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The Indian Space Research Organisation announced on Thursday that the Chandrayaan-3 mission is scheduled to be launched at 2.35 pm on July 14, with the lander expected to soft-land on the surface of the Moon on August 23 or 24. 

Chandrayaan-3 is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface.

The Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft, which will be launched by LVM3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-III) (earlier referred as GSLV Mk III), is a composite of three modules — propulsion, lander, and rover (which is housed inside the lander).

“LVM3-M4/Chandrayaan-3 Mission:The launch is now scheduled for July 14, 2023, at 2:35 pm IST from SDSC, Sriharikota”, the national space agency headquartered here said in a tweet.

Secretary of the Department of Space and ISRO Chairman Somanath S told reporters that the space agency would attempt soft-landing of the lander on August 23 or August 24.

ISRO officials noted that the mission life of the lander is one lunar day, which is equal to 14 Earth days.

“The date (for soft-landing) is decided based on when there is sunrise on the Moon. While landing, sunlight must be there. There is sunlight on the Moon for 14-15 days and for the next 14-15 days there is no sunlight,” they noted.

Chandrayaan-3 mission carries scientific instruments to study the thermo-physical properties of the lunar regolith, lunar seismicity, lunar surface plasma environment and elemental composition in the vicinity of the landing site.

While the scope of these scientific instruments on the lander and the rover would fit in the theme of “Science of the Moon”, another experimental instrument will study the spectro-polarimetric signatures of the Earth from the lunar orbit, which would fit in the theme of “Science from the Moon”, according to ISRO officials.’.

In March this year, the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft successfully completed the essential tests that validated its capability to withstand the harsh vibration and acoustic environment that the spacecraft would encounter during its launch.

The propulsion module, which has Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload to study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit, will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100 km of lunar orbit.

Lander payloads are: ‘Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment’ to measure the thermal conductivity and temperature; ‘Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity’ for measuring the seismicity around the landing site; and ‘Langmuir Probe’ to estimate the plasma density and its variations.

A passive Laser Retroreflector Array from the US space agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), is also accommodated for lunar laser ranging studies.

Rover payloads are: ‘Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer’ and ‘Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy’ for deriving the elemental composition in the vicinity of the landing site.

The lander will have the capability to soft-land at a specified lunar site and deploy the rover which will carry out in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface during the course of its mobility.

The main function of the propulsion module is to carry the lander module from launch vehicle injection till final lunar 100 km circular polar orbit and separate it. Apart from this, the propulsion module also has one scientific payload as a value addition which will be operated post separation of the lander module, it was noted.

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New World Record Alert: Weather Satellite Records Longest Lightning Flash of 515 Miles

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August 1, 2025

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New World Record Alert: Weather Satellite Records Longest Lightning Flash of 515 Miles

Back in the year 2017, when a thunderstorm exhibited a lightning bolt, it was astonishing in many ways. Not only was it surprising, but it was a bolt that went 515 miles (829 Kilometers) long. In recent scientific advancements, researchers have confirmed the length of the bolt using archival satellite data. The lightning stretched and travelled from Texas to Missouri. This lightning has finally made a world record by beating the previous record holder, which was a bolt that went 477 miles in the year 2020.

According to Randy Cerveny, an Arizona State University professor, who played a significant role in the study, stated, “We call it megaflash lightning and we’re just figuring out the mechanics of how and why it occurs”.

More About Megaflash Lightning

Megaflash lightning could be best described as a lightning bolt that possesses the capacity to reach 62 miles in length. Whereas, the average lightning bolt is less than 10 miles in length. In order to find the reason behind this megaflash, the team assessed the data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s GOES-16 satellite. This satellite is embedded with a lightning mapper that monitors over one million bolts on a daily basis. This analysis determined that the length of the bolt was 515 miles.

Know How a Megaflash is Measured

With the advancements in satellites, the lightning mappers have become an accurate source of measuring lightning. Previously, ground-based radio networks did the work. As mentioned on Space.com, according to Michael Peterson, Georgia Tech Research Institute, “Adding continuous measurements from geostationary orbit was a major advance”. We are now at a point where most of the global megalfash hotspots are covered by a geostationary satellite, and data processing techniques have improved to properly represent flashes in the vast quantity of observational data at all scales”.

Typically, these megaflashes are rare and are generated from less than one percent of the thunderstorms. These megaflashes are mainly a result of a 14-hour churn or more.

