
MLB Power Rankings: Who’s in the top 5 in our final May edition?
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adminIf we had told you last year that in the first two months of the 2023 season, the Rangers and Orioles would be in the top five of our Power Rankings while the Yankees and Astros sat on the outside looking in, would you have believed us? Welcome to Week 8!
Now, New York and Houston have hit their stride of late and are by no means not top-five teams, but it’s still quite a sight to behold. The question becomes: How long can Baltimore and Texas keep it up? Will they be able to hold their respective divisional positions over New York and Houston?
Our expert panel has combined to rank every team in baseball based on a combination of what we’ve seen so far and what we already knew going into the 162-game marathon that is a full baseball season. We also asked ESPN MLB experts David Schoenfield, Bradford Doolittle, Jesse Rogers, Alden Gonzalez and Joon Lee to weigh in with an observation for all 30 teams.
Record: 36-15
Previous ranking: 1
With their series win against the Brewers, the Rays improved to a ridiculous 21-4 record at home. The group has come back down to earth a bit, but the team still ranks second in all of baseball in run differential at +111, trailing just the Rangers after dropping a 20-1 game to Toronto on Tuesday. Watch out for Yandy Diaz, who’s having the best start to a season of his career with 2.1 Baseball Reference WAR through 42 games, which would be the second-highest bWAR total in his career for a single season. He has hit .322/.425/.599 with 11 dingers so far. — Joon Lee
Record: 31-20
Previous ranking: 2
Bobby Miller was called up for his major league debut out of necessity Tuesday, a product of Dustin May (forearm) and Julio Urias (hamstring) residing on the injured list. And he impressed against one of the best teams in the sport, effectively using his secondary pitches to hold the Braves to one run in five innings and outduel Spencer Strider in the process. Miller is one of three Dodgers pitching prospects, along with Ryan Pepiot and Gavin Stone, who entered this season looking to prove they deserve an extended look in the major leagues. Pepiot is nursing an oblique strain, but Miller and Stone will continue to get starts while Urias and May recover. Their development will be vital. — Alden Gonzalez
Record: 30-19
Previous ranking: 3
Is it time to start worrying about Michael Harris II? After his stellar rookie season in 2022, he has struggled in 2023. After a sixth consecutive hitless game, the Braves benched Harris on Tuesday with his average sitting at .163 with just one home run in 86 at-bats (he missed 19 games in April with a back strain and two more after jamming his knee upon his return, but he says he’s feeling fine now).
The good news: It hasn’t been a contact issue. His strikeout rate is actually lower than last season while his walk rate has ticked up slightly. On the other hand, although he’s not striking out more, his contact rate on pitches in the zone has dropped. He hit .375 and slugged .708 against four-seam fastballs last season but is hitting just .105 against them in 23 PAs. The Braves hope a session with hitting coach Kevin Seitzer and team consultant Chipper Jones will get Harris back on track. — David Schoenfield
Record: 31-18
Previous ranking: 4
While the champion Astros are rolling, the Rangers are still hanging on at the top of the American League West. A weekend sweep of the Rockies helped, as Texas and Houston took top offensive honors for the last week (ending on Tuesday). Five players compiled an OPS over 1.000 during that time frame, led by Josh Jung, who produced a 1.447 mark. Corey Seager has also driven in 10 runs in seven games since he returned. Meanwhile, the starting staff has made up for the loss of Jacob deGrom, as Nathan Eovaldi, Martin Perez, Dane Dunning and Jon Gray all spun good outings. It might be late enough in the season to say the Rangers are for real. — Jesse Rogers
Record: 32-17
Previous ranking: 6
Baltimore continues to further legitimize itself week by week. The rotation remains a point of concern, but the Orioles continue to put up strong performances against some of the best teams in baseball, leading to a +43 run differential. Although Adley Rutschman gets a lot of the national recognition for the O’s, Cedric Mullins is having a bounce-back season, hitting .275/.359/.505 with 8 homers, 13 stolen bases and 1.8 bWAR. Another 30/30 seems plausible for the dynamic outfielder. — Lee
Record: 28-21
Previous ranking: 8
The Astros welcomed franchise face Jose Altuve back to the lineup over the past week, and he hit the ground running, reaching base in his first four games with a robust .438 OBP over those contests. Then he got sick in Milwaukee. He left the game early with an undisclosed illness Tuesday and was out of the lineup Wednesday. Still, with Altuve back in action and Houston streaking of late, the champs have been looking a lot more champ-like.
