False videos, pictures and information have sprung up on social media since Hamas’s deadly attack on Israel last weekend which sparked retaliation strikes on the Gaza Strip.
Fireworks displays, excerpts from video games and clips posted months ago are among the false material seen and shared by millions of people on sites like X, formerly Twitter, and TikTok, purporting to show scenes from the conflict.
Social media platforms are under pressure from the UK and EU governments to combat misinformation and violent content on their platforms following the Hamas raid in Israel on Saturday.
But countless false videos purporting to show events in Israel and Gaza remain easily accessible across TikTok, X, Facebook, Instagram and YouTube, with some clocking up tens of millions of views.
“It’s unlike anything we’ve ever seen before,” said Achiya Schatz, executive director of the Israeli fact-checking NGO Fake Reporter.
One of the most prolific videos we’ve seen falsely claiming to show events from the past few days is pictured below, showing fireworks in an urban area.
At the time of writing, a compilation of footage that uses this clip was the top liked video on TikTok when searching for the word “Gaza”.
The video has garnered 2.9 million likes and over 59 million views altogether.
It’s also been shared on other platforms. On X, multiple users posted the video falsely claiming it shows Israel bombing Gaza with phosphorus. Taken together, these posts have been viewed over a million times.
A reverse image search of the footage’s key frames, however, reveal that it had been shared on the internet before Saturday’s events unfolded.
One user posted it on TikTok on 2 October and another shared it on YouTube on 28 September – meaning the footage existed well before the conflict between Israel and Hamas started.
A series of very similar videos posted to X in June show celebrations in Algiers, Algeria after the win of the football team CR Belouzidad.
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The clip was removed from TikTok after Sky News reported it to them.
But not all of the widely-shared false clips require as many steps to reveal them as unrelated to the situation in Israel and Gaza.
Another video shared on X by the American-Israeli lawyer and Republican representative Marc Zell claimed to show a Hamas militant with a Jewish girl he said had been kidnapped and taken to Gaza.
The clip he shared had been viewed over 1.1 million times, while two other posts that repeated the claims also garnered over one million views each.
The video comes with a TikTok watermark which states the name of the account the video was posted by. A brief search on the short form video app shows the video was posted by the user back in September – rendering the claim that it shows a kidnapped child in Gaza impossible.
The clip has since been deleted by its original poster, but it continues to be reshared elsewhere with the false context attached.
X has issued a “community note” on some of the most widely-shared iterations of the video on its platform, which is a comment underneath certain posts outlining further context.
If enough users add notes with additional information underneath a particular post, the note will appear visible to all who read it.
Image: The ‘Community Note’ shared under Marc Zell’s post. Pic: X
In this case, users were advised that the clip posted by Mr Zell is unrelated to the conflict in Israel and Gaza. However, other posts using the video and false information remain on X without this additional context.
X today said that its community notes team had been bolstered after the EU issued a warning regarding the spread of misinformation on its platform.
Computer-generated material taken from video games has also proliferated online in the days since the latest fighting in Israel and Gaza broke out.
Sky News found one clip – originally from the combat game Arma 3 – shared on X, TikTok, Facebook, Instagram and YouTube all claiming to show Hamas militants shooting down Israeli helicopters.
A close look at the video displays clear signs that it is computer generated. The objects lack shadows, and appear cartoonish.
A reverse image search of one of the video’s keyframes alongside the word “video game” reveals images of similar scenes from a game called Arma 3.
A search for the terms “Arma 3 helicopter shot down” reveal a series of clips, including one posted on YouTube February 2023 that matches the clip claimed to be from Gaza.
Image: The same clip from the video game Arma 3 was posted on YouTube shorts in February of this year. Pic: YouTube
On X, the most-viewed posts that use the video carry a community note explaining that the video is not from Israel or Gaza.
However, they’ve still amassed millions of views on the platform. One post has garnered over 2.6 million, while another clip also from Arma 3 but purporting to show Gaza has clocked up over 10.9 million views.
‘It’s like nothing we’ve ever seen before’
Achiya Schatz is the executive director of the NGO Fake Reporter, a disinformation watchdog in Israel that asks users to report online falsehoods to them.
