Why Japan is lagging behind in generative A.I. — and how it can create its own large language models
Japan is known for its futuristic technology. But the nation is lagging behind in the generative AI race and is trying to create its own large language models.
Mr.cole_photographer | Moment | Getty Images
Countries are racing to develop their own generative artificial intelligence algorithms, but high tech Japan is already behind.
Generative AI has been the trendiest topic in tech since OpenAI made waves with its chatbot ChatGPT. Breakthroughs in generative AI possess the potential to fuel a 7% increase in global GDP, or almost $7 trillion, over the next decade, according to Goldman Sachs research.
Key to generative AI development are large language models which underpin the likes of ChatGPT and Baidu’s Ernie Bot, capable of processing vast data sets to generate text and other content. But Japan is currently trailing behind the U.S., China and the EU in developing these algorithms, said Noriyuki Kojima, co-founder of Japanese LLM startup Kotoba Technology.
Chinese organizations, including tech giants Alibaba and Tencent, have launched at least 79 LLMs domestically over the past three years, Reuters reported in May citing research from a consortium of state-run institutes. U.S. corporate powerhouses such as OpenAI, Microsoft, Google and Meta play a significant role in propelling the country’s LLM advancements, said Kojima.
Japan lagging behind in generative AI
Japan, however, lags behind the U.S., China and Europe in the scale and speed of its LLM development.
“Japan’s trailing position in the field of generative AI largely stems from its comparative shortcomings in deep learning and more extensive software development,” said Kojima.
Deep learning requires a “robust community of software engineers” to develop necessary infrastructure and applications, Kojima added. Japan, however, will face a deficit of 789,000 software engineers by 2030, according to the Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry. The nation is now ranked 28th out of 63 countries in terms of technological knowledge, according to the IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking.
Japan also faces hardware challenges as LLMs need to be trained using AI supercomputers like IBM’s Vela and Microsoft’s Azure-hosted system. But no private company in Japan possesses its own “world-class machine” with those capabilities, Nikkei Asia reported.
Government-controlled supercomputers like Fugaku therefore “hold the key” to Japan’s pursuit of LLMs, Kojima explained.
“Access to such large-scale supercomputers forms the backbone of LLM development, as it has traditionally been the most significant bottleneck in the process,” he said.
How Japan’s supercomputers can help
Tokyo Institute of Technology and Tohoku University plan to use Fugaku to develop LLMs based primarily on Japanese data in collaboration with the supercomputer’s developers Fujitsu and Riken, Fujitsu announced in May.
The organizations plan to publish their research results in 2024 to help other Japanese researchers and engineers develop LLMs, Fujitsu added.
The Japanese government will also invest 6.8 billion yen ($48.2 million), about half the total cost, to build a new supercomputer in Hokkaido that will begin service as early as next year, Nikkei Asia reported. The supercomputer will specialize in LLM training to promote Japan’s development of generative AI, said Nikkei Asia.
In April, Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida said the country supports the industrial use of generative AI technology. Kishida’s remarks followed his meeting with OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, who said the company is looking to open an office in Japan.
Japanese companies pursuing generative AI
Big Tech players have also joined the fray to boost Japan’s standing in generative AI. In June, SoftBank’s mobile arm said it plans to develop its own generative AI platform, reported local media. This was underscored by SoftBank CEO Masayoshi Son’s announcement that the investment firm plans to shift from “defense mode” to “offense mode” and intensify its focus on AI.
“We would like to be [in] the leading position for the AI revolution,” Son said during a shareholders’ annual general meeting.
SoftBank Group sold its 85% stake in SB Energy to Toyota Tsusho in April and recently agreed to sell its 90% stake in U.S. investment manager Fortress Investment Group, Nikkei Asia reported. Trimming these other investments helps SoftBank free up cash, allowing it to focus largely on AI through its Vision Fund venture capital investment unit.
SoftBank-owned chip design company Arm is also set to pursue a U.S. IPO listing later in the year. “It will be by far the biggest IPO that’s hit the world,” said Amir Anvarzadeh, Japan equity market strategist at Asymmetric Advisors.
The IPO will provide a hefty sum to boost funds at SoftBank, which reported a record 4.3 trillion yen loss at Vision Fund for its fiscal year ending March 31.
Arm originally sought to raise between $8 billion and $10 billion. But with demand for semiconductor chips “through the roof,” Anvarzadeh suggested Arm could raise as much as $50 billion to $60 billion — or “85% of SoftBank’s market cap.”
He said SoftBank’s share price will likely rise, although this does not guarantee the success of its AI efforts.
“Fundamentally, I don’t think SoftBank is going to change Japan’s landscape … they are no savior of Japan’s AI,” he said.
Japanese telecommunications company NTT also announced plans to develop its own LLM this fiscal year, aiming to create a “lightweight and efficient” service for corporations. NTT said it will funnel 8 trillion yen over the next five years into growth areas like data centers and AI, a 50% increase from its previous level of investment.
