The risk of contracting long COVID may have been exaggerated due to flawed research, leading to unnecessarily high levels of anxiety about suffering from it, a new study has suggested.
“Major flaws” in the literature on the condition likely exaggerated the true threat of contracting it, the new research argues.
For most people with COVID-19, they feel better within days or weeks, but some can have symptoms for longer than three months.
Fatigue, brain fog, chest pain and shortness of breath are reported as symptoms by those who have long COVID – which is officially known as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC).
Now, researchers from the UK, along with Denmark and the USA, say “many scientific publications” overestimated the prevalence of long COVID because of “overly broad definitions, lack of control groups, inappropriate control groups, and other methodological flaws”.
Instead, the authors of the new study argue that the symptoms are common among upper respiratory viruses.
The research team said this lack of definition could end up leading to an increase in healthcare spending and more anxiety, as well as misdiagnoses and a diversion of funds.
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Published in the British Medical Journal’s Evidence-Based Medicine, the new paper looked at the definition of the condition by several global health organisations – including the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the World Health Organisation (WHO).
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The study argues none of the definitions “requires a causal link” to COVID-19 infection, adding any symptoms that happen after a confirmed or suspected infection could be considered consistent with long COVID.
“In general, in the scientific literature, imprecise definitions have resulted in more than 200 symptoms being associated with the condition termed long COVID,” the researchers said.
Researchers also said the studies in the early stages of the pandemic are more likely to have included fewer patients with mild or no symptoms, which could have led to a sampling bias.
They said: “Our analysis indicates that, in addition to including appropriately matched controls, there is a need for better case definitions and more stringent (long COVID) criteria, which should include continuous symptoms after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and take into consideration baseline characteristics, including physical and mental health, which may contribute to an individual’s post-COVID experience.”
Research in the future should include properly matched groups, the paper added, as well as “sufficient” follow-up time following infection.
The study’s authors also want to see “internationally established” diagnostic criteria and called for future studies to avoid “umbrella terms” and instead “narrowly define” the symptoms.
“Ultimately, biomedicine must seek to aid all people who are suffering,” the research team added. “In order to do so, the best scientific methods and analysis must be applied.
“Inappropriate definitions and flawed methods do not serve those whom medicine seeks to help.
“Improving standards of evidence generation is the ideal method to take long COVID seriously, improve outcomes, and avoid the risks of misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment.”
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However, Dr Adam Jacobs, senior director of biostatistical science at Premier Research, said although the paper “makes some sensible points” it goes on “to draw some odd conclusions”.
He added: “It is, of course, inevitable that much of this literature is imperfect.
“Long COVID simply didn’t exist four years ago, so researchers have had to get to grips with a new and challenging topic at top speed.
“It is, therefore, not surprising that different studies have different estimates of the prevalence of long COVID, as studies have used different case definitions, different populations etc.”
Dr Jacobs said a survey by the Office for National Statistics (ONS), which was discontinued in March, found that 1.9 million people in the UK had long COVID.
He said this was a “staggeringly high” number.
“We don’t know how long those people will remain ill,” he added. “If we are lucky, most of them will be healthy again within a year or two.
“If we are unlucky, a large number of them may have a permanent disability.”
Paedophile Lostprophets singer Ian Watkins has died after being attacked in prison.
Watkins, 48, was serving a 29-year jail term for multiple sexual offences, including serious crimes against young children and babies at HMP Wakefield, in West Yorkshire.
He was attacked with a knife by another inmate on Saturday morning, sources have confirmed.
West Yorkshire Police said two men, aged 25 and 43, have been arrested on suspicion of murder.
Image: A police van outside Wakefield prison. Pic: YappApp
Watkins was pronounced dead at the scene after prison staff reported the assault to police.
The prison went into lockdown in the immediate aftermath of the incident, sources added.
A Prison Service spokesperson said they could not comment while the police investigate.
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Watkins was previously stabbed in an incident at the same prison in 2023, suffering non life-threatening injuries after he was reportedly taken hostage by three other inmates before being freed by prison officers six hours later.
He was sentenced in December 2013to 29 years in prison, with a further six years on licence, after admitting 13 sex offences, including the attempted rape of a fan’s baby.
He also encouraged a second fan to abuse her child during a webcam chat and secretly stashed child sexual abuse videos, some of which he had made himself.
At the time, police described him as a “committed, organised paedophile”.
Having found fame in Welsh rock band Lostprophets, Watkins was arrested after his Pontypridd home was searched on orders of a drug warrant in September 2012.
A large number of computers, mobile phones and storage devices were seized during the search.
When sentenced at Cardiff Crown Court, the singer was told he was being given an extended sentence – and a judge said his crimes “plumbed new depths of depravity”.
British nationals may face longer waits at border control when visiting a number of EU countries thanks to a new digital system.
