A vibrant aurora display during a geomagnetic storm. (Image credit: Shutterstock)
Earth’s thermosphere recently hit a near 20-year temperature peak after soaking up energy from geomagnetic storms that bashed Earth this year. The temperature in the second-highest layer of the atmosphere will likely continue to climb over the next few years as the sun’s activity ramps up, which could impact Earth-orbiting satellites, experts warn.
The thermosphere extends from the top of the mesosphere, at around 53 miles (85 kilometers) above ground, to the bottom of the exosphere, which begins at around 372 miles (600 km) above the ground, according to NASA. Beyond the exosphere is outer space.
For more than 21 years, NASA has measured the thermosphere temperature via infrared radiation emitted by carbon dioxide and nitric oxide molecules. Scientists convert data collected by NASA’s Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite, into the Thermosphere Climate Index (TCI), which is measured in terawatts, or TW. (1 TW is equal to 1 trillion watts.)
The TCI value, which spiked on March 10, peaked at 0.24 TW, Martin Mlynczak, a leading researcher on the TIMED mission at NASA’s Langley Research Center in Virginia and creator of the TCI, told Live Science. The last time the TCI was this high was Dec. 28, 2003. (The temperature spike data has been submitted to a journal but has not yet been peer-reviewed.)
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The temperature spike was caused by three geomagnetic storms in January and February — major disturbances to Earth’s magnetic field that are triggered by chunks of fast-moving magnetized plasma, known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and less often by streams of highly charged particles, known as solar wind, which are both spat out by the sun.
“These ‘storms’ deposit their energy in the thermosphere and cause it to heat up,” Mlynczak said. “The increased heating results in increased levels of infrared emission from nitric oxide and carbon dioxide in the thermosphere.” Normally, infrared emissions after a storm cool the thermosphere, he added, but when the storms come back to back the temperature stays high.
Since the spike, at least two more geomagnetic storms have hit our planet — one on March 24, which was the most powerful solar storm to hit Earth for more than six years, and another equally powerful storm on April 24. The TCI values following these storms have remained high but have not yet passed the March peak, Mlynczak said.
A graph showing how the TCI value rises and falls with each solar cycle. (Image credit: Marty Mlynczak (NASA Langley Research Center) and Linda Hunt (Science and Technology Corporation))
Geomagnetic storms become more frequent and intense during solar maximum, a part of the roughly 11-year solar cycle in which the sun is most active and covered in dark sunspots and plasma loops that spit out CMEs and solar wind.
As a result, Earth’s thermosphere also follows a roughly 11-year cycle, Mlynczak said. Government scientists from NASA and NOAA predicted the next solar maximum will arrive in 2025, which means the warming trend will likely continue over the next few years.
Changes to the thermosphere can pose challenges for satellites in low-Earth orbit that are positioned around the thermosphere’s upper boundary, Mlynczak said.
“The thermosphere expands as it warms,” Mlynczak said, resulting in “increased aerodynamic drag on all satellites and on space debris.” This increased drag can pull satellites closer to Earth, he said, which could cause satellites to crash into one another or completely fall out of orbit, as SpaceX Starlink satellites did in February 2022 after a surprise geomagnetic storm.
Satellite operators can avoid these issues by positioning their spacecraft in a higher orbit when needed, but the unpredictability of space weather makes it hard to know when these manoeuvres are required until it is often too late.related stories—Hidden tide in Earth’s magnetospheric ‘plasma ocean’ revealed in new study
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Solar maximum could also arrive sooner than predicted. A recent study published Jan. 30 in the journal Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences suggests that the solar activity peak could arrive as early as late 2023 and be more powerful than initially predicted. If this scenario plays out, then the risk of a satellite disaster further increases.
However, over longer timescales, temperatures in the thermosphere are declining, because excess CO2 in the thermosphere due to climate change increases infrared emissions into space, a May 8 study in the journal Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences found.
Members of the Los Angeles Fire Department presented her with the award and were given a standing ovation as they took to the stage.
Beyonce was joined by her 13-year-old daughter Blue Ivy Carter to accept the prize for her chart-topping album Cowboy Carter, saying said she felt “honoured” to receive the prize, adding: “It’s been many, many years and I just want to thank the Grammys, every songwriter, every collaborator, every producer, all the hard work.”
It was tough competition this year, with female stars including Charli XCX, Sabrina Carpenter, Billie Eilish, Chappell Roan and Taylor Swift in the mix. Andre 3000 and Jacob Collier were also in the running.
