This should be a window of widening opportunity and optimism for the Republicans chasing Donald Trump, the commanding front-runner in the 2024 GOP presidential race.

Instead, this is a time of mounting uncertainty and unease.

Rather than undermine Trumps campaign, his indictment last week for mishandling classified documents has underscored how narrow a path is available for the candidates hoping to deny him the nomination. What should have been a moment of political danger for Trump instead has become another stage for him to demonstrate his dominance within the party. Almost all GOP leaders have reflexively snapped to his defense, and polls show that most Republican voters accept his vitriolic claims to be the victim of a politicized and illegitimate prosecution.

As GOP partisans rally around him amid the proliferating legal threats, recent national surveys have routinely found Trump attracting support from more than 50 percent of primary voters. Very few primary candidates in either party have ever drawn that much support in polls this early in the calendar. In an equally revealing measure of his strength, the choice by most of the candidates running against Trump to echo his attacks on the indictment shows how little appetite even they believe exists within the party coalition for a full-on confrontation with him.

The conundrum for Republicans is that polls measuring public reaction to Trumps legal difficulties have also found that outside the Republican coalition, a significant majority of voters are disturbed by the allegations accumulating against him. Beyond the GOP base, most voters have said in polls that they believe his handling of classified material has created a national-security risk and that he should not serve as president again if hes convicted of a crime. Such negative responses from the broader electorate suggest that Trumps legal challenges are weakening him as a potential general-election candidate even as they strengthen him in the primary. Its as if Republican leaders and voters can see a tornado on the horizonand are flooring the gas pedal to reach it faster.

This far away from the first caucuses and primaries next winterand about two months from the first debate in Augustthe other candidates correctly argue that its too soon to declare Trump unbeatable for the nomination.

Republicans skeptical of Trump hold out hope that GOP voters will grow weary from the cumulative weight of the multiple legal proceedings converging on him. And he still faces potential federal and Fulton County Georgia charges over his role in trying to overturn the 2020 election.

Republican voters are going to start asking who else is out there, who has a cleaner record, and who is not going to have the constant political volleying going on in the background of their campaign, Dave Wilson, a prominent Republican and social-conservative activist in South Carolina, told me. They are looking for someone they can rally behind, because Republicans really want to defeat Joe Biden.

Scott Reed was the campaign manager in 1996 for Bob Doles presidential campaign and is now a co-chair of Committed to America, a super PAC supporting Mike Pence. Reed told me he also believes that time is Trumps enemy as his legal troubles persist. The belief in GOP circles that the Department of Justice is totally out of control offers Trump an important shield among primary voters, Reed said. But he believes that as the details about Trumps handling of classified documents in the latest indictment sink in his support is going to begin to erode. And as more indictments possibly accumulate, Reed added, I think the repetition of these proceedings will wear him down.

Yet other strategists say that the response so far among both GOP voters and elected officials raises doubts about whether any legal setback can undermine Trumps position. (The partys bottomless willingness throughout his presidency to defend actions that previously had appeared indefensible, of course, points toward the same conclusion.) The veteran GOP pollster Whit Ayres has divided the GOP electorate into three categories: about 10 percent that is never Trump, about 35 percent that is immovably committed to him, and about half that he describes as maybe Trump, who are generally sympathetic to the former president and supportive of his policies but uneasy about some of his personal actions and open to an alternative.

Those maybe Trump voters are the key to any coalition that can beat him in the primary race, Ayres told me, but as the polls demonstrate, they flock to his side when hes under attack. Many of them had conflict with siblings, with parents, sometimes with children, sometimes even with spouses, about their support for Donald Trump, Ayres said. And they are very defensive about it. That makes them instinctively rally to Donald Trumps defense, because if they suggest in any way that he is not fit for office, then that casts aspersions on their own past support for him.

This reflex helps explain the paradoxical dynamic of Trumps position having improved in the GOP race since his first indictment in early April. A national CBS survey conducted after last weeks federal indictment found his support in the primary soaring past 60 percent for the first time, with three-fourths of Republican voters dismissing the charges as politically motivated and four-fifths saying he should serve as president even if convicted in the case.

The Republicans dubious of Trump focus more on the evidence in the same surveys that voters outside the GOP base are, predictably, disturbed by the behavior alleged in the multiplying cases against him. Trump argues that Democrats are concocting these allegations because they fear him more than any other Republican candidate, but Wilson accurately pointed out that many Democrats believe Trump has been so damaged since 2020 that he might be the easiest GOP nominee to beat. I dont think Democrats really want someone other than Trump, Wilson said. Privately, in my conversations with them, plenty of Democratic strategists agree.