The Entry/Exit System (EES) will be gradually rolled out across Europe over six months from today.
It will see the manual stamping of passports scrapped in favour of non-EU citizens registering their biometric details, such as fingerprints and a photo, automating the process of registering travellers’ entries and exits.
But which countries will it apply to, how will it work and why is it being introduced?
Which countries will have the Entry/Exit System?
It will apply to 25 EU countries in the Schengen area and four other countries in the same region, but which are not part of the EU.
Here’s the full list:
• Austria • Belgium • Bulgaria • Croatia • Czech Republic • Denmark • Estonia • Finland • France • Germany • Greece • Hungary • Iceland • Italy • Latvia • Liechtenstein • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Malta • Netherlands • Norway • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Slovakia • Slovenia • Spain • Sweden • Switzerland
Manual passport stamping will continue to be used in Ireland and Cyprus.
Who does it apply to?
The system applies if you are a non-EU national, including from the UK, who is travelling to an EU country for a short stay, which means up to 90 days within a 180-day period.
Children under the age of 12 will be exempt from giving fingerprints, but they will still need to have their faces scanned for the system.
The EES will register the person’s name, type of travel document, biometric data – fingerprints and captured facial images – and the date and place of entry and exit.
When you first visit one of the listed countries after the EES is adopted, you will need to register your details at an automated kiosk.
In normal circumstances, you will complete the EES checks when you arrive at your destination airport or port in a purpose-built booth.
However, if you enter one of the countries through the Port of Dover, Eurotunnel at Folkestone or St Pancras International, EES checks will be completed at the border before you leave the UK. EES kiosks have been installed specifically for this purpose.
This will mean passengers will have to get out of their cars to register at the Eurotunnel terminal and the Port of Dover. The latter will have an EES processing site at the Western docks.
You do not need to take any action before arriving at the border, and there is no cost for EES registration.
Your digital EES record will be valid for three years before it has to be renewed.
If you enter the Schengen area again during this time, you will only need to provide a fingerprint or photo at the border, when you enter and exit.
During the initial rollout, manual stamping of passports is set to continue, but the system is expected to completely replace it from 10 April 2026.
Could there be longer queues?
The government has warned that there may be longer waiting times than usual at the border once the system starts, as it will take each passenger an extra minute or two to join the EES.
Naomi Leach, deputy editor of Which? Travel, told Sky News that travellers should allow more time for their journeys on the other side if they are flying.
“It is worth booking later transfers, car hire or other onward travel,” she suggested.
Though countries are obliged to get going with the new system from Sunday, they have six months to complete the rollout.
It is hoped that this, mixed with the fact the rollout is not starting during peak travelling seasons, will help limit the impact on passengers.
The Independent’s travel editor Simon Calder told Sky News that passengers should still expect longer queues when they reach their destinations, but that it will likely vary depending on where they are going.
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‘New EU travel rules will differ by country’
He said: “I’ve contacted all 29 of the nations involved and some of them, specifically the Czech Republic, Estonia, Luxembourg, say they’ll be ready from day one, everybody travelling in and out is going to be checked.
“But in Spain, for instance, they say they’re going to check exactly one flight coming into Madrid airport and after that they’re going to roll things out gradually at the international airports, then the roads crossings, then the seaports.”
Mr Calder has been told that Dusseldorf will be the starting point in Germany.
He also said countries can largely pause the implementation at various points if waiting times grow too long.
Concerns over delays at ports
Image: A view of traffic queueing to use the Port of Dover in July. Pic: PA
The Port of Dover, Eurotunnel at Folkestone or St Pancras International will be gradually rolling out the EES.
Only drivers and passengers on coaches and freight are expected to join the EES initially at Dover and Folkestone, while the Eurostar says there will be “minimal changes” at St Pancras to start with.
But some concerns were raised when the Port of Dover said it would take up to six minutes per vehicle for EES registration – up from the 30 to 60 seconds it takes for a car to get through the border without the EES.
But Port of Dover CEO Doug Bannister said he was confident a £40m investment in new infrastructure would pay off.
“We have purposely designed these facilities to handle our peak volume days [in the summer]… whilst ensuring that there is no queuing or congestion on the external road network,” he said.
He said the EU has also allowed for so-called “precautionary measures” during the first six months post full operation of EES, adding: “What that will allow us to do is dial back on the process if we have to, if the traffic volumes are going to be larger than we anticipated.”
A spokesperson for the government said: “While we have done everything we can to ensure the required infrastructure is in place, anyone who is planning a trip to the European mainland once these checks are introduced will still need to allow more time for their journey as the new EU systems bed in.”
What happens to your data?