To conclude, as mentioned on Space.com, Cerveny stated, “Those conditions aren’t much rare though. And, as our lightning mapping satellites curate new data, the potential megaflashes are expected to be visible. Likewise, there is a possibility that megaflashes, even larger in length, exist. Over time, they will also be observed.

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New Rogue Planet Discovered in Hubble Data Using Einstein’s Gravity Theory

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August 1, 2025

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New Rogue Planet Discovered in Hubble Data Using Einstein’s Gravity Theory

Astronomers found that a new rogue planet hides in the archival data that was gathered by the Hubble Space Telescope with the help of Albert Einstein and the happening of the events by chance, leading to success. These planets are also known as free-floating planets and do not orbit a star. These are just ejected from their home systems because of the planetary interactions. As they lack a host star, it is difficult to detect them by transit. However, the astronomers use microlensing with gravity, Einstein’s 1915 theory-based phenomenon of general relativity, in which massive objects warp space and bend light from the background stars.

Einstein’s Theory Helps Detect Hidden Rogue Planet

According to As per Przemek Mroz, a professor at the University of Warsaw free free-floating planets don’t orbit any star and drift alone through the galaxy. In order to find such objects, we need to use the technique of gravitational microlensing. At the time of using this technique, the light of the background star gets magnified temporarily. The physicists estimate the mass of the object by analysing the properties of the event.

The newly found event of microlensing, OGLE-2023-BLG-0524, was seen by Hubble on May 22, 2023. Observed by KMTnet, the event only lasted for eight hours and was discovered in the Galactic bulge by the OGLE survey. The team ruled out the presence of a host star; however, very nearby elements can’t be excluded completely.

Microlensing Event Reveals Free-Floating Planet in Hubble Data

The lens and source are more relative to each other; the physicists confirm the status of the object over time. The movement of 5 milliseconds per year could take 10 years to resolve with the recent instruments.

Hubble’s data from 1997 let the scientists rule out the bright host stars. Mroz said that if the lens were a bright star, we would have observed it, but we could not. This absence evoked 25%-48% of the possible stellar companions. This research is available on arXiv.

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Brightest Gamma-Ray Burst Ever Observed Reveals Cosmic Secrets

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August 1, 2025

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Brightest Gamma-Ray Burst Ever Observed Reveals Cosmic Secrets

On Oct. 9, 2022, astronomers recorded an extraordinary flash of high-energy light. This gamma-ray burst (GRB 221009A), nicknamed the “BOAT” (Brightest Of All Time), was the brightest and most energetic cosmic explosion ever witnessed. It came from a galaxy about 2 billion light-years away, and its blast of gamma rays briefly overwhelmed detectors on orbiting satellites. Scientists say such a powerful GRB is extremely rare – roughly a once-in-10,000-year event – and its record-setting nature offers a rare chance to study the death of a star and the physics of these extreme blasts.

Decoding the ‘BOAT’

According to the paper, GRB 221009A was first detected by NASA’s Fermi and Swift spacecraft. Its initial, powerful gamma-ray flash blinded detectors around the world. Its extreme nature marked it out immediately from other GRBs. Though astronomers originally detected the BOAT as an immensely bright flash of high-energy gamma rays, this flash was followed by a fading afterglow across many wavelengths of light, thus allowing non-gamma-ray-based telescopes to study it.

One of the biggest challenges was that the related supernova, SN 2022xiw, was hidden by the brilliance of the GRB and only visible much later. This behaviour highlights how the burst’s huge energy can disguise temporarily the underlying death of the star, making total observation challenging.

Insights on GRBs

Gamma-ray bursts such as this result from the collapse of a star’s core into a black hole. The newly born black hole powers twin beams of particles at nearly the speed of light, breaking through the star and creating the seen gamma rays. GRB 221009A data fit this model but surprise us. Astronomers employed the James Webb Space Telescope to locate the supernova burst but could not detect a hint of heavy elements such as gold or platinum in the debris. Meanwhile, NASA’s Fermi satellite observed an odd gamma-ray line, which is potentially the first unmistakable detection of electrons colliding with positrons (their antimatter counterparts) and annihilating in a GRB jet. These clues are helping researchers refine models of GRBs, stellar collapse, and how heavy elements are forged.

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Further reading:
Gamma-Ray Burst, GRB 221009A, BOAT, Supernova, JWST, Fermi, Stellar Death, Cosmic Explosion, Astrophysics, Space Discovery, NASA

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