Local media reported that digital ad company CyberAgent released an LLM in May that enables companies to create AI chatbot tools. The company said it is one of few “models specialized in the Japanese language and culture.”
While it has yet to catch up in the generative AI space, Japan is making its first stride with these private sector efforts. Once a “robust infrastructure” is established, the remaining technical challenges are likely to be “significantly mitigated” by using open-sourced software and data from previous pioneers, Kojima said. Bloom, Falcon and RedPajama are all open-sourced LLMs trained on vast amounts of data that can be downloaded and studied.
However, companies venturing into this field should anticipate competition spanning a “relatively longer timeframe,” Kojima said. Developing LLMs requires substantial capital investment and a workforce highly skilled in natural language processing and high-performance computing, he explained.
“SoftBank and NTT, joining this competition, will not change the AI landscape in the short-term.”
AI regulation in Japan
Japanese tech companies’ increased participation in generative AI development coincides with a positive stance on AI adoption in other sectors. Over 60% of companies in Japan have a positive attitude toward using generative AI in their operations, while 9.1% are already doing so, a survey by Teikoku Databank found.
Hitachi has established a generative AI center to promote employee’s safe and effective use of the technology, it said in May. With the expertise of data scientists, AI researchers and relevant specialists, the center will formulate guidelines to mitigate the risks of generative AI, the conglomerate said.
Japan will even consider government adoption of AI technology like ChatGPT, provided that cybersecurity and privacy concerns are resolved, said Chief Cabinet Secretary Hirokazu Matsuno.
As Japan becomes more open to the use of generative AI, the government should formulate and facilitate soft guidelines regarding its use, while assessing the need for hard regulation based on specific risks, said Hiroki Habuka, research professor at Kyoto University’s Graduate School of Law.
“Without clearer guidance on what actions companies should take when using generative AI, practices may become fragmented,” the professor said.
Super Micro Computer CEO Charles Liang at the Computex conference in Taipei, Taiwan, on June 5, 2024.
Annabelle Chih | Bloomberg | Getty Images
Super Micro Computer gave optimistic commentary for its fiscal 2026 and delayed annual report that overshadowed its slashed fiscal 2025 revenue guidance in Tuesday’s preliminary second-quarter results.
CEO Charles Liang said he is “confident” that the company will file its delayed annual report by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s Feb. 25 deadline. The company also said it expects to hit $40 billion in revenue in fiscal 2026. Analysts polled by LSEG expected $30 billion in revenue for the period.
Shares of Super Micro were up as much as 10% in extended trading.
For the near term, however, the company slashed its guidance for fiscal 2025 revenue. The company said it expects revenues to range between $23.5 billion to $25 billion for fiscal 2025. That was down from a previous forecast of $26 billion and $30 billion. Analysts polled by LSEG expected revenues of $24.9 billion for the year.
The company also said it expects to report net sales between $5.6 billion and $5.7 billion for the quarter that ended Dec. 31. Wall Street expected $5.89 billion, according to analysts polled by LSEG. The company also offered weaker-than-expected guidance for the current period.
Super Micro also said that it “continues to work diligently” to meet the deadline to file its delayed fiscal 2024 annual and fiscal 2025 first and second quarter reports as it faces the possibility of a Nasdaq delisting.
Shares of the company, known for its servers powered with Nvidia graphics processing chips, have been on a rollercoaster ride since Hindenburg Research revealed a short position in the stock and the company delayed releasing its annual report in August. The company’s auditor quit in October, citing governance issues, and Super Micro’s drop in share price spurred the possibility of a delisting from the Nasdaq exchange.
The rollercoaster continued into Tuesday’s release. The stock is up about 27% in 2025 but down from its March 2024 high.
Super Micro’s prime position in the artificial intelligence world catapulted the stock to new heights as ChatGPT’s 2022 debut set off a craze for AI infrastructure. Recent earnings reports and commentary suggest that megacaps Meta, Amazon, Alphabet and Microsoft plan to invest as much as $320 billion into AI projects this year.
Technology
Tesla drops 6% after BYD partners with DeepSeek, Musk adds to DOGE distractions with OpenAI bid
Tesla and SpaceX CEO Elon Musk joins U.S. President Donald Trump during an executive order signing in the Oval Office at the White House on Feb. 11, 2025 in Washington, DC.
Andrew Harnik | Getty Images
Tesla shares dropped 6% on Tuesday after Chinese rival BYD announced plans to develop autonomous vehicle technology with DeepSeek, and said it would offer its Autopilot-like system in nearly all of its new cars, adding to fears that Elon Musk’s company is falling behind the competition.
There’s also growing concerns surrounding Musk’s distractions outside of Tesla, after news surfaced that the world’s richest person is offering to lead an investor group in purchasing OpenAI, while he steps up his work with President Donald Trump’s White House.
Tesla’s stock price has slid for five straight days, falling close to 17% over that stretch to $328.50, and wiping out over $200 billion in market cap.
