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By Dr. Chinta Sidharthan Oct 19 2023 Reviewed by Lily Ramsey, LLM

In a recent study published in the PLOS ONE Journal, researchers used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 1999 and 2018 and examined the use of exercise, diet, and pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical products for weight loss among obese and non-obese individuals of both sexes.

Study:  Changes in the prevalence of U.S. adults using diet, exercise, pharmaceuticals and diet products for weight loss over time: Analysis of NHANES 1999–2018 . Image Credit: Stock-Asso/Shutterstock.com Background

Although the prevalence of obesity in the United States (U.S.) has increased drastically over the past two decades, efforts and research on weight loss have also grown.

While there are various approaches to weight loss, such as diet, physical activity, weight loss products, and pharmacological options, the varying popularity of these approaches over time and or based on the obesity status has not been investigated.

Furthermore, while studies have reported that women tend to engage in weight loss practices more than men, especially those based on diets, the changes in these trends over time have not been examined.

Similarly, while research indicates that obese individuals are more likely to follow weight loss practices than normal weight, the differences in the choice of weight loss strategies among those attempting to lose weight have also not been well understood.

Moreover, factors other than individual opinions, such as the influence of media and health professionals, could also impact the popularity of some weight loss strategies. About the study

In the present study, the researchers used publicly available data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in the U.S. between 1999 and 2018 to investigate the changing trends in weight loss practices over the years and to understand whether these changes also showed patterns associated with obesity status and sex.

The study used data from participants above the age of 20 and provided complete information on body mass index (BMI), smoking status, weight loss practices, and educational qualifications. Related StoriesMucin glycosylation plays crucial role in protecting against obesity and intestinal inflammationNew findings about nerve pathways to brown fat could lead to obesity treatmentsStudy finds non-nutritive sweetened beverages more effective than water for weight loss

Individuals who were pregnant or had a BMI of less than 18.5 kg per m2 were excluded from the analyses. The information on demographic factors and weight loss practices was gathered using questionnaires.

Individuals who answered affirmatively to questions about intentional weight loss in the past year were further queried about the specific practices employed for weight loss.

The factors that were investigated through all the survey years were exercise, consumption of smaller quantities of food or lower-calorie foods, skipping meals, reducing the intake of fats, liquid diets, consumption of diet foods, following special diets for weight loss, increasing water intake, use of diet products, or being engaged in weight loss programs.

Of these factors, those involving pharmaceutical or diet weight loss products or using laxatives were considered medications or diet products. In contrast, all the practices involving food and liquid intake modifications for weight loss were considered diet-related practices.

The data between 2005 and 2018 were further analyzed for specific dietary restrictions such as sugars and carbohydrates and increased vegetable and fruit consumption. Obesity was defined based on a BMI above 30 kg per m2. Results

The findings suggested that, as previously observed, women and individuals with obesity were more likely to employ weight loss practices over time, and the prevalence of weight loss practices over time had also increased.

Furthermore, of the weight loss practices, the diet-related ones were the most prevalent, constituting 87% to 93% of the weight loss methods.

Exercise-related methods for weight loss had a prevalence of 47% to 68%, and pharmaceutical and dietary products for weight loss only accounted for 5% to 21% of the weight loss practices.

The weight loss practices showed modest differences associated with obesity status and sex, with obese women showing an increase in exercise for weight loss.

Diet-related weight loss practices also showed a temporal change, with traditional dietary approaches such as fat, portion, and calorie restrictions becoming less prevalent and carbohydrate and sugar restrictions being adopted more frequently.

While the use of pharmacotherapeutic and dietary products for weight loss showed a lower prevalence compared to other weight loss practices over time, the use of such products was the highest among women with obesity.

Less than 2% of the men with obesity and less than 10% of the women with obesity reported taking prescription drugs for weight loss, and compared to other chronic diseases, the use of medications for obesity is significantly low. Conclusions

Overall, the study showed observable differences in adopting weight loss strategies over time, with the popularity of specific practices varying according to obesity status and sex.

However, the patterns of temporal change in weight loss practices remained the same for obese individuals of both genders. Journal reference:

Kuk, J. L., Daniels, S. B., Ardern, C. I., & Pooni, R. (2023). Changes in the prevalence of U.S. adults using diet, exercise, pharmaceuticals, and diet products for weight loss over time: Analysis of NHANES 1999–2018. PLOS ONE, doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292810. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0292810

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Kemi Badenoch does not rule out local coalitions with Reform after next week’s council elections

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Kemi Badenoch does not rule out local coalitions with Reform after next week's council elections

Kemi Badenoch has not ruled out forming coalitions at a local level with Reform after the council elections next week.

Speaking to Sunday Morning with Trevor Phillips, the Conservative leader did however categorically rule out a pact with Nigel Farage’s party on a national level.

“I am not going into any coalition with Nigel Farage… read my lips,” she said.

However, she did not deny that deals could be struck with Reform at a local level, arguing that some councils might be under no overall control and in that case, “you have to do what is right for your local area”.

“You look at the moment, we are in coalition with Liberal Democrats, with independents,” she said. “We’ve been in coalition with Labour before at local government level.

“They [councillors] have to look at who the people are that they’re going into coalition with and see how they can deliver for local people.”