With the Astros reaffirming their perpetual contender status and the Rangers leading the AL West in the standings and all of baseball in run differential, the division race is taking on a distinctly Texas-centric character. It should be a banner summer in the Lone Star State. — Bradford Doolittle
Record: 30-21
Previous ranking: 7
New York keeps rolling when its best players are at the top of their game. Slugger Aaron Judge is raking when healthy, hitting .353/.493/.882 with eight homers since returning from the IL. The rotation has kept cruising behind Gerrit Cole, who ranks among the best pitchers in baseball so far this season, posting a 2.5 bWAR. Reinforcements appear to be on the way, too, as Carlos Rodon rejoined the team in New York and began a throwing program, a precursor to a rehab assignment. — Lee
Record: 26-24
Previous ranking: 5
Toronto has looked like two different teams this season. At points, the Blue Jays have looked like a legitimate World Series contender, such as when they swept the Braves, while at other times, they’ve looked like a team that could finish in last place in their division, like when they went 1-6 against division rivals New York and Baltimore this past week. Something that could affect Toronto’s season in the second half: Hyun-Jin Ryu is hopeful to return to the mound after the All-Star break following last year’s Tommy John surgery. Ryu is in the final season of a four-year, $80 million contract and last pitched on June 1, 2022. — Lee
Record: 29-21
Previous ranking: 11
The Diamondbacks seemed to fall back down to Earth at the start of May but are red-hot once again, winning nine of their past 12 games to somehow put themselves within striking distance of the Dodgers in the National League West. Wednesday’s late loss aside, the best sign from that stretch might be coming from their bullpen. D-backs relievers had the sixth-highest ERA in the majors last year, but they sport a 3.83 ERA over the team’s past dozen games. Andrew Chafin, Miguel Castro and Scott McGough, who make up the back end of the bullpen, have combined to give up only one run in 19⅓ innings during that stretch. Small sample size, sure, but the D-backs will gladly take it. — Gonzalez
Record: 26-24
Previous ranking: 12
Boston strung together series wins against the Mariners and Padres last week while ace Chris Sale strung together four straight quality starts after a rough start to the season. The Red Sox, however, have had to make changes to their rotation, especially after the return of James Paxton from the IL. After moving righty Nick Pivetta to the bullpen last week, Boston did the same with two-time Cy Young winner Corey Kluber on Wednesday. In nine starts this season, Kluber had a 6.26 ERA. — Lee
Record: 26-24
Previous ranking: 9
The Twins continue to slide toward .500, more or less keeping a division stocked full of sub-.500 teams in the chase as Memorial Day approaches. While their division brethren have earned their poor records with demonstrably poor play, the Twins have been an enigma. Through Tuesday, the Twins were on pace to win 83 games despite a run differential that would translate to a 95-win level of play if we project it out over 162 games. That 12-win gap is the largest in the AL, and it has prevented Minnesota from gaining a cushion in the division chase. So what gives? Part of it, though not all, is a poor record in one-run games, as the Twins fell to 4-10 in those contests with their loss to the Giants on Tuesday. — Doolittle
Record: 25-25
Previous ranking: 17
It’s not exactly accurate to say the Mets saved their season with a five-game winning streak — the final two against the Rays and then a weekend sweep of Cleveland — but it at least temporarily stopped a bad skid that saw the team fall under .500. The most dramatic moment from that span was Pete Alonso‘s three-run, 10th-inning walk-off home run to beat a tough reliever in Pete Fairbanks. Then, the Mets beat another tough closer in Emmanuel Clase with another three-run bottom of the 10th, as Francisco Alvarez, Brandon Nimmo and Francisco Lindor all delivered two-out base hits to win it.
Although the Mets are unbeaten in games they lead heading into the ninth, the pitching has otherwise remained problematic, with the Mets ranking in the bottom third of the majors in ERA. If that doesn’t improve, it’s going to be a .500 season. — Schoenfield
Record: 27-22
Previous ranking: 10
Milwaukee is in the midst of a brutal stretch of its schedule, winning just enough games to stay on pace with Pittsburgh at the top of the division. Series losses to St. Louis and Tampa Bay were mostly close games — besides an 18-1 drubbing by the Cardinals early last week. The Brewers’ offense continues to be its Achilles’ heel — and is especially awful against left-handed pitching. Rowdy Tellez is about the only reliable threat, as he belted two home runs while compiling an OPS over 1.200 over the past week. He needs some help. — Rogers
Record: 28-23
Previous ranking: 15
For a while, the Angels struggled to get much value from young players with affordable contracts. This year, though, has shown that the organization continues to take positive steps in that department.