BYD, which has emerged as Tesla’s fiercest rival on the world stage, said on Monday that at least 21 of its new model vehicles will come equipped with its partially automated driving systems that include features for automatic parking and navigating on highways.
Tesla doesn’t yet offer a robotaxi and its EVs currently require a human driver to remain at the wheel, ready to steer or brake at any time. On Tesla’s earnings call last month, Musk said the company is aiming to launch “Unsupervised Full Self-Driving,” and a driverless rideshare service in Austin, Texas, in June. Alphabet’s Waymo already operates a robotaxi service in Austin as well as in parts of Phoenix, San Francisco.
“In our view, competition between Waymo, Tesla and a host of Chinese players is a key driver on the path to commercialization” of robotaxis,” Morgan Stanley analysts wrote in a note to clients after the BYD announcement. The firm recommends buying the stock and has a price target of $430.
Waymo said on Tuesday that it added 10 square miles of coverage to its robotaxi service in Los Angeles.
In a report on Tuesday, Oppenheimer analysts wrote that the “autonomy competition may limit [Tesla] profitability.” Even if Tesla meets its June 2025 timeline for driverless cars in Texas, the company is “one of several autonomous technology providers, suggesting competition on price and performance,” they wrote.
In addition to running Tesla, Musk is CEO of SpaceX, owns social media company X and is head of artificial intelligence startup xAI. He’s also spending significant time these days in Washington, D.C., running the “Department of Government Efficiency” (DOGE) as a special government employee, aiming to slash federal spending, personnel, regulations and even entire agencies.
Many projects, many distractions
Investors already concerned about Musk’s hefty commitments beyond his trillion-dollar EV company have more reason for trepidation after events that unfolded on Monday. Musk’s attorney, Marc Toberoff, confirmed to CNBC that Musk was leading a consortium of investors in a $97.4 billion bid for OpenAI.
Musk was among the founders of OpenAI in 2015, when the AI startup was created as a nonprofit research lab. Musk sought to have Tesla acquire OpenAI, and he later departed the organization’s board.
OpenAI has since commercialized numerous products, most notably ChatGPT. Co-founder and CEO Sam Altman is seeking to restructure OpenAI as a for-profit entity. Musk has sued OpenAI to prevent that transition, and started xAI as a direct competitor.
The Oppenheimer analysts wrote that, “While [Tesla] has shifted focus to being a Physical AI play, we view Elon Musk’s bid for Open AI as a distraction from [Tesla’s] challenges.”
Altman told employees in a memo on Tuesday that OpenAI’s board hasn’t received an official offer from Musk and reminded staffers that “Elon has a history of making claims that don’t hold up.”
Later on Tuesday, Toberoff said in a statement that he emailed the bid for OpenAI on behalf of the Musk-led consortium a day earlier to OpenAI’s outside counsel William Savitt and Sarah Eddy “for transmission to their client.” Toberoff said the bid was “in the form of a detailed four-page letter” and was addressed to OpenAI’s board.
“Whether Sam Altman chose to provide or withhold this from OpenAI’s other Board members is outside of our control,” he wrote.
Oppenheimer’s analysts also highlighted the added risks associated with Musk’s extensive work with the Trump administration.
While Musk’s behavior “has fans in certain circles,” his public life “risks alienating consumers and employees as the Trump administration tests the limits of its power,” they wrote. For example, they referenced recent vehicle registration data that showed steep year-over-year declines in California and across several European markets.
Tesla and Musk didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment.
WATCH: Tesla still on track
Technology
Amazon opens beauty and personal care store in Italy as part of brick-and-mortar expansion
Amazon is opening a beauty and health products store in Milan, Italy, marking the company’s latest brick-and-mortar experiment.
The store is located in the city center of Milan, and features a range of beauty and personal care items, as well as nonprescription drugs, Amazon said in a blog post. The first store, which is called Amazon Parafarmacia & Beauty, will open its doors to the public on Wednesday.
The store will be stocked with products from beauty and skin-care brands including La Roche-Posay, Eucerin and Vichy. There are also “Derma-bars,” where shoppers can get a “complimentary digital skin analysis” of their skin type and condition, and receive product recommendations.
Amazon says the store includes a section staffed by on-site pharmacists where shoppers can purchase “non-prescription, over-the-counter medications.”
By launching its first “parapharmacy,” the e-commerce giant is hoping to parlay its online success in the beauty and personal care category into sales in the physical world. Beauty and personal care items, which include everything from hairspray and cosmetics to deodorants and Q-tips, make up one of the fastest-growing verticals on Amazon.
The company began offering health and beauty products in 2000, but its selection was initially limited to most mass-market brands. It has since added more luxury brands such as Estée Lauder and La Mer.
The new store format also marks Amazon’s latest experiment in physical retail. The company opened and then shuttered all of its bookstores, pop-up shops, four-star stores and apparel stores. It has also shrunk its footprint of Amazon Go convenience stores, shutting down a storefront in Woodland Hills, California, last month. In grocery, Amazon’s portfolio includes Whole Foods supermarkets and its own chain of Fresh stores.
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