She added: “What I don’t want to hear is talks of stitch-ups or people planning things before the results are out. They have to do what is right for their communities.”

More on Electoral Dysfunction

A total of 23 councils are up for grabs when voters go to the polls on Thursday 1 May – mostly in places that were once deemed Tory shires, until last year’s general election.

It includes 14 county councils, all but two of which have been Conservative-controlled, as well as eight unitary authorities, all but one of which are Tory.

Ms Badenoch has set expectations low for the Tories, suggesting they could lose all the councils they are contesting.

The last time this set of councils were up for election was in 2021, when the Conservative Party was led by Boris Johnson who was riding high from the COVID vaccine bounce.

This breaking news story is being updated and more details will be published shortly.

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Landeskog scores 1st NHL goal in nearly 3 years

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Landeskog scores 1st NHL goal in nearly 3 years

Perhaps the only detail more emphatic than the goals in the Colorado Avalanche‘s 4-0 win over the Dallas Stars Saturday night, was the impact provided by their captain, Gabriel Landeskog.

Landeskog, who returned in Game 3 of this Western Conference first-round series after missing nearly three seasons while recovering from a knee injury, scored his first goal since June 20, 2022, in a multi-point performance that saw the Avalanche tie the series at 2-2 in Game 4 at Ball Arena. Game 5 is Monday in Dallas.

“It means a lot,” Landeskog told reporters after the win. “Obviously, I’ve envisioned scoring again for a long time. There obviously days when I didn’t know if I was ever going to score again. It obviously feels good. It’s a tight playoff series in a big game here at home. To get to do it here at home in front of our fans obviously means a means a lot. Super exciting. Hopefully more to come.”

A short-handed goal from Logan O’Connor midway through the first period followed by a late power-play goal from Nathan MacKinnon staked the Avalanche to a 2-0 lead entering the second period.

That set the stage for Landeskog, who was in the slot when Brock Nelson fed a pass that the 32-year-old winger launched for a one-timer that beat Stars goaltender Jake Oettinger for a 3-0 lead.

Landeskog, who was playing on the second line, was instantly mobbed by his teammates on the nice such as Samuel Girard, Valeri Nichushkin, Devon Toews and Nelson, who joined the Avalanche at the NHL trade deadline.

As Landeskog returned to the bench, he was congratulated by the entire team which also included a hug from a smiling MacKinnon, who along with Landeskog, have been with the franchise for more than a decade.

“I was just proud of him again,” Avalanche coach Jared Bednar told reporters after the game. “I was proud of him regardless of if he scores or not because I know what he’s gone through, and I know how difficult that was. I think that takes it to another level. You know he wants to come back and contribute like he did in the past and he’s off to a great start.”

Landeskog’s goal was the latest milestone in what’s been a lengthy recovery from a chronically injured right knee. He missed what amounted to 1,032 days since his last NHL game.

In that time, the Avalanche have remained in a championship window but have dramatically altered their roster. The Avs have nine players from that championship team who have remained with the franchise and have since reshuffled a roster that led to them re-acquiring defenseman Erik Johnson, one of Landeskog’s closest friends, in their bid for the fourth title in franchise history.

Even with all the changes, there were still questions about when they could see Landeskog return to the lineup. And if Landeskog did return, what he could look like?

His first professional game in three years came April 11 with the Avalanche’s AHL affiliate where he logged 15 minutes. Landeskog would then score a goal and get an assist in his second and final game.

And much like his AHL stint, all it took was two games for Landeskog to score and have another two-point performance.

While Landeskog’s goal became the most celebrated moment of the evening, what he did to help create the Avalanche’s fourth goal was an example of why he’s so crucial to their title aspirations.

Landeskog played a pass to Nelson who then found a Girard for a shot from the point that gave the Avs a 4-0 lead in the fourth. In the time Landeskog passed the puck, he anchored himself at the net front to gain position on 6-foot-7 Stars defensemen Lian Bichsel to screen goaltender Casey DeSmith, who replaced Oettinger for the third period.

Jockeying with Bichsel, who is six inches taller and 16 pounds heavier, allowed Landeskog to test both his strength and that right knee to gain leverage.

The result? Girard’s shot found space in traffic with Landeskog making it hard for DeSmith to see the puck.

“He’s a big boy,” Landeskog said with a smile. “He’s a big strong guy, a physical player and hard to play against. I was trying to get in front of their goal, and he was trying to get me out of there. It was a good battle.”

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Several killed after vehicle drives into crowd at street festival, police in Vancouver say

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Several killed after vehicle drives into crowd at street festival, police in Vancouver say

A number of people have been killed and multiple others injured after a driver drove into a crowd at a street festival in Vancouver, police have said.

The driver has been taken into custody after the incident shortly after 8pm local time on Saturday, police added.

People were in the area near 41st Avenue and Fraser Street for the Lapu Lapu Day Block Party, named after a national hero of the Philippines.

Vancouver’s mayor Ken Sim said in a post on X: “I am shocked and deeply saddened by the horrific incident at today’s Lapu Lapu Day event.”

He added: “Our thoughts are with all those affected and with Vancouver’s Filipino community during this incredibly difficult time.”

Video posted on social media showed victims and debris strewn across a long stretch of road, with at least seven people lying immobile on the ground.

A black SUV with a crumpled front section could be seen in photos from the scene.

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