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The World Health Organisation (WHO) has approved a low-cost, readily available vaccine for malaria that promises to help ease one of the greatest disease burdens on the developing world.

The R21 vaccine, developed by the University of Oxford, the Serum Institute of India and drug maker Novavax, could help reduce the 500,000 malaria-associated deaths that occur each year.

It is only the second vaccine to have been approved for the prevention of malaria, after the RTS,S vaccine developed by drug giant GSK was authorised in 2022.

Although the WHO concluded R21 has similar levels of efficacy as RTS,S the new vaccine is expected to be cheaper and should be more widely available.

The Serum Institute of India has production capacity for 100 million doses of R21 each year, which it says will be doubled over the next two years.

Cost and availability are both crucial factors for a vaccine being deployed chiefly in sub-Saharan Africa, where there are nearly 250 million cases of malaria each year.

“The vaccine is easily deployable, cost-effective and affordable, ready for distribution in areas where it is needed most, with the potential to save hundreds of thousands of lives a year,” said Sir Adrian Hill, who led the team developing the vaccine at Oxford University’s Jenner Institute.

The approval of the vaccine follows 30 years of work on malaria at the Jenner Institute. The same lab developed an effective COVID-19 vaccine in less than a year.

But malaria is an altogether tougher challenge.

The disease is caused by a protozoan parasite, a single-celled organism with multiple life stages, each evolved to evade the immune response.

The constantly shape-shifting parasite spends much of its life hiding in the liver and red blood cells of its human host, or in the gut and salivary glands of the mosquitoes who transmit malaria.

Compared to some vaccines against infectious diseases like measles or polio, malaria vaccines aren’t good enough to prevent transmission.

In trials, R21 prevented between 68-75% of recipients from contracting malaria. However, in infants – who are most at risk of dying from malaria – levels of protection were between 75-79%.

However, given the fact malaria is such a huge burden and a very difficult target – the WHO set its criteria for an effective vaccine at 75%.

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“As a malaria researcher, I used to dream of the day we would have a safe and effective vaccine against malaria,” said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the WHO.

“Now we have two.”

“Demand for the RTS,S vaccine far exceeds supply, so this second vaccine is a vital additional tool to protect more children faster, and to bring us closer to our vision of a malaria-free future,” he added.

The approval of R21 offers additional hope for those working to combat malaria.

Between 2000 and 2015, cases and deaths fell significantly due to prevention measures like insecticide-treated bed nets.

Since then, however, progress had been backsliding and WHO was struggling to raise the money needed for its malaria programmes from donor countries.

The rollout of both the RTS,S and R21 vaccines is expected as soon as next year.

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Australia shooting suspect identified as manhunt continues into a second day

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Australia shooting suspect identified as manhunt continues into a second day

A suspect who shot and killed two police officers and seriously injured a third in Australia’s rural south-east has been identified, police said. 

A manhunt is underway for Dezi Freeman, 56, who is heavily armed and experienced in wilderness survival skills, Victoria state’s chief commissioner of police Mike Bush told reporters.

The local residents have been urged to stay indoors.

The whereabouts of Freeman’s wife and two children were initially unknown, but Mr Bush said they had visited a police station and spoken to officers late on Tuesday night.

The shooting happened earlier on Tuesday, when 10 armed police officers tried to execute a search warrant at Freeman’s property in Porepunkah, a town of just over 1,000 people located 200 miles north-east of Melbourne.

The suspect killed two officers and injured a third. Pic: Reuters
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The suspect killed two officers and injured a third. Pic: Reuters

Porepunkah Primary School in Porepunkah, Victoria, was locked down for several hours. Pic: Reuters
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Porepunkah Primary School in Porepunkah, Victoria, was locked down for several hours. Pic: Reuters

The officers “were met by the offender and they were murdered in cold blood,” the police chief said.

Freeman killed a 59-year-old detective and a 35-year-old senior constable, Mr Bush said. Another detective was shot, but his wounds are not life-threatening.

The armed man fled alone on foot into the nearby forest, where an intensive search for him continued through the night and into Wednesday.

