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Scientists have painstakingly constructed the world’s biggest butterfly tree of life and discovered that the first butterflies evolved 100 million years ago in what is now Central and North America,

At this time, the supercontinent Pangaea was in the process of breaking apart, and North America was split in two by a seaway separating the east and west. Butterflies originated in the western side of this continental chunk. 

There are now an estimated 20,000 species of butterflies, and they are found on every continent except Antarctica. 

Although scientists knew when butterflies originated, they were still unsure about the region they emerged from and their earliest diet. 

The team of scientists, led by Akito Kawahara, a curator of lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) at the Florida Museum of Natural History, constructed the new butterfly tree of life by sequencing 391 genes from nearly 2,300 butterfly species from 90 countries — representing 92% of recognised genuses.

The researchers compiled data from multiple sources into a single publicly available database. They used 11 rare butterfly fossils as a standard to make sure that the branching points of their tree of life matched the time period of branching displayed by fossils. “It’s the most difficult study I’ve ever been a part of, and it took a massive effort from people all over the world to complete,” Kawahara said in a statement. 

Related: What’s the difference between a moth and a butterfly?

The findings, published May 15 in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution, showed that butterflies emerged  around 101.4 million years ago from the ancestors of nocturnal herbivorous moths. This puts the first butterflies in the mid-Cretaceous, making them contemporaries of dinosaurs. 

Butterfly tree of life traced back to North America 100 million years ago.  (Image credit: Kawahara et al)

After evolving, butterflies  spread to what is now South America. Some migrated to Antarctica, which was much warmer at the time and still connected to Australia. They had reached the northern edge of Australia when the two landmasses split — a process that began around 85 million years ago. 

Next the butterflies crossed the Bering Land Bridge — a land bridge that once existed between Russia and North America — and reached what is now Russia 75-60 million years ago.  . They then spread out to Southeast Asia, the Middle East and the Horn of Africa. They even reached the then-isolated island of India around 60 million years ago. Surprisingly, due to unknown reasons, the spread of butterflies paused at the edge of the Middle East for 45 million years before finally spreading into Europe around 45-30 million years ago. Kawahara said that this pause is reflected in the low number of butterfly species in Europe today compared with other parts of the world.

An analysis of 31,456 records of butterfly host plants revealed that the first butterflies fed on plants from the legume family. Legumes are found in almost every ecosystem and most lack potent defensive chemicals against insect feeding. Scientists believe these traits might have caused the butterflies to stick with a legume diet for millions of years. RELATED STORIES—Monarch butterflies teetering ‘on the edge of collapse,’ added to endangered species list

—Butterflies Sip Turtle Tears in Stunning Video

—Milkweed butterflies tear open caterpillars and drink them alive 

Today, butterflies have diversified to eating other plant families but most stick to a single plant family. Around two-thirds of the existing species feed on a single plant family, mostly wheat family and legume family. Interestingly, the most recent common ancestor of legumes is around 98 million years old —which largely coincides with the origin of butterflies.

“The evolution of butterflies and flowering plants has been inexorably intertwined since the origin of the former, and the close relationship between them has resulted in remarkable diversification events in both lineages,” co-author Pamela Soltis, a curator at the Florida Museum, said in the statement.

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Michael Matheson: Furore over £11,000 iPad bill ‘completely blown out of all proportion’, says shamed MSP

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Michael Matheson: Furore over £11,000 iPad bill 'completely blown out of all proportion', says shamed MSP

The furore surrounding Michael Matheson’s near £11,000 iPad data roaming bill was “completely blown out of all proportion”, according to the shamed MSP.

The SNP politician stepped down as Scotland’s health secretary last year after questions were raised over the eye-watering invoice.

The Falkirk West MSP had initially billed taxpayers before U-turning, claiming the device had only been used for parliamentary work during a family holiday to Morocco.

It later emerged his teenage sons had been using the work iPad as a hotspot to stream football while on the trip.

Mr Matheson was later suspended from the Scottish parliament and docked wages for breaching the MSP code of conduct.

Mr Matheson, who was first elected as an MSP in 1999, was questioned about his ministerial career during an interview with the Institute for Government (IFG) think tank as part of its Ministers Reflect series.

During the talk, held in October last year but published on Friday, he said his opponents had sought to take “political advantage” of the situation.

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Mr Matheson said: “I think the thing that you need to realise is that when you become a minister, if you do make a mistake, you can end up in the eye of a political storm.

“The thing that acted as a big catalyst for me was that, as soon as the general election was called, everything was put on steroids.

“It became a massive issue because folk saw a political advantage they could get from it. It just got completely blown out of all proportion, in my view.”

SNP's Michael Matheson during First Minister's Questions at the Scottish Parliament in Holyrood, Edinburgh. Picture date: Thursday May 16, 2024
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Mr Matheson during First Minister’s Questions last May. Pic: PA

Mr Matheson was the net zero, energy and transport secretary in Nicola Sturgeon’s government at the time of the family holiday around Christmas in 2022.

