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On 5 July 1948, the UK’s Health Secretary Aneurin Bevan officially started the NHS, back then a unique experiment to provide universal healthcare free at the point of use.

Seventy-five years on that ambition largely remains, enshrined in the 2011 NHS Constitution of guiding principles and pledges to the public.

But the reality is different, with data revealing access to healthcare is getting worse, inequalities are growing, and stark differences across the country are leaving large sections of the population behind.

Your address, your ethnicity, your gender, and above all else your socio-economic status are strongly tied to how long and healthy your life will be.

Average life expectancies in the UK have been increasing over time. They fell in 2020 following COVID, however progress had already started to slow before the pandemic.

Life expectancy is closely linked to poverty – more socially deprived people have lower life expectancies than those better off than them. This is called the social gradient.

This gap has widened has widened since 2013: by 0.7 years for men and 1.1 years for women.

Different areas of the country have large differences in life expectancy.

Red
areas have low life expectancies, while blue
areas have above average life expectancies.

Men in Knightsbridge, a very wealthy part of London, have an average life expectancy of 94.1 years – the highest in the country – living nearly 15 years longer than the average male.

Nearby in Westbourne, the average male life expectancy is nearly ten years less at 75.9 years.

Deaths from circulatory diseases and stroke are high in this area.

At just 66.6 years South Promenade in Blackpool has the lowest life expectancy for men in England.

Deaths from respiratory disease are high, at more than twice the rate in the average population.

Explore your area in the map below:

Postcode lottery – a north-south divide?

One of the places this gap between rich and poor is most pronounced is on The Wirral, which is home to both Birkenhead, an extremely deprived area with one of the lowest life expectancies, and Gayton, an affluent area with above average health.

Dr Laxman Ariaraj, a GP at Fender Way Health Centre who has been working in the Birkenhead area for 20 years, has witnessed health inequalities widen there over time.

He said: “Certainly access has become more difficult over that time, which would probably widen those wider determinants of health.

“The sheer volume of the people that we need to see is going to impact the amount of time we can spend doing things proactively.

“On a positive note, I think we’ve become more aware of it and that gives us an opportunity to try and do something about it.”

The government has committed to cutting NHS waiting lists, however across the country little progress has been made. The North West, where Birkenhead is located, is the worst affected region with the longest waits.

The NHS operational target is that 92% of people should be treated within 18 weeks following referral by a consultant. However, two fifths of the current 7.4 million waitlist for treatments have been waiting for longer.

The North West has experienced the biggest increase in waits in England, from 13% on the list more than four months in April 2019 (around average compared to other areas), up to 46.1% in the latest data for April 2023.

Overall, the waiting list has increased by more than three million from 4,315,000 in April 2019. At that time 87% of would-be patients had been waiting less than 18 weeks.

The situation in the north generally and the North West in particular is of even more concern given the health inequalities that already exist here.

There are some extremely disadvantaged neighbourhoods with higher levels of deprivation than in any areas of the country, such as Blackpool, and this plays a big part in poor health outcomes.

However, this doesn’t fully explain the health gap with other areas. At any cross section, London tends to have higher life expectancies, even though the areas are of similar socio-economic status:

There is no settled explanation for the phenomenon, but Dr Bola Owolabi, a GP in the Midlands and director of Health Inequalities at NHS England told Sky News that this may partly be explained by communities who are harder to track in official metrics.

Dr Owolabi said: “We recognise that there are other drivers beyond simply using the Index of Multiple Deprivation.

“For example, people experiencing homelessness or rough sleeping, and migrant communities may not show up in the data.”

Deprived areas have less access to resources

The current NHS crisis and treatment backlog affects everyone, but it may not be affecting everyone equally.

Analysis by The Health Foundation has shown a decrease in the proportion of people admitted to hospital after presenting at A&E due to bed rationing.

The most significant drop in emergency admissions was seen among people living in the most deprived areas, by 80,000 between 2019 and 2022. This was more than twice as much as the 35,000 decrease for those living in the least deprived areas.

Although the total number of days patients spent in hospital increased in most areas, it decreased for patients in the most deprived areas.

Patients in the most deprived areas in the country had 107,000 fewer days in hospital beds in 2022 compared to 2019. The net increase in bed days for emergency admissions was 329,000.

