Sam Altman, CEO of ChatGPT maker OpenAI, arrives for a bipartisan Artificial Intelligence (AI) Insight Forum for all U.S. senators hosted by Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, U.S., September 13, 2023.
Leah Millis | Reuters
OpenAI’s unusual company structure weakened Sam Altman’s position as CEO and left him open to surprise on Friday when he was quickly ousted from the company.
It’s rare to see founders forced out of a firm they helped co-found. At Uber, for example, founder Travis Kalanick was forced out only after a series of reports on privacy issues and allegations of discrimination and sexual harassment at the ride-sharing company.
But Altman and co-founder Greg Brockman, who also left OpenAI Friday, didn’t have the power that Kalanick had.
“I have no equity in OpenAI,” Altman said in a May Senate hearing on A.I. Senator John Kennedy’s reaction offered some foreshadowing.
“You need a lawyer or an agent,” Kennedy said in a now-prescient joke.
The structure of the company helps explain how he was left in a vulnerable position that, as he said on Saturday, left him feeling “a little screwed.”
OpenAI’s capped profit structure
The easiest way to think of OpenAI’s structure is to picture a waterfall. The board of directors sits at the top. OpenAI Global, the capped-profit company in which Microsoft invested billions and of which Sam Altman had become the global face, sits at the bottom. There’s some stuff in the middle.
So let’s start at the very top of the waterfall. OpenAI’s board of directors – the ultimate decision body and the group responsible for pushing Altman out – controls OpenAI’s 501(c)(3) charity, OpenAI Inc. That charity is the nonprofit of which you may be aware. It was established to “ensure that safe artificial general intelligence is developed and benefits all of humanity.”
The company’s website says the nonprofit’s charter takes “precedence over any obligation to generate a profit.” In other words, the nonprofit is the priority, while the capped-profit Open AI Global subsidiary is not.
There’s a holding company and another LLC called OpenAI GP, which both give the board ownership or control over OpenAI Global. Again, that’s the company Microsoft invested in. It’s the one you hear about in the news when Altman talks about ChatGPT developments and whatnot. What’s important here is that OpenAI Global had no control. It was the one controlled or owned by all of the other entities in various ways.
So now you’re probably wondering — why have a for-profit company at the bottom of a corporate structure if everything’s just going to be run by a nonprofit? There’s a reason for that, too.
Limited returns
OpenAI added its capped profit OpenAI Global subsidiary in 2019. The shift was prompted by several things, including a desire to attract top employees and investors with “startup-like equity.”
Remember, if your ultimate goal is to ensure the safe use of AI, you’re going to want to bring on some really smart people. And that’s tough when every big company on the market is willing to pay them top dollar to work. So if you’re OpenAI, you need incentives.
Part of that shift to a for-profit model meant reassessing how OpenAI rewarded those employees and investors who gambled on the company. The company settled on a capped-profit approach. It limited the “multiple” that investors could make by sending cash OpenAI’s way.
At the time, the profit cap was set at 100x of a first-round backer’s investment. In plain language, if investors put in $1, even if OpenAI was making billions of dollars in profit, that investor would be limited to $100 in total direct profit. It would still be a sizeable return, but not unlimited.
But remember, the core mission of the nonprofit is to control the development of artificial general intelligence. And all investors and employees are subject to that mission above anything else, including the for-profit company.
OK, so we have a nonprofit with a business that makes profits in order to attract top talent. How does Altman fit in here and how’d he get ousted?
Sam Altman’s missing equity
Altman had a board seat and was the best-known OpenAI personality. Aside from a small investment through a YCombinator fund (Altman was formerly its president), he doesn’t have any equity in the company. And that meant he didn’t have much control if anything turned against him.
He even joked about it Friday evening: “If I start going off, the OpenAI board should go after me for the full value of my shares.”
In fact, it reportedly worried some investors that Altman didn’t have ownership in the company he helped co-found, despite Altman’s public pronouncements that he was committed to OpenAI because he loved the work.
Most founders at later-stage companies take advantage of a dual-class share structure. Two tiers of shares are created — a set of shares for venture investors and the general public, if the company makes it to an IPO, and a more powerful set of shares reserved for founders or, in some cases, major investors.
CEOs and founders use dual-class share structures to protect themselves from losing control of their company. The rights assigned to these shareholders vary, but they often include outsize voting power, guaranteed board seats, or other governance provisions that make it hard for a board to topple them even if a company goes public. Some companies, like Google, even have three classes of shares, for its founders, employees, and investors.
Altman didn’t have those protections. Brockman, the former OpenAI president, said that Altman found out he was “being fired” in a virtual meeting Friday noon. Altman’s only heads up, Brockman said on X, the social media platform formerly known as Twitter, was a text from OpenAI chief scientist Ilya Sutskever a day before.