Ahead of the trip he failed to replace an outdated SIM card, which led to increased data use costs.

Mr Matheson, who was later appointed health secretary in March 2023 under then first minister Humza Yousaf, told Holyrood he was unaware that his sons had used the iPad as a hotspot when he initially submitted the bill.

He claimed he was told the truth by his wife after the story sparked a public outcry.

Following his wife’s admission, Mr Matheson initially failed to publicly mention his sons’ involvement.

Instead, he continued to insist the iPad was only used for parliamentary work and blamed the outdated SIM card for the excessive bill.

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Mr Matheson’s sons racked up the near £11,000 iPad bill streaming football abroad

When questioned by journalists days after he knew the truth, he continued to deny the iPad was used for personal use until he made a statement to Holyrood.

Mr Matheson quit as health secretary ahead of the conclusion of a probe by the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body (SPCB), which ruled he had breached the MSP code of conduct.

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When asked if there were any lessons to be learned for other ministers, he told the IFG: “If I look back, the lesson I would say is recognising how unforgiving the political space is that you’re operating in.

“In the end, it was my desire to try and avoid the press knowing about what my son had done.

“It was completely unforgiving, despite the fact that when you offer it up, then they say you’re using it as a cover. Actually, no, I’m not, but I’m telling you that’s what’s happened.

“So, I think what I would say to ministers is that it is quite unforgiving at times when something like that happens, despite what your background is and how long you’ve been in government and how you’ve always tried to avoid getting the government into any difficult positions.”

EMBARGOED TO 0001 FRIDAY JANUARY 31 File photo dated 23/11/23 of Minister for Health and Social Care Michael Matheson speaks to the media after First Minster's Questions at the Scottish Parliament in Holyrood, Edinburgh. John Swinney has said Parliament's "conclusions stand" after comments from Michael Matheson emerged in which the former health secretary said the row over his iPad roaming charges had been "blown out of proportion". Issue date: Friday January 31, 2025.
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Mr Matheson being questioned by journalists in November 2023, on the day the SPBC announced it was launching a probe into his conduct

He added: “When you’re a backbencher, if you do make an error, it’s not the same.

“But when you’re a minister and you’re a senior minister, you’re going to get chased down and you quite literally get chased down.”

Mr Matheson said a number of people reached out in support during the scandal.

He also said the scrutiny had a “significant impact” on his family, which included taking his teenage sons out of school and his wife becoming “unwell with stress”.

He added: “It’s in the public record that our house got broken into.”

When questioned about Mr Matheson’s latest comments, First Minister John Swinney said: “The parliament’s worked its way through all of these issues and it’s come to its conclusions and those conclusions stand.

“We just have to consider that as the conclusion that parliament has arrived at.”

The Scottish Conservatives criticised Mr Matheson’s remarks.

MSP Rachael Hamilton, the party’s deputy leader, said: “Taxpayers will be outraged that Michael Matheson is trying to downplay the scandal that ultimately forced him to resign in disgrace.

“The public were rightly furious that the then SNP health secretary thought it acceptable to ask them to foot the bill for his [iPad] expenses.

“He then repeatedly lied to them and parliament and refused to say sorry for what he had done.

“No wonder Scots are so disillusioned with senior SNP figures at Holyrood when they continue to hold voters in such contempt.”

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Singer Marianne Faithfull dies at the age of 78

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Singer Marianne Faithfull dies at the age of 78

Singer and actress Marianne Faithfull has died at the age of 78.

A spokesperson for her music promotion company Republic Media said: “It is with deep sadness that we announce the death of the singer, songwriter and actress Marianne Faithfull.

“Marianne passed away peacefully in London today, in the company of her loving family.

“She will be dearly missed.”

Marianne Faithfull in 1995. Pic: Reuters
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Faithfull in 1995. Pic: Reuters

Faithfull was best known for her 1964 hit As Tears Go By, written by Sir Mick Jagger, with whom she had a well-publicised relationship, and fellow Rolling Stones star Keith Richards.

She also starred in films including The Girl On A Motorcycle and 2007’s Irina Palm, for which she was nominated for a European Film Award for Best Actress.

In recent years, she provided voice work for the 2021 remake of Dune and 2023’s Wild Summon.

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The Girl On A Motorcycle - 1968
Marianne Faithfull

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Film Stills, Personality, Entertainment

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Faithfull in The Girl On A Motorcycle. Pic: Mid-Atlantic/Ares/Claridge/Kobal/Shutterstock

She and Sir Mick began seeing each other in 1966 and became one of the most glamorous couples of Swinging London.

He paid tribute to his “wonderful friend and beautiful singer and a great actress”, and said he was “so saddened” by her death, as “she was so much part of my life for so long”.