The challenge of training and retaining enough doctors and other healthcare staff to plug vacancies has also been a major challenge for the NHS in recent years to meet the needs of a growing and ageing population.

But more deprived areas have additional challenges with recruitment.

Sky News analysis has found that the local GP for someone living in one of England’s most deprived areas has, on average, a 61% higher patient workload than the average local GP for residents of the country’s wealthiest areas.

This gap has increased slightly since 2015, when it stood at 59%. That’s despite the government’s efforts to incentivise trainees to take up posts in under-served areas.

“The pressure on the NHS is potentially damaging the health of poorer people.”

The Marmot Review on health inequalities, first published in 2010 with a ten year follow up in 2020, concluded that inequalities in health and life expectancy result from social issues including employment, housing and deprivation.

Professor Sir Michael Marmot, director of The UCL Institute of Health Equity, told Sky News: “I’ve been saying for a long time that given the equity of access in the NHS, it’s highly unlikely that difficulties of access to treatment are playing a big role in the inequalities in health. I may need to modify that conclusion in the light of recent history.

“You’ve got it both ways: that the pressure on the NHS is potentially damaging the health of poorer people. And that the poor health of poorer people – because of social and economic inequalities in society – is potentially putting unbearable burden on the NHS.”

Ethnicity based inequalities

People from ethnic minority backgrounds tend to be disproportionately affected by deprivation.

Data from Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government suggests that ethnic minorities are far more likely to live in the most deprived 10% of neighbourhoods. 

They are also more likely to live in overcrowded conditions and low-income households – defined as living on less than 60% of the average net disposable household income. 

According to data from the latest census, more than a fifth of people from Asian backgrounds live in overcrowded conditions (having less than the required number of bedrooms).

People from black backgrounds are 6 times more likely to be living in overcrowded households than white people. 

Access to primary care health services is generally equitable for ethnic minority groups.  

However, people from ethnic minority groups are more likely to report being in poorer health and have higher mortality rates.

Research from the Health Foundation’s REAL Centre suggests that individuals from South Asian backgrounds, particularly Bangladeshi and Pakistani, have higher incidences of diagnosed chronic pain, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.  

The prevalence of diagnosed chronic pain is around three fifths higher among Bangladeshi and Pakistani individuals compared to white individuals.

People from black African ethnicities also have a higher prevalence of chronic pain. 

Chronic pain among other conditions is also prevalent in deprived neighbourhoods. The prevalence of diagnosed chronic pain is more than double in the most deprived neighbourhoods compared to the least deprived neighbourhoods. 

However, cancer is more prevalent for people from white backgrounds and almost double than for people from South Asian backgrounds.

Hope for addressing health inequalities

The National Healthcare Inequalities Improvement Programme was set up in 2021 to tackle healthcare inequalities and ensure equitable access to healthcare and it does provide some hope for tackling health inequalities.

The programme works to deliver projects and services targeted at people living in the most deprived areas in England and others who are disadvantaged.

This includes improving access to digital services and helping people gain employment.

Dr Owolabi said: “The NHS, as a commissioner, and provider of services, is able to materially influence health inequalities.”

Many cities have decided to focus extensively on implementing the policy changes envisaged by Marmot in his review.

These cities have been named ‘Marmot cities’ and have seen significant improvement in health inequalities.

There may be some early signs of success with the programme. Coventry was one of the first of these cities to adopt Marmot principles, and in the time since, Professor Marmot says: “The percentage of children aged five with a good level of development went up…

“The percentage of 18 to 24 year olds not in employment, education or training went up. And the proportion of people earning a real living wage went up.”

Sky News has contacted the Department of Health and Social Care for a response to our findings.


The Data and Forensics team is a multi-skilled unit dedicated to providing transparent journalism from Sky News. We gather, analyse and visualise data to tell data-driven stories. We combine traditional reporting skills with advanced analysis of satellite images, social media and other open source information. Through multimedia storytelling we aim to better explain the world while also showing how our journalism is done.

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Police investigating alleged attack on prison officer by Southport triple murderer Axel Rudakubana

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Police investigating alleged attack on prison officer by Southport triple murderer Axel Rudakubana

Police are investigating an alleged attack on a prison officer by Southport triple killer Axel Rudakubana on Thursday, Sky News understands.