Porepunkah is located 200 miles north-east of Melbourne, Australia.
Image:
Porepunkah is located 200 miles north-east of Melbourne, Australia.

Mr Bush would not elaborate on the search warrant for Freeman’s property and said it was “too soon to say” if his attack on the officers was ideologically motivated.

But he told reporters that some of the officers who tried to execute the search warrant included members of a unit that investigates sexual offences and child abuse.

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Australian media widely reported that Freeman expressed so-called sovereign citizen beliefs, referencing a 2021 video from Wangaratta Magistrates’ Court in which he is seen representing himself and unsuccessfully trying to arrest a magistrate and police officers.

Members of self-proclaimed sovereign citizen movements use debunked legal theories to reject government authority.

A manhunt in Australia continues into its second day. Pic: Simon Dallinger/AAP Image/AP
Image:
A manhunt in Australia continues into its second day. Pic: Simon Dallinger/AAP Image/AP

In a 2024 finding from Victoria’s Supreme Court, where Freeman attempted to challenge a lengthy suspension of his driver’s licence, a judge noted that the man had “a history of unpleasant encounters with police officers”.

In his submissions to the court, Freeman referred to the officers as “Nazis” and “terrorist thugs”.

The chief commissioner would not say how much was known of Freeman’s beliefs before the visit to his property.

Porepunkah, famous for its vineyards and beautiful views, is a gateway to Victoria’s alpine tourist region.

On Tuesday, public buildings and the nearby airfield were shut, and the local school, with just over 100 students, was locked down for several hours before children and staff were permitted to leave.

“Be vigilant, keep yourselves safe,” Mr Bush urged residents on Wednesday. “Please don’t go outside if you don’t need to.”

Mr Bush said the suspect’s knowledge of outdoor survival skills posed a “challenge” to authorities.

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Gaza hospital rejects Israel’s claim troops ‘saw Hamas camera’ before deadly attack

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Gaza hospital rejects Israel's claim troops 'saw Hamas camera' before deadly attack

A hospital in Gaza that was hit in an Israeli strike, killing 20 people including five journalists, has rejected the Israeli military’s claim it struck the facility because it was targeting what it believed was a Hamas surveillance camera as well as people identified as militants.

The statement was part of the military’s initial inquiry into the attack on Nasser hospital in Khan Younis, which Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has called a “tragic mishap”.

The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) said the back-to-back strikes on the largest hospital in southern Gaza were ordered because soldiers believed militants were using the camera to observe Israeli forces.

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Who were the journalists killed by Israel?

It also said it was because Israel has long believed Hamas and other militant groups are present at hospitals – though Israeli officials have rarely provided evidence to support such claims.

“This conclusion was further supported, among other reasons, by the documented military use of hospitals by the terrorist organisations throughout the war,” the IDF claimed.

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Nasser hospital in Gaza after it was damaged by an Israeli strike. Pic: AP
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Nasser hospital in Gaza after it was damaged by an Israeli strike. Pic: AP

It said six of those killed in the strike were “terrorists”.

The military chief of general staff acknowledged several “gaps” in the investigation so far, including the kind of ammunition used to take out the camera.

The military also said there is an ongoing investigation into the chain of command that approved the strike.

However, the army added: “The chief of the general staff emphasised that the IDF directs its activities solely toward military targets.”

Pics: Reuters
Image:
Pics: Reuters

In a statement, the hospital said: “Nasser hospital categorically reject these claims and any claims made by Israeli authorities to justify attacks on hospital premises.”

Among those killed was 33-year-old Mariam Dagga, a journalist who worked for the Associated Press, Al Jazeera cameraman Mohammed Salama, Reuters contractor Hussam al Masri, Reuters photographer Moaz Abu Taha and Middle East Eye freelancer Ahmed Abu Aziz.

The IDF said journalists working for Reuters and the Associated Press “were not a target of the strike”.

Read more: Who are the journalists killed in the attack?

Pic: Reuters
Image:
Pic: Reuters

Relatives and friends pray over the body of journalist Mariam Dagga. Pic: AP
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Relatives and friends pray over the body of journalist Mariam Dagga. Pic: AP

The strikes have been condemned by international leaders and human rights groups.