Next to a picture of the pair arm in arm on Instagram, Sir Mick said Faithfull “will always be remembered”.

His Stones bandmates Ronnie Wood and Keith Richards also paid tribute, with Richards posting on Instagram that he was “so sad and will miss her.”

His post was accompanied by a picture of the pair enjoying a drink together.

Wood wrote on Jagger’s post: “Farewell dear Marianne.”

Born in 1946, Faithfull started her singing career in 1964 after being discovered by the Stones’ manager Andrew Loog Oldham.

Her self-titled debut album was released a year later, with As Tears Go By reaching number nine on the UK singles chart.

She went on to have a string of successful singles, including Come And Stay With Me, This Little Bird, and Summer Nights, and famously dated Sir Mick from 1966 to 1970.

Faithfull was prolific throughout the 60s, releasing six albums – some only in the UK and some for the US – as well as contributing backing vocals to the Beatles’ Yellow Submarine and inspiring the Stones’ Sympathy For The Devil.

That decade also saw her star in films like 1967’s I’ll Never Forget What’s’isname – where she was one of the first people to say f*** in a mainstream studio film – 1968’s The Girl On A Motorcycle, and Tony Richardson’s 1969 adaptation of Hamlet.

Her affair with Sir Mick was notorious, with the couple being arrested in 1968 for possession of cannabis.

She was also infamously found by police wearing only a bear skin rug when they arrived for a drugs raid at Richards’ home in 1967.

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MICK JAGGER AND MARIANNE FAITHFULL BOARD A TRAIN AT EUSTON FOR BANGOR. THEY WILL MEET UP WITH THE BEATLES AND THE MAHARISHI MAHESH YOGI - 26.AUG 1967

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Faithfull and Mick Jagger dated from 1966 to 1970. Pic: Shutterstock

After breaking up with the Stones frontman, Faithfull spent two years homeless in Soho while suffering from anorexia and heroin addiction, before she started living in a squat.

She wrote in her 1994 autobiography: “For me, being a junkie was an admirable life. It was total anonymity, something I hadn’t known since I was 17.

“As a street addict in London, I finally found it. I had no telephone, no address.”

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In 1979, following success in Ireland with the country-themed Dreamin’ My Dreams, Faithfull released the Grammy-nominated Broken English – widely considered her best album.

She later achieved critical acclaim as a jazz and blues singer with 1987’s Strange Weather and went to rehab that same decade.

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Jean-Christophe Bott/EPA/Shutterstock

Switzerland Music - Jul 2009
British Singer and Actress Marianne Faithfull Performs on the Miles Davis Hall Stage at the 43rd Montreux Jazz Festival in Montreux Switzerland Late 13 July 2009 the Festival Runs Until 18 July Switzerland Schweiz Suisse Montreux

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Faithfull performing in Montreux, Switzerland, in 2009. Pic: Jean-Christophe Bott/EPA/Shutterstock

Faithfull released a total of 21 solo albums throughout her career. Her most recent was the spoken word album She Walks In Beauty from 2021, which saw her work with frequent Nick Cave collaborator Warren Ellis.

She made a full recovery from breast cancer in 2006.

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Trump says 25% tariffs on Mexico and Canada may not include oil: ‘Oil is going to have nothing to do with it as far as I’m concerned’

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Trump says 25% tariffs on Mexico and Canada may not include oil: 'Oil is going to have nothing to do with it as far as I’m concerned'

President Donald Trump speaks to members of the press in the Oval Office of the White House on Jan. 30, 2025.

Kent Nishimura for The Washington Post | Getty Images

Donald Trump has confirmed he will impose 25% tariffs on imports from Mexico and Canada from February, following through on threats issued weeks earlier.

The blanket tariffs on the countries’ products will come into effect on Saturday, Feb. 1.

However, speaking to reporters in the Oval Office on Thursday evening, Trump told reporters his administration was yet to determine whether oil imports would be included in the policy, noting that the decision was pinned on whether the two nations “treat us properly” and “if the oil is properly priced.”

“Oil is going to have nothing to do with it as far as I’m concerned,” he said. “We’re going to make that determination probably tonight on oil. Because they send us oil, we’ll see – it depends on what their price is.”

March contracts for Brent crude — the global benchmark for oil prices — were marginally higher at 8:06 a.m. London time, trading around $76.92 a barrel.

Trump told reporters the looming duties were being leveraged “for a number of reasons” and “may or may not rise with time.”

“Number one is the people that have poured into our country so horribly and so much,” he said. “Number two is the drugs fentanyl and everything else that have come into the country, and number three are the massive subsidies that we’re giving to Canada and Mexico in the form of deficits.”

“I’ll be putting the tariff of 25% on Canada and separately 25% on Mexico, and we’ll really have to do that because we have very big deficits with those countries,” he added.

This news story is being updated.

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