On Oct. 12, the Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de Résolution (ACPR), part of the French Central Bank, published a summary of its public consultation on a regulatory framework for decentralized finance (DeFi).
The public consultation lasted two months, from April to May 2023, in response to the initial paper discussing possible regulations for DeFi in the country. External contributions nudged the ACPR to surprising revelations, especially regarding the structural persistence of centralization patterns:
“The ACPR therefore believes that the term ‘disintermediated’ finance is more appropriate than that of ‘decentralized’ finance.”
The operational risk of this “paradoxical high degree of concentration” in DeFi concerns the physical infrastructure hosting blockchain nodes, in which cloud service providers play a central role.
According to the summary, the “vast majority” of respondents advocate that DeFi should continue to be deployed on public blockchains rather than on private or permissioned ones. However, they admit that these blockchains need to be audited on a regular basis. Proposals to regulate intermediaries and certify smart contracts were also met with broad consensus.
In conclusion, the ACPR finds it “advisable” to draw up rules for the certification of smart contracts, define governance that would protect DeFi customers, and lay down measures supporting DeFi’s blockchain infrastructures.
On Oct. 11, the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) also weighed in on the discussion on DeFi. In a 22-page report, the ESMA admitted the promised benefits of DeFi, such as greater financial inclusion, the development of innovative financial products and the enhancement of financial transactions’ speed, security and costs, while also highlighting its “significant risks.”
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The US climbed to second in Chainalysis’ 2025 Global Adoption Index rankings, with India taking out top spot and Pakistan, Vietnam and Brazil rounding out the top five.
Met Police Commissioner Sir Mark Rowley has said his officers should not be “policing toxic culture wars debates” as he responded to his force’s arrest of Father Ted writer Graham Linehan over anti-trans posts.
The UK’s top police officer said his officers are in an “impossible position”, adding that he has offered to provide suggestions to the Home Office about clarifying the law and policy.
“Greater clarity and common sense would enable us to limit the resources we dedicate to tackling online statements to those cases creating real threats in the real world,” he said.
Mr Rowley added that the Metropolitan police will be more selective about what social media posts it should investigate in future.
“We will be putting in place a more stringent triaging process to make sure only the most serious cases are taken forward in future – where there is a clear risk of harm or disorder.”
Image: Sir Mark Rowley (left) has waded into the controversy surrounding online posts by Graham Linehan (right). File pic: PA
It comes hours after health secretary Wes Streeting told Sky News the government needs to look at whether police are “getting the balance right”.
The health secretary told Sky News Breakfast with Wilfred Frost that he can’t comment on the specifics of the case, as operational police decisions are “rightly independent of politicians”.
However, Mr Streeting said more generally that the government would rather see “police on the streets rather than policing tweets”.
The cabinet member added: “It’s the easiest thing in the world for people to criticise the police, but they are enforcing laws that parliament has passed and asked them to enforce.
“So if we haven’t got the balance right, as Parliament over successive governments, that is something that we need to look at because the Home Secretary is very clear about what her priorities are”.
He said that those priorities are neighbourhood policing and keeping borders safe.
Writing on Substack, Lineham said that after flying into the UK from Arizona, he was detained by five armed officers at Heathrow Airport and put in a cell before being questioned over posts published on X in April.
He added that officials became concerned for his health after taking his blood pressure, and he was taken to hospital.
The arrest has drawn criticism from opposition politicians.
Shadow justice secretary Robert Jenrick said the incident was “ridiculous and a complete waste of police time”.
Reform UK leader Nigel Farage said he would raise the case when he gives evidence to the House Judiciary Committee in Washington on free speech in the UK during a hearing on Wednesday, The Sun reported.
Image: Nigel Farage will raise the case in Washington. Pic: PA
Harry Potter author JK Rowling, who has regularly shared her views on women’s rights in relation to transgender rights on social media, also waded into the row, posting on X: “What the f*** has the UK become? This is totalitarianism. Utterly deplorable.”
Sir Keir Starmer’s official spokesman said it was an operational matter for the police when asked about the arrest yesterday.
He added: “The prime minister and the home secretary have been clear about where their priorities for crime and policing are, and that’s tackling anti-social behaviour, shoplifting, street crime, as well as reducing serious violent crimes like knife crime and violence against women”.
Asked whether the government agreed with the Harry Potter author’s claim that the UK was now a “totalitarian” state, the spokesman said: “No.”
A Met Police spokeswoman confirmed an arrest was made at Heathrow Airport on Monday, but did not identify Linehan.
In a statement, the force said: “On Monday, 1 September at 1pm officers arrested a man at Heathrow Airport after he arrived on an inbound American Airlines flight.
“The man in his 50s was arrested on suspicion of inciting violence. This is in relation to posts on X.
“After being taken to police custody, officers became concerned for his health and he was taken to hospital. His condition is neither life-threatening nor life-changing.
“He has now been bailed pending further investigation.”