He says the amount of misinformation and hateful material surfacing online in the days since the attacks is remarkable.
“It’s like nothing we’ve ever seen before,” he told Sky News.
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2:05
Debunking myths of misinformation online
Schatz says that the lack of communication from the Israeli government during the Hamas attack’s initial stages created an information void that, combined with the shock of the attack, became filled with false information and conspiracy theories.
“In terms of the reports we receive from the public, X is definitely at the top,” he told Sky News.
Many of the most widely-shared posts we encountered in our research were made by accounts subscribed to X Premium, the paid-for service that offers users perks including content promotion and financial compensation for posts that perform well.
Using the social listening platform TalkWalker, Sky News analysed the top posts across X, TikTok and YouTube that used the Arabic hashtag “Al Aqsa Flood” – the name given by Hamas to Saturday’s attack.
The post using the hashtag with the highest engagement was from an X Premium user making the unsubstantiated claim that the Emir of Qatar had threatened to halt global gas supplies if the bombing of Gaza did not cease.
Image: This unsubstantiated claim received the highest engagement of any post under the Arabic hashtag for ‘Al Aqsa Flood’. Pic: X
“It was claimed that the Premium option would reduce malicious content. But the truth is, we see paid services that are carrying conspiracies and messages promoting violence. It seems like the structure of content moderation is not sufficiently built and capable to serve the users,” he said.
Meta and X have responded to pressure from the UK and EU regarding the proliferation of misinformation on their platforms, with both companies saying they are putting additional resources towards addressing the situation.
Meta, which owns Facebook and Instagram, says it is investigating the material found by Sky News.
X did not respond to a request for comment.
The Data and Forensics team is a multi-skilled unit dedicated to providing transparent journalism from Sky News. We gather, analyse and visualise data to tell data-driven stories. We combine traditional reporting skills with advanced analysis of satellite images, social media and other open source information. Through multimedia storytelling we aim to better explain the world while also showing how our journalism is done.
High street bank Santander has launched a scathing criticism of the car finance compensation scheme and delayed the release of its financial results “in light of uncertainties” it has caused.
The Spanish-owned lender called for government intervention – warning it sees the scheme as posing a wider threat to the economy, jobs and consumers.
The scheme was set up by financial regulator, the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), to compensate people mis-sold car loans.
Under FCA proposals, up to 14.2 million people could each receive an average of £700, as lenders broke the law by failing to disclose they paid commission to brokers. It meant customers lost out on better deals and sometimes paid more.
The proposal differs, Santander said, “in important respects” from the Supreme Court ruling that paved the way for the redress plan.
Mr Regnier said: “We believe that the level of concern in the industry and market is such that material changes to the proposed FCA redress scheme should be an active consideration for the UK government.
“Without such change, the unintended consequences for the car finance market, the supply of credit and the resulting negative impact on the automotive industry and its supply chain could significantly impact jobs, growth and the broader UK economy.
“This could also cause significant detriment to the consumer.
“What is at stake is the supply of credit that customers need and that supports a very important sector for the economy.”
Deferred results
Santander was due to publish its latest financial figures on Wednesday morning, but has held back until it says it gets “greater clarity” on the scheme and its impact on the bank and the wider market.
No new date to report results was given. Release of the same third-quarter results last year was also deferred due to uncertainty over the impact of car loan mis-selling.
The hit to Santander, however, is not expected to impact its operations or financial position, even in a worst-case scenario for the bank where it has to allocate more funds for compensation, it said.
It had already set aside £295m to deal with the mis-selling.
The FCA said, “We believe a compensation scheme is the best way to settle, for both lenders and consumers, liabilities that exist no matter what.
“Alternatives would cost more and take longer. It’s vital we draw a line under the issue so a trusted motor finance market can continue to serve millions of families every year.”
Santander said it was committed to “ensuring fair outcomes” for its customers and will continue engaging constructively with the FCA, HM Treasury and other stakeholders.
Santander UK shares were up 0.5% following the news.
Rachel Reeves has said she is determined to “defy” forecasts that suggest she will face a multibillion-pound black hole in next month’s budget.