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Earlier in the night, a stunned Beyonce told the audience she was “still in shock” after winning best Country album – becoming the first black female artist to take the prize.
After being handed the award by Taylor Swift, the Texas-born star said: “Wow, I really was not expecting this. I want to thank God that I’m able to do what I love after so many years.”
She went on: “Genre is a code word to keep us in place as artists, and I just want to encourage us to do what we’re passionate about.”
Beyonce has previously been vocal about the lack of wins in the big Grammy categories for artists of colour, who she said were largely relegated to the genre categories.
Last year her husband, rap star Jay-Z, addressed the oversight, telling the audience: “I don’t want to embarrass this young lady, but she has more Grammys than everyone and never won album of the year. So, even by your own metrics, that doesn’t work.”
Beyonce had already made history earlier in the night, winning best country duo/group performance for II Most Wanted featuring Miley Cyrus, but was pipped at the post by Kacey Musgraves, who took best Country song for The Architect.
Ahead of the ceremony, Beyonce announced on social media that she would be taking Cowboy Carter on tour.
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Kendrick Lamar wins Grammy and dedicates award to LA
Diss track triumph for Lamar
Meanwhile, Kendrick Lamar also dominated the night, taking both song and record of the year for his much-talked-about diss track, Not Like Us.
He dedicated his record of the year win “to the city,” and later said he was “starstruck” to be handed his best song award by Diana Ross.
The California-born star had already won three awards earlier in the night.
The first award of the main ceremony, best rap album, went to Doechii for Alligator Bites Never Heal, who became tearful on stage as she became only the third woman ever to take the prize. She later gave a jaw-dropping, high-energy performance.
Her award was presented by Cardi B, one of those past winners, who told the audience: “Rap helped me find my voice, rap helped me find my story, but most of all rap changed my life.”
Thanks mum!
Best pop vocal album went to Sabrina Carpenter for Short N’ Sweet, she said she “might cry” for her first Grammy win, thanking her mum for “driving me to every voice lesson,” before going on to apologise for saying “Hell” three times during her acceptance speech.
Carpenter’s gong was presented by Red Hot Chilli Peppers band members Anthony Kiedis and Chad Smith, who sang a burst of their 1991 hit Under The Bridge, in tribute to the City Of Angles – LA.
The evening had a very different tone to previous shows following the devastating Los Angeles wildfires. Black was a common theme on the red carpet and the evening kicked off by highlighting the city’s resilience.
Host Trevor Noah’s opening speech spoke of the “entire communities burned to the ground”, going on, “it’s often said in the darkest time the best of humanity shines through…tonight we’re not only celebrating our favourite music but celebrating the city that brought us our favourite music”.
Raising money for those affected by the disaster, Noah said advertising space had also been given to local LA businesses affected by fire.
The first performance of the night celebrated first responders. I Love LA by Dawes, whose members were directly affected by the Eaton fire, were backed by John Legend, Brad Paisley, Sheryl Crow, Brittany Howard and St Vincent.
Chappell Roan calls out the labels
Best newcomer went to Chappell Roan, who wore a giant cone hat with a veil spouting from the top to accept her award, which threatened to fall as she accepted her gong.
The 26-year-old singer gave an empassioned speech as she accepted her first Grammy saying: “I told myself if I ever won a Grammy and I got to stand up here in front of the most powerful people in music, I would demand that labels and the industry profiting millions of dollars off of artists would offer a liveable wage and healthcare, especially to developing artists.”
She went on to describe the strain of being signed young, and then dropped by her label, struggling to afford health insurance.
She said “It was so devastating to feel so committed to my art and feel so betrayed by the system and so dehumanised… And if my label would have prioritised artists’ health, I could have been provided care by a company I was giving everything to.
She finished by saying: “So record labels need to treat their artists as valuable employees with a liveable wage and health insurance and protection. Labels, we got you, but do you got us?”
Earlier, her rocking Pink Pony Club performance had featured a giant pony and host of cowboy clowns.
During the show, Billie Eilish performed on an LA hillside set, and Sabrina Carpenter giving it some old-school Hollywood glamour, with a bit of tap dance thrown in for good measure.
Other performances included Bensoon Boone who used the piano to assist a backflip, British star Raye giving a soulful performance of Oscar Winning Tears, Lady Gaga and Bruno Mars who sang California Dreamin’, and a belly-dance inspired performance from Hips Don’t Lie star Shakira.