A Prison Service spokesperson said: “Police are investigating an attack on a prison officer at HMP Belmarsh yesterday.

“Violence in prison will not be tolerated and we will always push for the strongest possible punishment for attacks on our hardworking staff.”

Rudakubana is serving life in jail for murdering Alice da Silva Aguiar, nine, Bebe King, six, and Elsie Dot Stancombe, seven, at a Taylor Swift-themed dance class last year.

According to The Sun, Rudakubana poured boiling water over the prison officer, who was taken to hospital as a precaution but only suffered minor injuries.

This breaking news story is being updated and more details will be published shortly.

Please refresh the page for the fullest version.

You can receive breaking news alerts on a smartphone or tablet via the Sky News app. You can also follow us on WhatsApp and subscribe to our YouTube channel to keep up with the latest news.

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School kids asking for advice on strangulation during sex – as abuse victim issues warning

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School kids asking for advice on strangulation during sex - as abuse victim issues warning

Schoolchildren are asking teachers how to strangle a partner during sex safely, a charity says, while official figures show an alarming rise in the crime related to domestic abuse cases.

Warning: This article contains references to strangulation, domestic abuse and distressing images.

It comes as a woman whose former partner almost strangled her to death in a rage has advised anyone in an abusive relationship to seek help.

Bernie Ryan, chief executive of the Institute for Addressing Strangulation, has been running the charity since its inception in 2022 after non-fatal strangulation became a standalone offence.

“It’s the ultimate form of control,” she says.

She says perpetrators and victims are getting younger, while the reason is unclear, but strangulation has seeped into popular culture and social media.

“We hear lots of sex education providers, teachers saying that they’re hearing it in schools.

“We know teachers have been asked, ‘how do I teach somebody to strangle safely?’

“Our message is there is no safe way to strangle – the anatomy is the anatomy. Reduction in oxygen to the brain or blood flow will result in the same medical consequences, regardless of context.”

Bernie Ryan, the Chief Executive of the Institute for Addressing Strangulation
Image:
Bernie Ryan, CEO of the Institute for Addressing Strangulation

A recent review by Conservative peer Baroness Gabby Bertin recommended banning “degrading, violent and misogynistic content” online.

Violent pornography showing women being choked during sex she found was “rife on mainstream platforms”.

Ms Ryan says she “wants to make sure that young people don’t have access to activities that demonstrate that this is normal behaviour”.

Read more from Sky News:
Suspect accused of Derby bank murder appears in court
Man whose body was found in suitcase ‘had raped teenager’

Strangulation is a violent act that is often committed in abusive relationships.

It is the second most common method used by men to kill women, the first is stabbing.

According to statistics shared by the Crown Prosecution Service, in 2024 there was an almost 50% rise in incidents of non-fatal strangulation and suffocation – compared to the year before.

Kerry pleads for other victims of abuse to leave before it's too late
Image:
Kerry Allan pleads for other victims of abuse to seek help

Domestic abuse victim Kerry Allan has a message for anyone who is in an abusive relationship.

Kerry met Michael Cosgrove in September 2022. While she said “at the beginning it was really good”, within months he became physically abusive.

In August last year her friends found his profile on a dating app.

“I confronted him and he denied it. I knew we were going to get into a big argument and I couldn’t face it, so I said I was going to my mum’s for a few days and take myself away from the situation.

“I came back a few days later and stupidly I agreed we could try again and everything escalated from that.”

Injuries to Kerry's chest. Pic: CPS
Image:
Injuries to Kerry’s chest. Pic: CPS

In the early hours of 25 August the pair had come in from a night out at a concert and got into an argument.

“He was having a go at me, accusing me of flirting with other people, and I was angry. I told him he had a nerve after what he’d done to me in the week and how he humiliated me.

“I told him that I wanted to leave, that we were done and that I wanted to go to my mum’s and that’s when it got bad.

“He pinned me to the bed and that’s when he first strangled me.”

Kerry's neck injury. Pic: CPS
Image:
Kerry’s neck injury. Pic: CPS

Kerry says this was the first time she’d ever been violently assaulted. Cosgrove was eerily silent as he eventually let go and Kerry gasped for air.