Investors like to back visionary founders. Some, like Peter Thiel’s Founders Fund, have centered their investment theses around the idea. Not having equity in the company could have been perceived as reducing Altman’s “skin in the game,” so to speak. But it also meant that Altman, lacking those protections, was open to a boardroom coup.
At Uber, five major investors demanded Kalanick’s departure immediately, including one of the company’s largest shareholders Benchmark, after months of negative reports on workplace culture and other controversies. OpenAI, by contrast, hasn’t seen a similar storyline emerge. Altman is a divisive figure, and many critics have worried about the impact OpenAI’s ultimate goal — artificial general intelligence, or AGI — would have for humanity.
OpenAI’s small board lacks the experience that would be expected from a company of its size and importance. None of its largest backers, not even Microsoft, have board seats. Until Altman and Brockman’s departure, it was composed of three outside directors and three OpenAI executives.
Brockman wasn’t involved in Altman’s firing, meaning that every outside director and Sutskever would have had to all vote to fire Altman. With no allies on the six-person board, it was a mathematical impossibility that Altman could win.
It isn’t clear what comes next for Altman or OpenAI. Litigation is possible, given the apparently swift nature of his departure. Some of Silicon Valley’s most influential law firms have represented OpenAI or its investors in various deals, and any courthouse proceedings will likely be closely watched.
Alibaba showcase its AI technology application achievements from Alibaba Cloud at the World Artificial Intelligence Conference in Shanghai, China on July 26, 2025.
Cfoto | Future Publishing | Getty Images
Alibaba delivered better than expected revenue in its fiscal second quarter as sales in its key cloud computing division accelerated.
Alibaba’s New York-listed shares were around 4.3% higher in premarket trade as investors looked past a plunge in profitability.
Here’s how the company did in its fiscal second quarter ended Sept. 30 versus LSEG estimates:
Revenue rose 5% to 247.8 billion Chinese yuan ($34.8 billion) versus 242.65 billion yuan the previous year.
Investors are focused on Alibaba’s cloud computing division which books its revenue related to artificial intelligence. Over the past few quarters, Alibaba’s cloud revenue growth has accelerated.
Alibaba reported a 34% year-on-year rise in cloud computing revenue to 39.8 billion yuan versus expectations of 37.9 billion yuan. That growth rate was faster than the 26% notched in the June quarter.
The Chinese tech giant said its investments in AI were helping its cloud unit.
“Robust AI demand further accelerated our Cloud Intelligence Group business, with revenue up 34% and AI-related product revenue achieving triple-digit year-over-year growth for the ninth consecutive quarter,” CEO Eddie Wu said in an earnings statement on Tuesday.
In September, the company said it plans to increase spending on AI models and infrastructure development, on top of the 380 billion yuan ($53 billion) over three years it announced in February. Alibaba said on Tuesday it has spent around 120 billion yuan in capital expenditure toward AI and cloud infrastructure over the past four quarters.
Earnings before interest, taxes, and amortization (EBITA), a measure of profitability, increased by 35% to 3.6 billion yuan for its cloud division.
Alibaba has emerged as one of China’s leading AI players.On Monday, Alibaba said its Qwen app, the Chinese giant’s rival to OpenAI’s ChatGPT, surpassed 10 million downloads within the first week of its public launch. The app is powered by Alibaba’s Qwen artificial intelligence models.
Investors look past profit drop
Meanwhile, the company has been investing heavily in the cut-throat instant commerce market. This a product offering from Alibaba and some of its Chinese e-commerce rivals that promises super-fast delivery on certain items.
Investment in this new segment has weighed on the profitability of Alibaba’s overall business even as cloud computing remains strong.
Overall adjusted EBITA, a profitability measure closely-watched by analysts, fell 78% year-on-year to 9.1 billion yuan, with Alibaba attributing this partly to its investments in quick commerce.
But investors appear to be looking past this because of the growth acceleration at the cloud computing business and Alibaba’s core China e-commerce division which houses revenue from its online shopping platforms Taobao and Tmall as well as the quick commerce initiative. China e-commerce revenue rose 16% year-on-year to 132.6 billion yuan, with growth coming in faster than the previous quarter.
Revenue from quick commerce surged 60% year-on-year in the quarter versus 12% in the quarter before.
“In our consumption business, quick commerce continued to scale with significant improvement in unit economics and drove rapid growth in monthly active consumers on the Taobao app,” Wu said.
Jensen Huang, NVIDIA founder and CEO, has a Q&A session at a press conference during the APEC CEO summit on October 31, 2025 in Gyeongju, South Korea.
Woohae Cho | Getty Images News | Getty Images
Nvidia shares fell on Tuesday after The Information reported that Meta is considering using chips designed by Google.
