The deadly crash at Odisha’s Balasore district on Friday, which has so far claimed over 280 lives and injured 900 more, has focused attention on the safety of the railway network in the world’s second most populous country.
Run by state monopoly Indian Railways, the network is the fourth largest in the world and transports 13 million people every day as well as moving 1.5bn tonnes of freight annually along more than 40,000 miles (64,000km) of tracks.
Image: India train scene
It comprises 14,000 passenger trains and 8,000 stations.
In recent years, money has been pumped into modernising the system, with $30bn (£24.1bn) being committed last year to spend on new trains and modern stations, as Prime Minister Narendra Modi has pushed to boost infrastructure and connectivity in the country’s fast-growing economy.
Image: Narendra Modi at the crash site on Saturday. Pic: Government of India
Image: Hundreds are dead and many more injured after the accident in Odisha’s Balasore district
The government’s record capital outlay for the railways, a 50% increase over the previous fiscal year, had focused on upgrading tracks, easing congestion and adding new trains, including a new, semi-high-speed train built in India called the Vande Bharat Express – or “Salute to India”.
However Friday’s deadly accident, the worst in India for almost three decades, shows that investment needs to also address safety concerns, experts say.
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“The safety record has been improving over the years but there is more work to do,” said Prakash Kumar Sen, head of the department of mechanical engineering at Kirodimal Institute of Technology in central India.
“Human error or poor track maintenance are generally to blame in such crashes,” Mr Sen said.
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The railways have been introducing more trains to cope with soaring demand, but the network’s workforce to maintain them has not kept pace, he said. Workers are not trained adequately or their workload is too high, and they don’t get enough rest.
India’s worst train disasters
June 1981: India’s most deadly train disaster happened in Bihar state, near the Nepalese border. At least 800 people died after seven coaches of an overcrowded passenger train blew off the track and into a river during a cyclone.
July 1988: In Quilon, southern India, 106 people died when an express train derailed and fell into a monsoon-heavy lake.
August 1995: At least 350 people were killed when two trains collided 125 miles from Delhi.
August 1999: Two trains crashed near Calcutta, killing 285 people.
October 2005: In Andhra Pradesh state, at least 77 people died when several coaches of a passenger train derailed.
July 2011: In Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh, a mail train derailed, killing 70 people and injuring more than 300.
November 2016: An express train derailed in Uttar Pradesh, killing 146 people and injuring more than 200.
January 2017: In Andhra Pradesh, 41 people died when several coaches of a passenger train left the track.
October 2018: At least 59 people died in Amritsar city, northern India when a commuter train crashed into a crowd gathered on the track for a festival. Fifty-seven people were injured.
The east coast route on which Friday’s crash occurred is one of the country’s oldest and busiest as it also carries much of India’s coal and oil freight.
“These tracks are very old … the load on them is very high, if maintenance is not good, failures will happen,” Mr Sen said.
Image: India train map
Indian Railways say safety is a key focus, pointing to a low accident rate over the years.
“This question [on safety] is arising because there has been one incident now. But if you see the data, you will see that there have been no major accidents for years,” a railways ministry spokesperson said.
The number of accidents per million train kilometres fell to 0.03 in 2021-22, from 0.10 in 2013-14, the spokesperson said.
“Some malfunction has happened and that’s what the inquiry will reveal,” the spokesman said, referring to Friday’s crash. “We will find out why it happened and how it happened.”
Image: Mr Modi at the crash site on Saturday. Pic: Government of India
From 2017 to 2021, there were more than 100,000 train-related deaths in India, according to a 2022 report published by the National Crime Records Bureau. That figure includes cases in which passengers fell from the trains, collisions, and people being mowed by speeding trains on the tracks.
Srinand Jha, an independent transport expert, said the railways have been working on safety mechanisms such as anti-collision devices and emergency warning systems but have been slow to install them across the network.
“They will always tell you that accidents are at a very manageable level because they talk about them in terms of percentages,” Mr Jha said, adding that in recent years the focus has been more on new trains and modern stations and not as much on tracks, signalling systems and asset management.
“This accident brings out the need to focus more on these aspects,” he said.
An airport in Denmark has been forced to close after drones were spotted nearby, local police have said.
Incoming and departing flights from Aalborg Airport were halted following the incident on Wednesday night.
In a post on X, Nordjyllands Police said: “Drones have been observed near Aalborg Airport and the airspace is closed. The police are present and investigating further.”
It said the purpose of the drones was unknown, and it was not clear who was controlling them, but they were flying with their lights on.
Aalborg is located in the north of the country, in the Jutland region, and is Denmark’s fourth-largest city by population.
Denmark’s national police said the drones followed a similar pattern to the ones that had halted flights at Copenhagen Airport.
It also said it had received notices of drones in other parts of the country. It said the Danish Armed Forces were also affected as they use Aalborg Airport as a military base.
Danish police later said the unidentified drones were no longer located over the airport’s airspace.
Southern Jutland police later said drones had also been observed near airports in the Danish towns of Esbjerg, Sonderborg and Skrydstrup. Fighter Wing Skrydstrup in Southern Jutland is the base for Denmark’s F-16 and F-35 fighter jets.
Denmark’s national police commissioner, Thorkild Fogde, said many people around the country had reported drone sightings to the police since the disruption earlier this week.
“Of course many of these reports do not cover activities that are of interest to the police or the military, but some of them do, and I think the one in Aalborg does,” he said.
The incident at Copenhagen Airport on Monday was described by the government as the most serious attack yet on its critical infrastructure and linked the drones to a series of suspected Russian drone incursions and other disruptions across Europe.