“The killing of journalists in Gaza should shock the world,” said United Nations Human Rights Office spokesperson Thameen Al-Kheetan.

“Not into stunned silence but into action, demanding accountability and justice.”

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The attack was described as a “double-tap” attack, which sees civilians or medical workers rushing to help those injured hit in a second strike. They have previously been seen in the wars in Ukraine and Syria.

Hospitals have been repeatedly attacked by Israeli forces throughout the 22-month war in Gaza.

The war began on 7 October 2023 when Hamas-led militants stormed into southern Israel, killing some 1,200 people and taking 251 hostage.

Israel’s military offensive against Hamas has killed at least 62,000 Palestinians, mostly civilians, according to the Hamas-run health ministry, which does not differentiate between civilians and militants in its count but says the majority are women and children.

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Israeli protesters demand Netanyahu does whatever it takes to bring hostages home – but is he listening?

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Israeli protesters demand Netanyahu does whatever it takes to bring hostages home - but is he listening?

Nadav is tired, frustrated and haunted, yet he smiles when we meet. For 690 days, he has been waiting for the world to change, and he’s still waiting, and hoping.

Back on 7 October 2023, his father Tal was seized by Hamas and taken to Gaza. Tal is now dead – it’s not clear when he died, but the simple, brutal fact of his death is not in doubt.

What is unknown – indeed, what cannot be known – is when Tal’s body will be returned to Israel.

“My dad is still being held captive, although he is not alive. My life is stuck,” Nadav tells me. “In order to continue living and start the healing process, we need them home and we need the war to be over.”

Pic: Ilia Yefimovich/picture-alliance/dpa/AP
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Pic: Ilia Yefimovich/picture-alliance/dpa/AP

Around him, banners, signs and the sounds of another day of national protest. Motorways were brought to a halt, huge numbers of people went on strike, all in the name of demanding that the Israeli government do more to prioritise the return of all the hostages.

In Nadav’s mind, that means searching for compromise and negotiating a ceasefire that ends the war and allows for the return of all the hostages – believed to number 20 who are still alive, and a further 30 who have died.

“We have seen that just using military strength is not enough,” he says. “We now have to do whatever it takes, even if it’s not perfect.”

“Even if that means negotiating with Hamas?” I ask. He nods. “This war has to come to an end.”

It is a theme we hear again and again. In the crowds that pour into Hostages Square, there is almost unanimity.

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Protests in Israel ‘lack sufficient backing’

“The prime minister is acting like a tyrant,” declares one man as he marches down the street. “He doesn’t listen to us – his subjects. He just listens to the people in his cabinet who think that war is always the answer.”

Around us, we regularly see people wearing T-shirts with the slogan “Stam Wars”, written in the familiar Star Wars style.

Protesters in Tel Aviv on Tuesday. Pic: Ilia Yefimovich/picture-alliance/dpa/AP
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Protesters in Tel Aviv on Tuesday. Pic: Ilia Yefimovich/picture-alliance/dpa/AP

It is a biting comment dressed up as a joke – stam is a derogatory slang word, basically meaning pointless. “Our soldiers are being sacrificed,” says Yoram, as he strolls down the road towards the square.

This, of course, is no random sample. Among the crowd are many who viscerally dislike Benjamin Netanyahu, and the truth is that his supporters would be unlikely to join this crowd.

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And yet they all want the same thing. The prime minister insists that the return of the hostages is his driving motivation, just as the people we spoke to told us that getting back the hostages was their ambition.

The difference is that Netanyahu seems unwilling to negotiate, and is convinced that the way to push Hamas into submission is to attack them relentlessly. Those on the protest, including relatives and loved ones of the hostages, are calling for talks to be placed ahead of tanks.

Is Netanyahu worried? Probably not. Just as the protesters were gathering in Hostages Square, Israel’s security cabinet was meeting to discuss the future of the war. Plans to encircle and occupy Gaza City were discussed. Proposals for a ceasefire were, apparently, not even mentioned.

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