Logan O’Hoppe, acquired from the Phillies for Brandon Marsh last August, was looking like a cornerstone catcher before suffering a torn labrum. Zach Neto, a first-round draft pick just last year, is playing shortstop on an every-day basis. And Mickey Moniak, the left-handed-hitting outfielder who came over in another August trade with the Phillies (this one for Noah Syndergaard), has been red-hot since rejoining the majors. Moniak, 25, is slashing .419/.438/.935 through his first 10 games, providing a major lift for an offense that is still waiting on some veteran players to produce. — Gonzalez
Record: 25-24
Previous ranking: 13
The Mariners appeared to avoid a big injury when Ty France left Tuesday’s game after getting hit on the wrist with a pitch (after earlier hitting the go-ahead home run). They’re hoping he’ll miss just a game or two, as they don’t have another good first-base option on the roster. Utility man Sam Haggerty isn’t hitting well, so if France needs an IL stint, they might need to make a move (Mike Ford is raking at Triple-A Tacoma, but he’s not on the 40-man roster — plus he’s mostly just a DH).
Meanwhile, second baseman Jose Caballero continues to play well and earn more playing time over struggling Kolten Wong. He has hit a couple of home runs, has drawn some walks and is 6-for-6 stealing bases. Wong has been a complete nonfactor — par for the course for the Mariners, who last year brought in Adam Frazier to play second base only to see him hit poorly. Seattle understandably doesn’t want to give up on Wong, but he’s looking more and more like deadweight. — Schoenfield
Record: 22-27
Previous ranking: 14
The Padres began this week’s three-city road trip with nine losses in their previous 11 games and somehow possessed the seventh-lowest OPS in the major leagues. They are underperforming throughout their lineup, but nowhere more so than at catcher, where Aaron Nola, Luis Campusano and Brett Sullivan have combined to slash just .169/.248/.270 entering the road trip. The Padres’ OPS from behind the plate ranks higher than only that of the Marlins and Guardians. This is a position the team will desperately need to address before the trade deadline, but it’s hard to figure out where to turn. — Gonzalez
Record: 22-29
Previous ranking: 20
It’s not too early to declare that the Cardinals are back — and are once again major players in the division. St. Louis hasn’t lost a series since the beginning of the month, as the team bounced back from a 5-0 loss to the Dodgers last Friday to outscore them 16-10 over the next two games. Paul DeJong has gone off, hitting four home runs last week, while Nolan Gorman took home player of the week honors. Miles Mikolas has looked better on the mound, providing hope that there will be some stability near the top of the Cards’ rotation. — Rogers
Record: 23-26
Previous ranking: 16
Bryce Harper‘s return was supposed to spark the lineup, and although he has hit well since he returned (albeit with just two home runs), the Phillies continue to scuffle on offense. In Harper’s first 19 games since he came back May 2, the Phillies went 8-11. Brandon Marsh and Bryson Stott have cooled off after their hot starts (at least Marsh has maintained a high walk rate), and Trea Turner, in his own words, has “sucked.” He’s hitting .250/.295/.392 with five home runs — including a homer in the ninth inning to tie the score in Philly’s walk-off win Wednesday night — for an 89 OPS+, well below a league-average hitter. With six steals, he’s hardly on pace to steal 50, let alone the 70 some predicted. It’s a mess. And this week’s series against the Braves is the first of the season (Philly hasn’t played the Mets yet, either). — Schoenfield
Record: 25-42
Previous ranking: 19
Pittsburgh wasn’t remarkable over the past week — it was midpack in offense and defense — but it has stayed afloat in the division simply playing solid baseball. The Pirates have kept losing streaks, besides a longer one earlier this month, to a minimum as they work through a tough schedule. Baltimore, Arizona and Texas weren’t considered hugely dominant teams back in January, but they’re as good as anyone these days. Pittsburgh went 3-5 over the span of eight games against them — an OK record considering the NL Central has been brutal this year. Shortstop Rodolfo Castro had a good week, producing the Pirates’ lone OPS over 1.000 for a seven-day span ending Tuesday. — Rogers
Record: 24-25
Previous ranking: 23
The Giants reached .500 for the first time since the first week of the season Tuesday, riding a dominant start from Alex Cobb and a big home run from Michael Conforto to defeat the first-place Twins in Minneapolis. The victory marked the Giants’ seventh in a span of eight games and improved their record to 13-8 in May, a month that has seen them struggle offensively but pitch well enough to consistently win games. Cobb and Logan Webb, their top two starters, have combined for a 1.38 ERA in 32⅔ innings in May. — Gonzalez
Record: 21-28
Previous ranking: 18
After winning four of their first five to start the season, the Guardians haven’t been able to string together more than two straight wins at any point since then. Thus it’s been a campaign of two steps forward and, let’s say, 2½ steps back, with Cleveland slipping gradually below the break-even line. After a rough recent road trip, manager Terry Francona reportedly called a team meeting to reassure his clubhouse. That may or may not help, but Francona, by now, certainly has a feel for when these things are needed.