Authorities in Norway also shut the airspace at Oslo airport for three hours after a drone was seen there.
Denmark‘s prime minister later said she “cannot deny” that drones seen over the airport were flown by Russia.
Authorities in Norway and Denmark are in close contact over the incidents in Copenhagen and Oslo, but their investigation has not yet established a connection, Norway’s foreign minister said on Wednesday.
Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s moment in the United Nations General Assembly chamber came a day after he told Sky News that Donald Trump’s language represented a “big shift” in America’s stance on Ukraine.Â
While it unquestionably represents a shift in position – now claiming Ukraine can take back all of the land lost – big questions remain about Mr Trump‘s personal and material commitment to a Ukrainian victory.
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0:16
Zelenskyy tells Sky News Trump has made ‘big shift’
Image: President Zelenskyy addresses the United Nations General Assembly. Pic: AP
Mr Zelenskyy is taking the win that the language represents, but he, more than anyone, knows that Mr Trump can turn on a dime.
And so his speech was a warning, a message and a continued plea for help.
The Ukrainian leader cited history in warning that Russia won’t stop unless it is defeated.
Mr Zelenskyy said: “We have already lost Georgia in Europe. Human rights and the European nature of the state system are only shrinking there.
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“Georgia is dependent on Russia and for many, many years, Belarus has also been moving towards dependence on Russia.”
“Putin will keep driving the war forward, wider and deeper… Ukraine is only the first. Russian drones are already flying across Europe.”
“Europe cannot afford to lose Moldova too,” he said.
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0:18
‘NATO should shoot down Russian jets violating airspace’
Drawing on the experience of his country, he warned of what he said was a uniquely dangerous proliferation of weapons.
“We are living through the most destructive arms race in human history,” he said, warning specifically of the dangers of drones which will soon be controlled by artificial intelligence (AI).
But he also warned of the proliferation of the use of violence, whether it be from nation states or from political activists.
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1:17
Trump complains of broken escalator and teleprompter at UN
He included these moments not just because he believes they represent a dangerous and tragic shift but because he knows he needs to keep President Trump and his base of support on side. Showing empathy with them is important.
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He spoke in perfect English. Not long ago, he struggled with the language. He knows that now, more than ever, he needs to communicate in the language of those who hold the key to his country’s future.
“Of course, we are doing everything to make sure Europe truly helps, and we count on the United States,” he said.
He closed with a plea to the nations of the world, gathered in the chamber.
“Don’t stay silent while Russia keeps dragging this war on… Please join us in defending life, international law and order,” he said.
There is something peculiar about the Chinese government that makes its targets very different to those in countries like Britain.
That quirk gives analysts some hope after it’s “timid” announcement on the green transition – and as Donald Trump yesterday condemned climate change as a “hoax”.
The good news is that China has, for the first time, made a commitment to cut its greenhouse gas emissions. It’s a landmark moment.
In a video statement to the UN in New York, President Xi Jinping vowed China would cut emissions by 7-10% by 2035, while “striving to do better”.
But it is still “critically short” of the roughly 30% believed to be necessary from the world’s biggest greenhouse gas polluter and clean tech superpower, analysts said.
Juan Manuel Santos, former president of Colombia and chair of The Elders, a group of global leaders founded by Nelson Mandela, said: “China’s latest climate target is too timid given the country’s extraordinary record on clean energy – both at home and through its green partnerships with emerging economies.”
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2:11
‘Strongest storm of the year’
China also chose not to say when it thinks its emissions will peak – allowing plenty of time for them to keep rising before they then fall.
But here’s why all is not lost – far from it.
In the West, targets are often aspirational. They are knowingly optimistic, sometimes wildly so, because the purpose isn’t necessarily to hit them.
Instead, they are designed to provide some certainty to investors, energy companies, local authorities and so on about where the country is headed, stimulating them all to kick into gear.
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3:34
Businesses urged to ‘step forward’ on climate
‘Taking targets seriously’
The Chinese work differently. In fact, they have a record over under promising and over delivering on climate targets.
Why?
“In China’s top-down political system, setting and evaluating targets is a key means through which the central government manages the country,” says Zhe Yao from Greenpeace Asia.
“As a result, there is a strong political culture of taking targets seriously. This mentality means policymakers usually take a realistic approach to setting targets rather than treating them as aspirations.”
Just look at their wind and solar rollout: meeting a target of 1,200GW by 2030 six years early.
Today they pledged to more than double today’s capacity of around 1,400GW to 3,600GW by 2035 – rates many countries can only dream of. There are other targets China has missed – such as to “strictly control” coal power – but still that record gives analysts hope.
Another ray of light is the fact that it was delivered by Xi himself – this is perceived as the commitment being more serious than if it was delivered by anyone else.
And “striving to better” sounds weasley, but suggests they aim to overachieve, and again should be taken more seriously from President Xi than perhaps we would from other leaders.
Image: Xi Jinping seems to sense an opportunity to step into a global leadership role, as the US retreats. Pic: Reuters
US and EU fall short
China is far from alone in disappointing with its pledge, made as a part of its latest five-year climate plan (known as nationally determined contribution or NDC), something all countries are doing this year as per the Paris Agreement.
The US government under Trump has ditched climate action altogether. The EU, which thinks of itself as ambitious, failed to come up with its own plan on time, effectively coming to the UN this week with an “I Owe You” instead.
With other leaders faltering, there was less heat on Beijing to step up.
Even the 10% reduction in emissions will “still put the world on a pathway to catastrophic climate impacts” says Kate Logan, director of the China Climate Hub at the Asia Society Policy Institute.
So let’s hope this target will not just be hot air, but another one for cautious China to overachieve.