“I remember trying to get my breath back, I was crying and hyperventilating… I was sick on the bedroom floor and I was asking him to go.”

Cosgrove strangled her for a second time before letting go again.

“He was saying I wasn’t getting out of this bedroom alive. I was dead tonight, he hoped that I knew that. Just kept saying how I’d ruined his life.”

Injury to Kerry's eye. Pic: CPS
Image:
Injury to Kerry’s eye. Pic: CPS

“I remember feeling a sort of shock thinking at this point, I’m not going to get out of this bedroom, he’s actually going to kill me.”

Kerry began screaming and shouting for help as loud as she could.

Her neighbours heard the commotion and called the police. While they were en route, Kerry was once again being assaulted.

Bleeding in Kerry's eye
Image:
Bleeding in Kerry’s eye

“I ran over to the bedroom window and tried to jump out, he grabbed me as I went to open the window, and we struggled. And then I was back in the same position, he was on top of me on the bed, and his hands were round the throat again. But this time it didn’t stop.

“I remember trying to struggle and trying to kick out and hit him and I just kept thinking that I definitely was going to die, because at this point, it wasn’t stopping.”

The next memory Kerry has is opening her eyes to see police and paramedics in the bedroom.

Michael Cosgrove. Pic: CPS
Image:
Michael Cosgrove. Pic: CPS

Cosgrove had heard the sirens, jumped out of the bedroom window and went to hide in Kerry’s car.

Kerry remembers opening her eyes to paramedics caring for her: “I remember thinking, I’m alive. I couldn’t believe it. I couldn’t believe that I was alive and I wasn’t dead. My last memory is him being on top of me with his hands on my throat.”

Kerry met Michael Cosgrove in September 2022
Image:
Kerry met Michael Cosgrove in September 2022

She gives this advice to anyone who is in an abusive relationship: “Please speak to somebody, whether it’s friends, family, a work colleague, whether it’s somebody online, whether it’s a charity that you’re directed to, any sort of abuse is not okay.

“Whether it starts off emotional, they often start off that way, and they escalate, and they can escalate badly.

“Take what happened to me as a huge warning sign, because I wouldn’t want anyone else to be in the position I’ve been in the last eight months.”

Cosgrove was found guilty of attempting to murder Kerry and intentional strangulation.

He will be sentenced in July.

If you suspect you are being abused and need to speak to someone, there are people who can help you.

The National Domestic Violence Helpline: 0808 2000 247

Women’s Aid

Respect, the helpline for male domestic abuse victims: 0808 8010327

Galop, the LGBT+ anti-violence charity: 0800 999 5428

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Two men found guilty of cutting down famous Sycamore Gap tree

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Two men found guilty of cutting down famous Sycamore Gap tree

Two men have been found guilty of cutting down the famous Sycamore Gap tree that stood for more than 150 years.

Daniel Graham and Adam Carruthers were convicted of causing more than £620,000 worth of damage to the tree and more than £1,000 worth of damage to Hadrian’s Wall in Northumberland.

On 27 September 2023, the pair drove 30 miles through a storm to Northumberland from Cumbria, where they both lived, before felling the tree overnight in a matter of minutes.

An image of the Sycamore Gap standing, which was shown in evidence. This image was taken at approx. 5.20pm on Wednesday 27 September 2023.
Pic: CPS
Image:
The Sycamore Gap tree before it was cut down. Pic: CPS

The pair each denied two counts of criminal damage to the sycamore and to Hadrian’s Wall, which was damaged when the tree fell on it, but were convicted by a jury at Newcastle Crown Court on Friday.

The Sycamore Gap tree sat in a dip in the landscape and held a place in pop culture, featuring in the 1991 Kevin Costner film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves.

It also formed part of people’s personal lives, as the scene of wedding proposals, ashes being scattered and countless photographs.

Footage of the moment the tree was felled was played during the trial.