What the Guardians really need, though, are home runs from their home run hitters — they’re barely on pace to clear the 100-homer barrier this year. By contrast, and this is an extreme example because Tampa Bay is on a historic pace, the Rays are on pace to pass 300 dingers. — Doolittle
Record: 22-26
Previous ranking: 21
Chicago ranks so poorly in clutch ratings — worst on offense and third worst in pitching — that positive regression is bound to happen. But will it do so before the season slips away? A weak NL Central has provided the Cubs some room, while the team rides the hot bat of Christopher Morel. He hit eight home runs in his first 11 games, providing some energy while the team lost seven of nine on the road. Right fielder Seiya Suzuki is also quietly heating up. He hit over .400 with an OPS hovering around 1.500 OPS — second only to Morel — during a seven-day span ending Tuesday. — Rogers
Record: 25-25
Previous ranking: 22
Look, we know why the Marlins are hanging around .500: They’re still 15-3 in one-run games. Maybe they’ll keep that up, maybe they won’t, but the bigger issue is this team has to start winning more of the other games. Miami is in the bottom third of the majors in ERA and dead last in runs per game on offense, so while there’s still hope the pitching will come around, it’s difficult to envision this suddenly turning into a playoff-caliber lineup.
Although the Marlins are middle of the pack in batting average (thank you, Luis Arraez), they’re next to last in walk rate, so they simply don’t get on base enough and don’t hit enough home runs. And it’s not even a young lineup: Only the Mets and Dodgers have an older group of position players. Old and unproductive is a bad combination. — Schoenfield
Record: 22-25
Previous ranking: 25
The Tigers’ flirtation with not-terribleness has been bolstered by a solid bullpen performance. It’s not a new story: For all their struggles the past couple of years, they have gotten quality work from a number of firemen. Leading the charge from the relief staff is closer Alex Lange. If you don’t play fantasy baseball or follow the Tigers, you might not have noticed this, but Lange has emerged as one of baseball’s best relievers. Lange was a solid setup reliever last season, but he has earned nine of his 10 career saves in the opening weeks of the 2023 campaign. And he has done it with dominance, posting a 1.27 ERA over his first 21 appearances, with a sub-1.00 WHIP and a strikeout rate of 11.8 per nine innings. — Doolittle
Record: 21-30
Previous ranking: 28
Strange as it might be to say this about a team that’s been on pace for 55-65 wins for most of the season, the White Sox could crawl back into contention for the division title. The White Sox are playing better and have won eight of their past 11 games, results that qualify them as the AL Central’s “hottest” team. The Twins have a strong run differential, yet they haven’t been able to separate themselves from the division, which is a boost to the underachieving ChiSox.