Ayres believes that evidence of the resistance to Trump in the wider electorate may eventually cause more GOP voters to think twice about nominating him. Polls have usually found that most Republican voters say agreement on issues is more important for them in choosing a nominee than electability. But Ayres said that in focus groups hes conducted, maybe Trump voters do spontaneously raise concerns about whether Trump can win again given everything thats happened since Election Day, including the January 6 insurrection. Traditionally an electability argument is ineffective in primaries, Ayres said. The way the dynamic usually works is I like Candidate X, therefore Candidate X has the best chance to win. The question is whether the electability argument is more potent in this situation than it was formerly and the only answer to that is: We will find out. One early measure suggests that, for now, the answer remains no. In the new CBS poll, Republicans were more bullish on Trumps chances of winning next year than on any other candidates.

Read: Will Trump get a speedy trial?

Another reason the legal proceedings havent hurt Trump more is that his rivals have been so reluctant to challenge him over his actionsor even to make the argument that multiple criminal trials would weaken him as a general-election candidate. But there are some signs that this may be changing: Pence, Nikki Haley, and Tim Scott this week somewhat criticized his behavior, though they were careful to also endorse the former presidents core message that the most recent indictment is illegitimate and politically motivated. Some strategists working in the race believe that by the first Republican debate in August, the other candidates will have assailed Trumps handling of the classified documents more explicitly than they are now.

Still, Trumps fortifications inside the party remain formidable against even a more direct assault. Jim McLaughlin, a pollster for Trumps campaign, points out tht 85 to 90 percent of Republicans approve of his record as president. In 2016, Trump didnt win an absolute majority of the vote in any contest until his home state of New York, after he had effectively clinched the nomination; now hes routinely drawing majority support in polls.

In those new national polls, Trump is consistently attracting about 35 to 40 percent of Republican voters with a four-year college degree or more, roughly the same limited portion he drew in 2016. But multiple recent surveys have found him winning about 60 percent of Republican voters without a college degree, considerably more than he did in 2016.

McLaughlin maintains that Trumps bond with non-college-educated white voters in a GOP primary is as deep as Bill Clintons connection with Black voters was when he won the Democratic primaries a generation ago. Ayres, though no fan of Trump, agrees that the numbers hes posting among Republicans without a college degree are breathtaking. That strength may benefit Trump even more than in 2016, because polling indicates that those non-college-educated white voters will make up an even bigger share of the total GOP vote next year, as Trump has attracted more of them into the party and driven out more of the suburban white-collar white voters most skeptical of him.

But if Trump looks stronger inside the GOP than he was in 2016, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis may also present a more formidable challenger than Trump faced seven years ago. On paper, DeSantis has more potential than any of the 2016 contenders to attract the moderate and college-educated voters most dubious of Trump and peel away some of the right-leaning maybe Trump voters who like his policies but not his behavior. The optimistic way of looking at Trumps imposing poll numbers, some GOP strategists opposed to him told me, is that hes functionally the incumbent in the race and still about half of primary voters remain reluctant to back him. That gives DeSantis an audience to work with.

In practice, though, DeSantis has struggled to find his footing. DeSantiss choice to run at Trump primarily from his right has so far produced few apparent benefits for him. DeSantiss positioning has caused some donors and strategists to question whether he would be any more viable in a general election, but it has not yet shown signs of siphoning away conservative voters from Trump. Still, the fact that DeSantiss favorability among Republicans has remained quite high amid the barrage of attacks from Trump suggests that if GOP voters ultimately decide that Trump is too damaged, the Florida governor could remain an attractive fallback option for them.

Whether DeSantis or someone else emerges as the principal challenger, the size of Trumps advantage underscores how crucial it will be to trip him early. Like earlier front-runners in both parties, Trumps greatest risk may be that another candidate upsets him in one of the traditional first contests of Iowa and New Hampshire. Throughout the history of both parties nomination contests, such a surprise defeat has tended to reset the race most powerfully when the front-runner looks the most formidable, as Trump does now. If Trump is not stopped in Iowa or New Hampshire, he will roll to the nomination, Reed said.

Even if someone beats Trump in one of those early contests, though, history suggests that they will still have their work cut out for them. In every seriously contested Republican primary since 1980, the front-runner as the voting began has been beaten in either Iowa or New Hampshire. That unexpected defeat has usually exposed the early leader to a more difficult and unpredictable race than he expected. But the daunting precedent for Trumps rivals is that all those front-runnersfrom Ronald Reagan in 1980 to George W. Bush in 2000 to Trump himself in 2016recovered to eventually win the nomination. In his time as a national figure, Trump has shattered a seemingly endless list of political traditions. But to beat him next year, his GOP rivals will need to shatter a precedent of their own.