Writing in The Guardian, the chancellor argued the “foundations of Britain’s economy remain strong” – and rejected claims the country is in a permanent state of decline.
Reports have suggested the Office for Budget Responsibility is expected to downgrade its productivity growth forecast by about 0.3 percentage points.
Image: Rachel Reeves. PA file pic
That means the Treasury will take in less tax than expected over the coming years – and this could leave a gap of up to £40bn in the country’s finances.
Ms Reeves wrote she would not “pre-empt” these forecasts, and her job “is not to relitigate the past or let past mistakes determine our future”.
“I am determined that we don’t simply accept the forecasts, but we defy them, as we already have this year. To do so means taking necessary choices today, including at the budget next month,” the chancellor added.
She also pointed to five interest rate cuts, three trade deals with major economies and wages outpacing inflation as evidence Labour has made progress since the election.
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Chancellor faces tough budget choices
Although her article didn’t address this, she admitted “our country and our economy continue to face challenges”.
Her opinion piece said: “The decisions I will take at the budget don’t come for free, and they are not easy – but they are the right, fair and necessary choices.”
Yesterday, Sky’s deputy political editor Sam Coates reported that Ms Reeves is unlikely to raise the basic rates of income tax or national insurance, to avoid breaking a promise to protect “working people” in the budget.
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This, in theory, means those on higher salaries could be the ones to face a squeeze in the budget – with the Treasury stating that it does not comment on tax measures.
In other developments, some top economists have warned Ms Reeves that increasing income tax or reducing public spending is her only option for balancing the books.
Experts from the Institute for Fiscal Studies have cautioned the chancellor against opting to hike alternative taxes instead, telling The Independent this would “cause unnecessary amounts of economic damage”.
Although such an approach would help the chancellor avoid breaking Labour’s manifesto pledge, it is feared a series of smaller changes would make the tax system “ever more complicated and less efficient”.
Roughly 14,000 corporate jobs are to go at tech giant Amazon, the company announced.
The impact on the 75,000-strong UK workforce is not immediately clear from the announcement, which said impacted people and teams would hear from leadership on Tuesday.
A loss of 30,000 jobs had been anticipated based on reporting from Reuters and The Wall Street Journal.
Amazon workers’ union in the UK, GMB, had said, based on those numbers, that “it is almost inevitable that many UK workers will lose their jobs”.
“The fact that companies can accrue such astronomical profits to the point where its [founder, Jeff Bezos] can holiday in space and hire out entire cities for his vulgar wedding prior to casting aside loyal workers without a thought just underlines everything that’s wrong with a system that many feel is beyond repair,” the union said.
Why?
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The growth of artificial intelligence (AI) has been blamed for the cuts.
In a message sent to staff, Amazon’s senior vice president of people experience and technology, Beth Galetti, alluded to the criticism that the company is cutting jobs while profiting £19.2bn in results published in July.
“Some may ask why we’re reducing roles when the company is performing well,” she wrote.
“What we need to remember is that the world is changing quickly. This generation of AI is the most transformative technology we’ve seen since the Internet, and it’s enabling companies to innovate much faster than ever before.”
Amazon is also continuing to unravel some of the hiring it made during the COVID-19 pandemic and has warned about reducing headcount and bureaucracy.
The largest ever cut of 18,000 Amazon roles was announced in January 2023 when the consumer retail part of the business, including Amazon Fresh and Amazon Go, were scaled back.
It plans to replace more than half a million jobs with robots, automating 75% of its operations, according to the New York Times.
What next?
Those who lose their job will be prioritised for openings within Amazon to help “as many people as possible” find new roles, she said.
Hiring will continue, despite the latest cull, in “key strategic areas” while the online retail behemoth finds additional places we can “remove layers, increase ownership, and realise efficiency gains”.
Amazon said it is “shifting resources to ensure we’re investing in our biggest bets and what matters most to our customers’ current and future needs”.
In the UK, GMB said, “We will be supporting our members across Amazon as they face this uncertain future.”
It is to announce financial results for the third quarter of this year on Thursday evening, UK time.