The Weeknd also returned to the Grammys after several years of boycot in protest at what he saw as a flawed voting system after his 2020 album After Hours failed to receive a single nomination.
Other notable early wins of the night included some nostalgic British acts – The Beatles, who took best rock performance for Now And Then, and The Rolling Stones who won best rock album for Hackney Diamonds.
Charli XCX scored her first Grammys for best dance/electronic album and best dance/pop recording, following her culture-shaping Brat album, which was the talk of the summer. She later worked her way through the arena in a performance, which featured Julie Fox and a large haul of knickers, and which Charlie joked might be so racy “it might not make the edit”.
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Doechii wins best rap album at Grammys
Politics amid the music
Jennifer Lopez presented best Latin pop album, which went to Shakira for Las Mujeres Ya No Lloran. Shakira hugged her two sons as she went to collect her prize, dedicating it to “all my immigrant brothers and sisters in this country – you’re loved, you’re worth it, and I will always fight with you.”
Lady Gaga and Bruno Mars won best pop duo/group performance for Die With A Smile, paying their respects to one anothers career achievements in their acceptance speech.
Gaga also spoke out for trans rights, saying, “Trans people are not invisible. Trans people deserve love. The queer community deserves to be lifted up. Music is love.”
Alicia Keys – who is now an 18-times Grammy-winning artist – was also awarded the Dr Dre Global Impact Award by rapper and singer Queen Latifah. Taking one of her children on stage to accept her award, she paid tribute to a host of female artists who she said had “opened the doors” before her.
In a nod to politics, she went on to say DEI (diversity, equity and inclusion) was “not a threat, but a gift” adding, “When destructive forces try to burn us down, we burn like a phoenix”.
In the US, the Trump administration is currently calling for the rollback of DEI programs.
Remembering those who are gone
Stars including Will Smith, Cynthia Erivo, Stevie Wonder and Janelle Monae headlined a tribute to the late, legendary producer Quincy Jones, featuring jazz musician Herbie Hancock on the piano, and rendidtions of We Are The World and Thriller.
Led by Coldplayer frontman Chris Martin, the In Memoriam section began by remembering Liam Payne who died in October aged 31 after falling from a hotel balcony in Argentina. It also included actress and singer Marianne Faithful, who passed away over the weekend.
This breaking news story is being updated and more details will be published shortly.
Over the weekend, Trump followed through on his long-threatened 25% tariffs on imports from Canada and Mexico, as well as a 10% duty on goods from China. Energy resources from Canada will be subject to a lower 10% tariff.
While crude markets will see higher prices and consumers will be forking out more for gasoline and diesel costs in the near term, the spike is only temporary, oil watchers told CNBC.
“While the initial move on crude oil is upward, a cycle of tariffs and retaliatory actions by Canada, Mexico, China and perhaps others in the future could lead to a worldwide recession, causing oil prices to plummet,” Andy Lipow, President of Lipow Oil Associates told CNBC.
The tariffs have not resulted in any oil supplies being taken off the market, and will result in a redistribution of supplies as Mexico and Canada look to divert their volumes to Europe and Asia, Lipow added. Meanwhile, U.S. refiners will be looking to process more domestic crude oil while seeking Middle East alternatives.
Canada to bear the brunt
Both Canada and Mexico have limited spare refining capacity or alternative export routes, and the tariffs will likely push oil producers in both countries into steep price discounts, said Saul Kavonic, head of energy research at MST Marquee.
Canadian oil producers will eventually bear the brunt of the tariffs’ burden with a $3 to $4 per barrel discount on Canadian crude given the limited alternative export markets, Goldman Sachs wrote in a note dated Sunday.
In the medium term, Goldman’s analysts also expect that broad tariffs will impact global GDP as well as oil demand, weighing down oil prices.
Additionally, global oil prices could drop further after the next quarter as tariffs worsen the demand picture and OPEC+ faces increasing pressure from Trump to reverse production cuts, said Kavonic. Trump recently stated that he is urging Saudi Arabia and OPEC to lower oil prices.
The oil cartel, which is slated to meet on Monday, has yet to respond to Trump’s request. OPEC+ has been withholding 2.2 million barrels per day from the global market to stem falling prices. In December, the group decided to extend its production cuts through at least March 2025 before phasing them out gradually over the course of a year.
Ether, Cardano, Avalanche, XRP, Chainlink and Dogecoin all dropped over 20% over the past 23 hours after US President Donald Trump imposed his first round of tariffs.