The European Commission says the data being collected when you use the EES is:
• The information listed in your travel document(s) (e.g. full name, date of birth, etc.) • Date and place of each entry and exit • Facial image and fingerprints • Whether you were refused entry
This data will be stored in the system and cannot be transferred to third parties – except in specific cases, which you can read about here.
Your data will be used by countries for several reasons, including identifying travellers who aren’t allowed to enter, finding those using fake identities, and helping to prevent and investigate serious crimes.
If you refuse to provide your biometric data, you will be denied entry.
Why is it being implemented?
The EU says the new system is aimed at making several improvements to the manual stamping system, which the European Commission views as time-consuming and unreliable in providing data on border crossings.
It says the EES will make border checks more modern, efficient, easier and faster. It says that once they are registered, travellers will spend less time at the border thanks to faster checks.
It is also aimed at preventing illegal migration. It says the EES will help track who comes in and out of the Schengen countries better than the old system, using fingerprint and face data to stop people from overstaying, using fake identities or misusing visa-free travel.
It also says the EES will increase security in the countries, giving the authorities access to important traveller information and helping them to spot security risks and support the fight against serious crimes and terrorism.
As the British weather turns colder and wetter, many children will be spending less time outdoors. But for some, it’s not just the rain that’s keeping them indoors, it’s poverty.
Experts say that time spent in nature can reduce stress and anxiety, boost fitness and sleep, and help build resilience.
Yet for millions of children across the UK, even the simple joy of jumping in puddles or climbing trees is out of reach.
Image: One parent said their child is ‘less wired’ after spending time outdoors
Image: Children benefit from spending time outdoors
As of 2023/24, 4.5 million children live in poverty, according to government data – approximately nine in every school classroom.
At the same time, the number of children struggling with their mental health is rising sharply. According to the charity Mind, one in five children in England has a mental health condition.
At Kingfield Primary school in Woking, Surrey, children unwrapped new wellies and waterproof coats, which were donated by the Waterproofs and Wellies campaign, launched by The Outdoor Guide Foundation with support from World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).
The initiative provides kits to schools so that every child can explore and learn outdoors, even in the rain.
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Gina Bradbury Fox, director and founder of The Outdoor Guide Foundation, said they are delivering “10 sets of waterproof jackets, trousers and welly boots to this primary school today, donated through the Outdoor Guide Foundation from WWF”.
For many of these children, it’s their first proper outdoor garments, and it’s clear from the smiles and muddy boots that it’s making a difference.
Image: For some children, the Waterproofs and Wellies campaign has given them their first experience of nature
Image: Time in nature can make a real difference for children struggling with their mental health, teachers say
Parents say the impact of outdoor learning is immediate. Julia, a mum at the school, said: “The fact that they’re outdoors, they get the fresh air… he’s definitely more buoyant and upbeat when he’s done outdoor learning.
“He sleeps better and that’s a definite plus. When he’s been outside, he’s not as wired.”
According to research from Natural England, 80% of parents say spending time in nature improves their child’s behaviour, while 86% say it boosts their general mood and wellbeing.
Holly McKinley, director of communications at WWF, said their research shows that “70% of primary schools don’t have access to nature or don’t have access to the outdoors”.
Amy Humphries, assistant headteacher at Kingfield Primary School in Woking, says time in nature can make a real difference for children struggling with their mental health.
Image: Campaigners say time in nature isn’t a luxury, it’s a lifeline
“Children who have difficulty with mental health definitely appreciate being outside a lot more. It calms them and allows them to move away from the constant technology and noise,” she said.
“Nature is calmer, quieter, and gives them space to breathe.”
She said many pupils are discovering the world around them for the first time: “Once they’re comfortable in nature, they absolutely embrace it.
“They’re amazed to find blackberries growing on the school grounds or pumpkins in the corner of the playground. It suddenly becomes real and exciting.”
Image: The boots used by children
Moses, another parent at the school, said every child deserves access to nature regardless of the weather.
“You learn more from the environment than sitting in a classroom,” Moses said.
“Kids are so attached to gadgets now and it’s not healthy. It’s surprising how much they love playing outdoors if we just give them the opportunity.”
The Waterproofs and Wellies campaign aims to provide outdoor clothing to schools across the UK so that weather, or cost, never stops a child from exploring nature.
With children facing what experts call a “double crisis” of rising poverty and worsening mental health, campaigners say time in nature isn’t a luxury, it’s a lifeline.
As one teacher put it: “A walk in the woods might not fix everything, but it’s a step in the right direction.”
A government spokesperson said they were “determined to bring down child poverty in all areas of the UK” and would publish its child poverty strategy later this year.
“As part of our Plan for Change, we are introducing free breakfast clubs, expanding free school meals, capping school uniform costs and expanding government-funded childcare,” the spokesperson said.
“We are also supporting 700,000 of the poorest families by introducing a Fair Repayment Rate for Universal Credit claimants and increasing the national minimum wage.”