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Russia launched its first lunar mission in the last 47 years, Luna-25, on August 11 aboard a Soyuz 2.1v rocket. The primary goal of this lunar mission is to make a soft landing on the South Pole of the Moon‘s surface. With this, Russia attempts to become the first nation to land on the lunar south pole. However, it is not the only country aiming to achieve the feat this month. India is expecting Chandrayaan-3, its lunar mission launched by ISRO on July 14, is also expected to make a soft landing on the South Pole on August 23 or 24.

Chandrayaan-3 vs Luna-25: Which lunar mission will land first?

Both Chandrayaan-3 and Luna-25 share the same ambition. While launched almost a month apart both missions are expected to make a soft lunar landing one after the other. According to Russia’s space agency Roscosmos, as reported by Reuters, the lander is expected to touch down on the moon on August 21. The space agency previously estimated the landing date to be August 23. Chandrayaan-3, on the other hand, is expected to land on lunar surface around August 23.

Chandrayaan-3 vs Luna-25: Major difference

Russia’s Luna-25 is the country’s first lunar mission after almost 50 years. It was launched from the country’s Vostochny spaceport on August 11, 2023 aboard Soyuz 2.1v rocket. Meanwhile, ISRO’s Chandrayaan-3 was launched within four years of India’s last lunar mission, Chandrayaan-2. India launched its moon mission from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, on board the LVM-3 rocket.

Luna-25 will take a five-day journey, followed by spending 5-7 days in lunar orbit, before landing on moon. Meanwhile, Chandrayaan-3 is covering a journey of almost 40 days before it makes soft lunar landing.

India’s Chandrayaan-3 will have a mission lifespan of 14 Earth days or 1 moon days, while Luna-25 will have a much longer lifespan of approximately one year. A lander module (LM), a rover and a propulsion model (PM) are three major components of the Chandrayaan-3. Luna-25 consists of specialised instruments designed for soft lunar landings. 

It is to be noted that the landing site of both the missions will be different, and hence there will be no chances of any mishap. 

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1.4 Million-Year-Old Jaw Identified as New Paranthropus Species in South Africa

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February 8, 2025

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1.4 Million-Year-Old Jaw Identified as New Paranthropus Species in South Africa

A fossilised jawbone discovered in South Africa has been classified as belonging to a previously unidentified human relative. The specimen, estimated to be 1.4 million years old, has been attributed to the genus Paranthropus, known for its distinctive dental structure. Unlike its robust counterparts, the newly identified species exhibits a smaller jaw and teeth, suggesting dietary differences. The findings indicate that multiple hominin species coexisted in southern Africa during that period, adding to the complexity of early human evolution.

Findings from the Research

According to a study published in the Journal of Human Evolution, the fossil jaw, catalogued as SK 15, was unearthed in 1949 at Swartkrans, a well-known paleoanthropological site in South Africa. Originally classified as Telanthropus capensis and later reassigned to Homo ergaster, recent analysis has challenged this classification. Clément Zanolli, a paleoanthropologist at the University of Bordeaux, told Live Science that advanced X-ray imaging was used to create virtual 3D models of the specimen. Internal and external dental structures were examined, revealing that SK 15 does not align with Homo species. The molars were found to be longer and more rectangular than those typically seen in Homo, with the jaw notably thicker than expected. These characteristics led researchers to identify it as a distinct species within the Paranthropus genus, named Paranthropus capensis.

Implications of the Discovery

As per the findings, Paranthropus capensis existed alongside Paranthropus robustus around 1.4 million years ago. Variations in jaw and tooth structure suggest different dietary habits, with P. robustus likely relying on a highly specialised diet due to its large molars, while P. capensis may have consumed a broader range of food sources.

Zanolli noted that the fossil record in Africa remains incomplete, leaving open the question of whether P. capensis persisted beyond its currently known timeframe. The possibility of additional unidentified species in the hominin lineage has been highlighted, underlining the need for further excavation and study in the region.