Perhaps most importantly, the White Sox are on the verge of being as close to whole in terms of health as they have been all season. This should be most apparent in the bullpen, where Liam Hendriks is close to returning, Garrett Crochet just made his return from Tommy John surgery, and Joe Kelly has reemerged as a high-leverage option. With a soft upcoming schedule, the time for Chicago to make something of a depressing campaign is now. — Doolittle
Record: 21-28
Previous ranking: 24
Not surprisingly, the Reds are playing their way into the NL Central cellar. A sweep at the hands of the Yankees over the weekend didn’t help matters, as Cincinnati had awful outings from Hunter Greene and Graham Ashcraft. Ashcraft gave up a whopping 20 hits over the course of two starts while pitching only 10 innings total. Luke Weaver wasn’t much better. As a team, the Reds ranked close to dead last in the majors in ERA over the past week. That tells their whole story right now. — Rogers
Record: 21-28
Previous ranking: 26
One of the bigger surprises of the season is that the Nationals’ rotation has actually been respectable, with their ERA ranking middle-of-the-pack in the majors. That won’t win any awards, but that’s a lower ERA than rotations of several hopeful playoff contenders, including the Orioles, Phillies, Cardinals and Mets. Whether even that moderate success is sustainable is another question, however. The rotation is near the bottom in strikeout rate and strikeout-to-walk ratio. Patrick Corbin has reeled off six straight starts allowing three or fewer runs despite modest strikeout totals, and Josiah Gray continues to limit runs despite giving up too many walks. Take his most recent start: six walks in five innings against Detroit, but only one run. — Schoenfield
Record: 21-29
Previous ranking: 27
Let’s focus this week on one of few Rockies bright sides this week: Elias Diaz, the 32-year-old catcher who was signed to a three-year, $14.5 million extension at the end of the 2021 season. Diaz is slashing a remarkable .343/.396/.517 for the season, providing production at a premium position for a team that is underperforming practically everywhere else in the lineup. Only Sean Murphy, Jonah Heim and Will Smith have produced more FanGraphs WAR (fWAR) than Diaz as catchers this season. The Rockies have mostly struck out while trying to build a core around extensions for C.J. Cron, Ryan McMahon, Kris Bryant, Kyle Freeland, Antonio Senzatela and Daniel Bard. But Diaz’s deal, at least, looks like a bargain. — Gonzalez
Record: 15-36
Previous ranking: 29
Even in a division as bad as the AL Central — in which the Royals, Tigers and White Sox are a combined 6-30 against the AL East this season — eyes in KC ought to be fixed on the seasons to come. This makes the Royals’ center-field situation hard to understand. Since Kyle Isbel was injured, the Royals have given the bulk of the playing time in center to veteran Jackie Bradley Jr., who has a .437 OPS. In fact, the Royals’ overall OPS from center fielders (Bradley, Isbel and Nate Eaton) is easily the worst in baseball.
Meanwhile, Drew Waters has been mashing for Triple-A Omaha since he returned to action May 9, after having gone down with an oblique injury late in spring training. Since he was the Royals’ projected starter at the position in the first place, it seems as if putting him in center sooner rather than later would be the right play — not for this season but for those to come. — Doolittle
Record: 10-41
Previous ranking: 30
On Tuesday, the Athletics dropped to 10-40, the worst start to a season for a team since the 1932 Red Sox. That figure puts them on pace for a 32-130 record, which would be the most losses for a team in a season since the 1899 Cleveland Spiders went 20-134. Meanwhile, the A’s reached a tentative agreement with Nevada state and local officials on a stadium funding plan, with a funding bill to be introduced in the coming weeks to see how much public funding will be provided to build the new home of the team. — Lee
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Which MLB pitchers are throwing their best stuff most often, and who shouldn’t be?
Published
3 hours agoon
June 20, 2025By
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Neil PaineJun 20, 2025, 08:00 AM ET
Close- Neil Paine writes about sports using data and analytics. Previously, he was Sports Editor at FiveThirtyEight.
Pitching is about keeping hitters guessing — and about walking the line between overusing certain pitches to the point of predictability and underusing others that have quietly confounded opponents in limited doses. Now more than ever, each MLB pitcher’s repertoire is scientifically calibrated, from the shape of the ball’s arc as it approaches the plate to the spin it carries and how it looks coming out of the hand. Modern pitchers take their pitch selection as seriously as a Michelin chef planning a gourmet menu.
But even with all of that sophistication, there are inefficiencies in how pitchers deploy their stuff. Many years ago, I dove into the game theory behind pitch selection, and specifically which pitchers were throwing their different pitch types in an optimal way versus those who could stand to tweak their pitch mix a bit to achieve better results.
The thought process went like this: We know from Statcast data how frequently each pitcher throws each type of pitch, and thanks to websites such as FanGraphs, we also know how effective each pitcher’s pitches have been at preventing runs. (We now even know how good each pitch should be based on its characteristics, such as velocity, movement, spin and other factors.)
From this data, we can then find cases where there are mismatches between a pitcher’s most effective pitches and the ones he uses the most.
Of course, not every pitch can be scaled up without diminishing returns. But in general, pitchers who lean more heavily on their best pitches are likely getting more out of their repertoire than those who don’t.
I then developed what I call the Nash Score for pitchers (so named for the Nash equilibrium of Game Theory, which describes a state in which any change in strategy from the current balance would result in less optimal results). Nash Scores work by comparing the runs a pitcher saves with each pitch in his arsenal to the average runs saved by all of his other pitches combined.
Pitchers with low (good) Nash Scores have achieved a close balance in effectiveness between their most-used pitches and the rest of their repertoire, which implies that any change in pitch mix would make them less effective overall. Meanwhile, pitchers who have high (bad) Nash Scores are either using ineffective pitches too much or not using their best pitches enough, suggesting that a reallocation might be needed.