Shares of Nvidia were 3.6% lower in premarket trade. Google-parent Alphabet was trading 3% higher after a more than 6% rally on Monday.
On Monday, The Information reported that Meta is considering using Google’s tensor processing units (TPUs) in its data centers in 2027. Meta may also rent TPUs from Google’s cloud unit next year, the publication reported.
Google launched its first-generation TPU in 2018 and it was initially designed for its own internal use for its cloud computing business. Since then, Google has launched more advanced versions of its chip that are designed to handle artificial intelligence workloads.
TPUs are a customized chip and experts say this gives Google an advantage over rivals as it can offer customers a highly efficient product for AI.
If Meta uses the TPUs, it would be big win for Google and potential validation of the technology.
Shares of Broadcom, which helps Google design its TPUs, were up more than 2% in premarket trade on Tuesday after an 11% rise the day before.
Nvidia remains the market leader with its graphics processing units (GPUs) that have become the main piece of hardware underpinning the huge AI infrastructure buildout. While Nvidia’s dominance is unlikely to be dislodged in the near term, Google’s TPUs add further competition into the AI semiconductor market.
Companies building AI infrastructure have been searching for a more diversified supply of chips to reduce reliance on Nvidia.
Meta is among the biggest spenders on AI infrastructure, with the company projecting its capital expenditure to stand between $70 billion to $72 billion this year.
The share price moves come amid continued debate around whether there is an “AI bubble” and stretched tech company valuations.
Nvidia has been central to the debate and the company last week reported a stronger-than-expected sales forecast for the current quarter but technology stocks fell after.
A Google logo is at the announcement of Google’s biggest-ever investment in Germany on November 11, 2025 in Berlin, Germany.
Sean Gallup | Getty Images News | Getty Images
Alphabet on Monday resuscitated the artificial intelligence trade, which had been flagging the previous week. Its stock jumped 6.3%, lifting associated AI names such as Broadcom, Micron Technology and AMD. Major indexes rallied, with the Nasdaq Composite posting its best day in six months.
Investors were particularly enthusiastic about Broadcom because it helps to design and manufacture Google-parent Alphabet’s custom AI chips. In other words, the more market share Alphabet’s AI offerings gain, the greater the benefit to Broadcom — rather like Nvidia and the broader AI sector at the moment. Broadcom shares surged 11.1% on this notion, making it the S&P 500’s top gainer.
But while investors may cheer Alphabet’s leadership on Monday, not everyone wants it to have the last word.
“Some investors are petrified that Alphabet will win the AI war due to huge improvements in its Gemini AI model and ongoing benefits from its custom TPU chip,” Melius Research analyst Ben Reitzes wrote to clients in a Monday note. “GOOGL winning would actually hurt several stocks we cover — so prepare for volatility.”
Approaching the market’s moves from another angle, Melissa Brown, managing director of investment decision research at SimCorp, said it’s a concern when just one stock lifts the market. “That just doesn’t seem to me to be a sustainable force behind driving the market higher over the next however many days,” she added.
Alphabet on Monday may have brought about alpha — in the sense of market outperformance and potentially beginning a new phase of AI enthusiasm — but letting it be the omega as well could pose problems for investors.
What you need to know today
U.S. tech stocks roar back. The Nasdaq Composite popped 2.69%, its best day since May 12, on investors enthusiasm over Alphabet.Other major indexes rose in tandem. Asia-Pacific markets were mostly Tuesday as AI-related stocks ticked up.
Record outflows from BlackRock’s bitcoin ETF. The iShares Bitcoin Trust ETF has seen an exodus of $2.2 billion this month as of Monday stateside, according to FactSet data. That’s almost eight times more in losses than last October, or its second-worst month on record.
Sandisk joins the S&P 500. The flash storage vendor will replace marketing company Interpublic Group in the index before trading begins on Nov. 28 stateside. Shares of Sandisk jumped 7% in extended trading on Monday.
Trump has back-to-back calls with Xi and Takaichi. But the Beijing-Tokyo spat is unlikely to be resolved soon. U.S. President Donald Trump has stayed publicly silent, adding uncertainty for Japan and Taiwan at a tense moment.
[PRO] The S&P 500’s dividend yield is looking dismal. For investors who are still looking to hold dividend-paying stocks,however, research firm Trivariate Research has a few suggestions on the top performers.
And finally…
MUMBAI, INDIA – OCTOBER 22: Executive chair at the South Korean automaker Hyundai Motor Group Euisun Chung and managing director and CEO at India’s National Stock Exchange (NSE) Ashish Kumar Chauhan and Jaehoon Chang, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and President of Hyundai Motor Company pose for a photo during the listing ceremony of Hyundai Motor India for its initial public offering (IPO) at the NSE in Mumbai, India on October 22, 2024.