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Extreme Arctic Warming Sees North Pole Temperatures Rise Above Freezing

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February 8, 2025

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Extreme Arctic Warming Sees North Pole Temperatures Rise Above Freezing

A dramatic rise in temperature was recorded at the North Pole, with levels surpassing the freezing point due to an extreme winter warming event. Reports indicate that temperatures climbed 20 degrees Celsius above the seasonal average, raising concerns among climate scientists about its impact on Arctic ice loss and long-term warming trends. The event, which occurred over the weekend, is said to be among the most extreme instances of winter warming recorded in the region.

Warming Near The North Pole

As reported by the Guardian, temperatures at the North Pole exceeded 0 degrees Celsius on Sunday. Data from the European Union’s Copernicus Climate Change Service confirmed the significant warming trend, while an Arctic snow buoy logged a temperature reading of 0.5 degrees Celsius. Mika Rantanen, a researcher at the Finnish Meteorological Institute, told the Guardian that although estimating exact temperature variations in remote Arctic locations remains difficult, models suggest a deviation of more than 20 degrees Celsius.

Weather system over Iceland linked to Arctic temperature rise

Julien Nicolas, a senior scientist at the Copernicus Climate Change Service, told the Guardian that a deep low-pressure system near Iceland was responsible for directing warm air toward the Arctic. The phenomenon was further amplified by warm sea temperatures in the northeastern Atlantic. Nicolas stated that while such weather events are rare, further analysis is required to determine their frequency.

Historical precedents and climate change concerns

Previous instances of extreme Arctic warming have been recorded. In December 2016, temperatures at the North Pole reached approximately 32 degrees Fahrenheit during a winter heatwave.

Studies indicate that the Arctic is warming at a rate nearly four times faster than the rest of the world, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification. The loss of reflective sea ice accelerates warming by increasing the absorption of solar energy. Indigenous communities and Arctic wildlife, including polar bears and whales, are particularly vulnerable to these changes, which threaten their habitats and long-term survival.

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Astronaut Vision Changes in Space, Pose Risks for Mars Exploration

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February 8, 2025

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Astronaut Vision Changes in Space, Pose Risks for Mars Exploration

A significant number of astronauts spending extended time aboard the International Space Station (ISS) have reported changes to their vision, raising concerns for future deep-space missions. Reports indicate that 70 percent of astronauts who have spent between six to twelve months in microgravity have experienced noticeable shifts in eyesight. Symptoms linked to spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) include swelling of the optic nerve, flattening at the back of the eye, and vision impairment. The phenomenon is attributed to fluid redistribution in microgravity, which increases pressure on ocular structures. While many astronauts recover upon returning to Earth, the long-term impact remains uncertain, making it a critical issue for extended missions beyond low Earth orbit.

Findings of the Study

According to a study, Microgravity, researchers led by Santiago Costantino at the Université de Montréal examined 13 astronauts who had spent five to six months on the ISS. Participants from the United States, Europe, Japan and Canada, with an average age of 48, were included in the research. Eye measurements were taken before and after spaceflight, focusing on ocular rigidity, intraocular pressure, and ocular pulse amplitude. The study identified a 33 percent decline in ocular rigidity, an 11 percent reduction in intraocular pressure, and a 25 percent drop in ocular pulse amplitude. Some astronauts also exhibited an increase in choroidal thickness beyond normal levels.

Concerns for Long-Duration Space Travel

SANS has been observed since the early 2000s, with similar symptoms reported by Russian cosmonauts aboard the Mir space station. NASA officially classified the condition in 2011. Bodily fluid shifts in microgravity are believed to be the primary cause, although the exact mechanisms remain under investigation. Countermeasures such as negative pressure devices, pharmaceutical treatments, and targeted nutrition plans are being explored to mitigate risks.

Potential Solutions and Future Research

According to reports, ongoing research aims to identify astronauts at higher risk of developing severe ocular issues. As reported by space.com, Costantino noted that changes in the mechanical properties of the eye could serve as biomarkers for SANS, potentially assisting in early detection and intervention. Space agencies continue to prioritise the development of strategies to protect astronaut vision for future deep-space missions, including those to Mars.

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