxes in the wake of the government’s failed welfare reforms, which were shot down by their own MPs.

Trevor Phillips asked specifically if tax rises were discussed among the cabinet last week – including on an away day on Friday.

Politics Hub: Catch up on the latest

Tax increases were not discussed “directly”, Ms Alexander said, but ministers were “cognisant” of the challenges facing them.

Asked what this means, Ms Alexander added: “I think your viewers would be surprised if we didn’t recognise that at the budget, the chancellor will need to look at the OBR forecast that is given to her and will make decisions in line with the fiscal rules that she has set out.

“We made a commitment in our manifesto not to be putting up taxes on people on modest incomes, working people. We have stuck to that.”

Ms Alexander said she wouldn’t comment directly on taxes and the budget at this point, adding: “So, the chancellor will set her budget. I’m not going to sit in a TV studio today and speculate on what the contents of that budget might be.

“When it comes to taxation, fairness is going to be our guiding principle.”

Read more:
Reeves won’t rule out tax rises

What is a wealth tax and how would it work?

👉Listen to Politics at Sam and Anne’s on your podcast app👈      

Afterwards, shadow home secretary Chris Philp told Phillips: “That sounds to me like a barely disguised reference to tax rises coming in the autumn.”

He then went on to repeat the Conservative attack lines that Labour are “crashing the economy”.

Please use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player

Chris Philp also criticsed the government’s migration deal with France

Mr Philp then attacked the prime minister as “weak” for being unable to get his welfare reforms through the Commons.

Discussions about potential tax rises have come to the fore after the government had to gut its welfare reforms.

Sir Keir had wanted to change Personal Independence Payments (PIP), but a large Labour rebellion forced him to axe the changes.

With the savings from these proposed changes – around £5bn – already worked into the government’s sums, they will now need to find the money somewhere else.

The general belief is that this will take the form of tax rises, rather than spending cuts, with more money needed for military spending commitments, as well as other areas of priority for the government, such as the NHS.

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Heidi Alexander says ‘fairness’ will be government’s ‘guiding principle’ when it comes to taxes at next budget

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Heidi Alexander says 'fairness' will be government's 'guiding principle' when it comes to taxes at next budget

Another hint that tax rises are coming in this autumn’s budget has been given by a senior minister.

Speaking to Sunday Morning with Trevor Phillips, Transport Secretary Heidi Alexander was asked if Sir Keir Starmer and the rest of the cabinet had discussed hiking taxes in the wake of the government’s failed welfare reforms, which were shot down by their own MPs.

Trevor Phillips asked specifically if tax rises were discussed among the cabinet last week – including on an away day on Friday.

Politics Hub: Catch up on the latest

Tax increases were not discussed “directly”, Ms Alexander said, but ministers were “cognisant” of the challenges facing them.

Asked what this means, Ms Alexander added: “I think your viewers would be surprised if we didn’t recognise that at the budget, the chancellor will need to look at the OBR forecast that is given to her and will make decisions in line with the fiscal rules that she has set out.

“We made a commitment in our manifesto not to be putting up taxes on people on modest incomes, working people. We have stuck to that.”

Ms Alexander said she wouldn’t comment directly on taxes and the budget at this point, adding: “So, the chancellor will set her budget. I’m not going to sit in a TV studio today and speculate on what the contents of that budget might be.

“When it comes to taxation, fairness is going to be our guiding principle.”

Read more:
Reeves won’t rule out tax rises

What is a wealth tax and how would it work?

👉Listen to Politics at Sam and Anne’s on your podcast app👈      

Afterwards, shadow home secretary Chris Philp told Phillips: “That sounds to me like a barely disguised reference to tax rises coming in the autumn.”

He then went on to repeat the Conservative attack lines that Labour are “crashing the economy”.

Please use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player

Chris Philp also criticsed the government’s migration deal with France

Mr Philp then attacked the prime minister as “weak” for being unable to get his welfare reforms through the Commons.

Discussions about potential tax rises have come to the fore after the government had to gut its welfare reforms.

Sir Keir had wanted to change Personal Independence Payments (PIP), but a large Labour rebellion forced him to axe the changes.

With the savings from these proposed changes – around £5bn – already worked into the government’s sums, they will now need to find the money somewhere else.

The general belief is that this will take the form of tax rises, rather than spending cuts, with more money needed for military spending commitments, as well as other areas of priority for the government, such as the NHS.

Continue Reading

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