Undated handout photo issued by Northumbria Police of Daniel Graham. Daniel Graham, 39, has been found guilty at Newcastle Crown Court alongside mechanic Adam Carruthers, 32, of criminal damage after the felling of the Sycamore Gap tree - valued at £622,000 and £1,114 damage to Hadrian's Wall. Both defendants will be sentenced on July 15. Issue date: Friday May 9, 2025.
Image:
Daniel Graham. Pic: Northumbria Police/PA

Undated handout photo issued by Northumbria Police of Adam Carruthers. Adam Carruthers, 32, has been found guilty at Newcastle Crown Court alongside groundworker Daniel Graham, 39, of criminal damage after the felling of the Sycamore Gap tree - valued at £622,000 and £1,114 damage to Hadrian's Wall. Both defendants will be sentenced on July 15. Issue date: Friday May 9, 2025.
Image:
Adam Carruthers. Pic: Northumbria Police/PA

In the clip, the sound of a chainsaw can be heard, and the silhouette of a person can be seen, before the trunk eventually tumbled.

The footage was shot on Graham’s iPhone 13, with the metadata providing the coordinates of the tree.

Part of tree kept as ‘trophy’

Over the course of the trial, the pair blamed one another, but the prosecution argued they were both responsible for what the court heard was a “mindless act of vandalism”.

As well as the video footage of the felling, an image of a piece of wood and a chainsaw was found on Graham’s phone.

Adam Carruthers and Daniel Graham. Pic: CPS/PA
Image:
Adam Carruthers (R) and Daniel Graham (L) worked together felling trees. Pic: CPS/PA

Chainsaw and chunk of wood never found. Pic: PA
Image:
An image of a piece of wood and a chainsaw was found on Graham’s phone. Pic: PA

Richard Wright KC, prosecuting, told the court: “This was perhaps a trophy taken from the scene to remind them of their actions, actions that they appear to have been revelling in.”

Voice notes played in court

The jury was also played voice notes the pair had sent one another, commenting on the media coverage the incident was receiving.

In one of them, Graham, 39, said to 32-year-old Carruthers: “Someone there has tagged like ITV News, BBC News, Sky News, like News News News”, before adding: “I think it’s going to go wild.”

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Sycamore Gap seeds saved

Another piece of evidence was a photo of the defendants felling a different tree, about a month before the Sycamore Gap was cut down.

The prosecution said Graham, who owned a groundworks company and Carruthers, who worked in property management and mechanics, were “friends with knowledge and experience in chainsaws and tree felling”.

From the beginning, much of the trial focused on the significance of the tree, with Judge Mrs Justice Lambert telling the jury to put their “emotion to one side” before proceedings began.

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Voicenotes from Sycamore Gap tree trial

‘Mindless acts of violence’

Northumberland Superintendent Kevin Waring, of Northumbria Police, said: “We often hear references made to mindless acts of vandalism – but that term has never been more relevant than today in describing the actions of those individuals”.

Graham and Carruthers gave no explanation for why they targeted the tree, he said, “and there never could be a justifiable one”.

Northumbria Police and Crime Commissioner, Susan Dungworth, called the felling of the tree “unfathomable” and said, although “there was no remorse [from the defendants], there was compelling evidence, and now there will be justice”.

Gale Gilchrist, chief crown prosecutor for CPS North East, said Graham and Carruthers took “under three minutes” to bring down the “iconic landmark” in a “deliberate and mindless act of destruction”.

She said she hoped the community “can take some measure of comfort in seeing those responsible convicted”.

‘Enormity of the loss’

Reflecting on the verdict and the actions of the pair, Tony Gates, chief executive of Northumberland National Parks Authority, said: “It just took a few days to sink in – I think because of the enormity of the loss.

“We knew how important that location was for many people at an emotional level, almost at a spiritual level in terms of people’s connection to this case.”

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Moment Sycamore Gap tree cut down

Read more from the trial:
Two men went on ‘moronic mission’ to fell Sycamore Gap tree

Man told police he was being ‘framed’ over tree felling
Defendant says friend wanted to cut down world’s ‘most famous tree’
Jurors played voicenotes in Sycamore Gap tree trial

The tree’s stump still sits by Hadrian’s Wall, where new shoots have been emerging.

Its largest remaining section will go on display at the National Landscape Discovery Centre in the Northumberland National Park later this year.

The effort to preserve the tree’s legacy also goes beyond the region where it stood.

Forty-nine saplings taken from the tree have been conserved by the National Trust. They will be planted in accessible public spaces across the country as “trees of hope”, which will allow parts of the Sycamore Gap to live on.

The defendants, who didn’t react when the verdicts were delivered, will be sentenced in July.

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