Now is a good time to update Nash Scores for the current era of MLB pitchers.
Let’s highlight the top-15 qualified starters and relievers who have achieved the greatest balance according to their Nash Scores over the past three seasons (with recent years weighted more), as well as the 15 who might be leaving performance on the table.
But first, here is a chart showing all qualified MLB pitchers — using a three-year weighted pitch count — with their Nash Scores plotted against their Wins Above Replacement:
Explore the full, interactive chart.
Now, let’s get to the rankings, starting with the most balanced starters in our sample:
Irvin, Crochet among most optimized starters
Note: Listed rates for pitch types are usage share over the past three seasons and run values per 100 pitches for that pitch, relative to the average for the rest of their pitches combined.
The award for the league’s most balanced starter belongs to perhaps an unlikely name: Washington Nationals righty Jake Irvin. Irvin has been an average pitcher at best in his three MLB seasons, with an ERA of 107 (100 is average and lower is better) and a FIP (Fielding Independent Pitching) of 114, and he has never even had 2 WAR in a season yet. But in terms of maximizing his repertoire, the case can be made that no pitcher is getting more out of what he has to work with.
Over the past three seasons (again, with more weight on more recent data), Irvin has almost exclusively used three pitches: four-seam fastball, curve and sinker. Each was within 0.2 runs per 100 pitches of the average of his other offerings, meaning he found the mix where basically all of his pitches are equally effective — the whole point of this entire exercise.
Now, Irvin has drifted a bit away from equilibrium in 2025, using more of his curve (and less of his fastballs) despite them being more effective, so it’s worth keeping an eye on whether he continues to optimize his Nash Score. (Especially since his best-shaped pitch is actually his slider, which he almost never uses!)
Among the rest of the top 15, several other pitchers showed a knack for maximizing their stuff. Garrett Crochet — the nasty left-hander who broke out last year and was dealt from the Chicago White Sox to the Boston Red Sox — pairs an elite fastball with an even more dominant cutter (plus a bit of a sinker-slider), giving him one of the game’s best (and most equalized) pitch mixes.
Fellow Red Sox hurler Kutter Crawford follows the same template, with similarly effective four-seamers and cutters making the bulk of his repertoire. Others strike the balance differently: Jesus Luzardo and Freddy Peralta use more off-speed stuff, while Ryan Pepiot and Corbin Burnes rely on strong fastballs as their primary pitches — but only use them about half the time. And then there are guys such as Taj Bradley and Taijuan Walker, who lead with shaky main pitches, but throw them so infrequently that the rest of their pitches help equalize the overall mix.
It’s also no surprise to see Tarik Skubal, arguably the best pitcher in baseball, grace a list of hurlers who pick from their arsenals in the most efficient way. What everyone on the list has in common is a pitch selection largely in equilibrium, where effectiveness and usage are closely aligned.
Sewald, Poche among most optimized relievers
You’ll likely notice that the top relievers tend to be more optimized (with lower Nash Scores) than the top starters, which is probably an artifact of a few factors: First, relievers usually throw just a couple of pitch types, so it’s inherently easier to align usage with effectiveness when there’s less to balance. Second, those pitches are often thrown in short bursts at maximum intensity, which allows pitchers to rely more heavily on their strengths without diminishing returns. And finally, relievers don’t need to navigate a lineup multiple times, so they can lean on their best pitches more without the same concerns about stamina or predictability that starters face.
That said, some relievers do a better job of balancing than others. Though he has been nursing an injured shoulder since April, Cleveland’s Paul Sewald had been the best over the past few seasons — the two pitches he used 99.7% of the time, a four-seamer and a slider, were both within five hundredths of a run of each other in terms of effectiveness per 100 pitches. The batter knows one is likely coming… but they’re both equally tough to hit.
This was a very common theme among the top relievers, too: Each of the next four names on the list (Colin Poche, Tanner Scott, Joe Jimenez and Alexis Díaz), and eight of the top 11, used a version of that same pitch mix, with fastballs and sliders of near-equal effectiveness making up the vast majority of their pitches. Hey, if it works, it works.
But those who bucked the trend are also interesting. Philadelphia’s Orion Kerkering, for instance, flipped the tendency and relied mostly on a slider with the four-seamer as a change-of-pace pitch. Milwaukee’s Elvis Peguero was exactly 50-50 on sliders and sinkers (though both abandoned him earlier this season, and he has bounced between MLB and AAA), while Nats closer Kyle Finnegan introduces a splitter into the equation — and there’s longtime veteran closer Craig Kimbrel with his knuckle-curve (though it hurt his Nash Score).
Not all of these relievers have been lights-out, but many were, serving as great examples of how to stay effective even when hitters have a good guess at what’s coming.
Blanco, Kelly among least optimized starters
Now we get into some truly fascinating cases, where it’s important to remember that you can still be a great pitcher while still having a deeply strange, and seemingly suboptimal, mix of pitches.
There seem to be a few ways to land on this list: First, and most straightforwardly, you could have a far less effective No. 1 pitch than the rest of your arsenal, meaning you might stand to throw it less and the others more. Both of the top two above, Houston’s Ronel Blanco and Arizona’s Merrill Kelly, have primary four-seamers that are at least 1.5 runs worse per 100 pitches than their other options, and secondary off-speed pitches that are at least 2.4 runs better than the rest — classic cases where the Nash Score would suggest bringing them closer to balanced until the difference begins to flatten out.
Then there are cases such as Joe Ryan, Michael Wacha, Dylan Cease, Chris Sale and Michael King, in which their No. 1 option is clearly the best, but they throw other, much less effective pitches nearly as much, reducing the advantage of a dominant primary pitch. Spamming the top choice might lead to diminishing returns, but there’s room to give there before it starts being a suboptimal strategy.
And finally, we have the odd case of Paul Skenes — and Gavin Williams too, but Skenes is more fun to dissect — in which somehow the primary four-seamer is less effective than the other pitches, and so is the secondary breaking pitch, suggesting the need to dig deeper into the bag more often. But how can you argue that Skenes isn’t doing the most he can? He literally leads all pitchers in WAR. The thought he could optimize his stuff even more is terrifying.
Kahnle, Bender among least optimized relievers
Finally, we get to the less optimal end of the reliever spectrum. And as stable as the opposite side was, with a bunch of guys using their boring fastball-slider combos to carefully record outs, this one contains more varied pitch mixes. Well-represented, for instance, is the phenomenon I found with R.A. Dickey the first time around — that despite his knuckleball being both his best pitch and the one he used most often, the Nash Score implied he should throw it even more because it was much more effective than the rest of his offerings.
While we don’t have any knucklers in the bunch this time, we do have guys such as Detroit Tigers setup man Tommy Kahnle, whose lead pitch is a changeup (not a fastball) so effective that it’s nearly four runs per 100 pitches better than the rest of his repertoire. Pitchers who work backwards like this must mix in fastballs to keep hitters honest — but at the same time, the fastballs are much less valuable that using them slightly less might be good even if it makes the change less effective. (Anthony Bender, Brenan Hanifee, Steven Okert, David Robertson, Greg Weissert and Cade Smith were in this category as well, among others.)
Just as odd were the cases of Ryan Helsley, Justin Lawrence and John Brebbia, whose primary pitches were far less effective than their secondary options, despite each essentially having only two pitches to work with. The numbers might be asking for those hierarchies to be flipped around.
And finally, there are guys such as Kenley Jansen, who spam one solid pitch — but they don’t have much else to work with, so any deviation worsens performance, even if the Nash Score still dings them for imbalance.
In the end, no metric — not even one rooted in Game Theory — can capture the full complexity of pitching. But Nash Scores do give us a window into something that’s often hard to pin down: How much a pitcher gets out of what they’re working with, and whether they’re winning the rock-paper-scissors aspect of the batter-pitcher showdown.
Some get the most out of average stuff through smarter allocation. Others leave value on the table despite electric arsenals. In either case, the path to better performance might be as simple (or difficult) as throwing the right pitch at the right moment just a little more often.
Sports
Oregon lands No. 1-rated safety, nephew of Kobe
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4 hours agoon
June 20, 2025By
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Eli LedermanJun 19, 2025, 09:57 PM ET
Close- Eli Lederman covers college football and recruiting for ESPN.com. He joined ESPN in 2024 after covering the University of Oklahoma for Sellout Crowd and the Tulsa World.
Four-star prospect Jett Washington, ESPN’s No. 1 safety in the 2026 class, announced his commitment to Oregon over Alabama and USC on Thursday night.
Washington is a 6-foot-5, 210-pound defender from Las Vegas and the nation’s No. 22 prospect. The top-ranked four-star recruit in the 2026 ESPN 300, he trails only five-star tight end Kendre’ Harrison (No. 11 overall) as the highest rated of the Ducks’ six top-300 pledges in the current cycle.
Washington enters the fall as a third-year starter at Las Vegas powerhouse Bishop Gorman, where he logged 38 tackles and five interceptions during his junior season in 2024. A nephew of the late Los Angeles Lakers legend Kobe Bryant, Washington helped lead Bishop Gorman to a second consecutive Nevada Class 5A state basketball title earlier this year.
Washington’s pledge is a much-needed recruiting win for Ducks coach Dan Lanning after a string of near misses with top-end talents this spring.
Last month, Oregon whiffed as finalists for five-stars Jackson Cantwell (No. 3 overall) and Jared Curtis (No. 5). As recently as Thursday morning, five-star athlete Brandon Arrington (No. 14) picked Texas A&M after a hotly contested race between the Aggies and Ducks.
But Oregon, alongside Alabama, was among the first major programs to enter Washington’s recruitment last year. Through Washington’s connection with Oregon defensive backs coach Chris Hampton, the program held an edge heading into Washington’s slate of official visits with the Ducks, Crimson Tide and Trojans.
“I have that great time with [Hampton] and the coaching staff,” Washington told ESPN this month. “I loved the way they treated me out there. My relationship with them has been going the right way ever since I started talking to them.”
With his pledge, Washington becomes the top-ranked defender in Oregon’s 2026 class. He is one of three ESPN 300 commits on defense for the Ducks, joining defensive tackles Tony Cumberland (No. 89 overall) and Viliami Moala (No. 262).
Sports
CFP meetings wrap with all formats still on table
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4 hours agoon
June 20, 2025By
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Leaders of the College Football Playoff are still “mulling over” what the format should look like in 2026 and beyond, CFP executive director Rich Clark said Wednesday following the conclusion of two days of meetings in Asheville, North Carolina.
“Pretty much everything’s on the table, and they’re taking a good look at it all of it,” Clark said. “So, I wouldn’t say there’s a leading contender right now for them, but they’re taking a fresh look at it.”
Last month, at the SEC’s spring meetings in Destin, Florida, there was new support from the head football coaches for a 16-team model that would include the five highest-ranked conference champions and 11 at-large teams. That quickly gained traction and public support from other leagues, but it also surprised many leaders in the Big Ten Conference.
Many athletic directors in both leagues had been aligned in their desire to have automatic qualifiers that would guarantee both conferences four spots each in the playoff, with play-in games to determine whom the third and fourth playoff participants would be. Following the SEC’s spring meetings, many sources in the Big Ten have indicated that they wouldn’t even consider a 5+11 model unless the SEC and the ACC both go to nine conference games.
The Big Ten and the SEC have the bulk of control of the next iteration of the playoff, but the two conferences haven’t been on the same page recently in terms of what that should look like.
“They’re obligated to come to an agreement on what the format is,” Clark said.
SEC commissioner Greg Sankey has said repeatedly that he wanted more clarity on the selection process before determining if the league should move to a nine-game schedule, and much of this week’s meetings were spent studying metrics, including strength of schedule. Clark said the CFP brought in a mathematician from Google to help the group, which included all 10 FBS commissioners and Notre Dame athletic director Pete Bevacqua.
“I would say a lot of it is refreshing our metrics,” Clark said. “Some of these metrics were put into place with a whole different look at the way college football was laid out and the conferences were structured.
“I wouldn’t say it’s dramatic, but it’s a refresh. We looked at some of our processes and how we do things within the selection committee meeting room. Some of the things we brought up to the table for them to consider, but just things to help us get better.”
Clark reiterated something Sankey said at his spring meetings and multiple other sources have surmised: The current 12-team model remains an option for 2026 and beyond. Whatever they decide, Clark said, they’d like to do it by the fall, and they’re not looking to postpone the decision by keeping the status quo for another season.
“I don’t think they’re going to kick the can a second year,” Clark said. “They’re going to make a decision on what they think that whole period should look like.”
The CFP did decide this week to incorporate sports wagering monitoring and will have its staff determine the details of it. The playoff also will use player availability reports, which would be handled in a similar way to what some conferences already do, Clark said.
“We’re going to take that model on,” he said. “We have some work to do on that, though, to perfect it and to ensure that we’re doing it the right way, but that will be an important position for the CFP.”
Clark said there has been progress but that the group still has “lots of space to still make some decisions.”
“I don’t know if there’s any hurdles they have to get over; I think they just want to make sure they get it right,” Clark said. “That’s going to be six years of format that they’re deciding, and rushing to a bad decision is not in any of our best interests. They want to make sure they look at all the options and understand what the pros and cons are and make the best decision they can rather than trying to rush to something that may not suit us for the next phase of the CFP.”
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