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There's a water crisis looming. Big Tech and AI could make it worse

Dubai, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES — A global rush for the next wave of generative artificial intelligence is increasing public scrutiny on an often-overlooked but critically important environmental issue: Big Tech’s expanding water footprint.

Tech giants, including the likes of Microsoft and Alphabet-owned Google, have recently reported a substantial upswing in their water consumption and researchers say one of the main culprits is the race to capitalize on the next wave of AI.

Shaolei Ren, a researcher at the University of California, Riverside, published a study in April investigating the resources needed to run buzzy generative AI models, such as OpenAI’s ChatGPT.

Ren and his colleagues found that ChatGPT gulps 500 milliliters of water (roughly the amount of water in a standard 16-ounce bottle) for every 10 to 50 prompts, depending on when and where the AI model is deployed.

Hundreds of millions of monthly users all submitting questions on the popular chatbot quickly illustrates just how “thirsty” AI models can be.

The study’s authors warned that if the growing water footprint of AI models is not sufficiently addressed, the issue could become a major roadblock to the socially responsible and sustainable use of AI in the future.

People take part in a protest called by Uruguay’s Central Union (PIT-CNT) in “defense of water” against the handling of the national authorities with respect to the management of the shortage of drinking water reserves in Montevideo on May 31, 2023.

Eitan Abramovich | Afp | Getty Images

ChatGPT creator OpenAI, part owned by Microsoft, did not respond to a request to comment on the study’s findings.

“In general, the public is getting more knowledgeable and aware of the water issue and if they learn that the Big Tech’s are taking away their water resources and they are not getting enough water, nobody will like it,” Ren told CNBC via videoconference.

“I think we are going to see more clashes over the water usage in the coming years as well, so this type of risk will have to be taken care of by the companies,” he added.

‘A hidden cost’

Data centers are part of the lifeblood of Big Tech — and a lot of water is required to keep the power-hungry servers cool and running smoothly.

For Meta, its these warehouse-scale data centers that generate not only the highest percentage of its water use but also the lion’s share of its energy use and greenhouse gas emissions.

In July, protesters took to the streets of Uruguay’s capital to push back against Google’s plan to build a data center. The proposal sought to use vast quantities of water at a time when the South American country was suffering its worst drought in 74 years.

Google reportedly said at the time the project was still at an exploratory phase and stressed that sustainability remained at the heart of its mission.

With AI, we’re seeing the classic problem with technology in that you have efficiency gains but then you have rebound effects with more energy and more resources being used.

Somya Joshi

Head of division: global agendas, climate and systems at SEI

In Microsoft’s latest environmental sustainability report, the U.S. tech company disclosed that its global water consumption rose by more than a third from 2021 to 2022, climbing to nearly 1.7 billion gallons.

It means that Microsoft’s annual water use would be enough to fill more than 2,500 Olympic-sized swimming pools.

For Google, meanwhile, total water consumption at its data centers and offices came in at 5.6 billion gallons in 2022, a 21% increase on the year before.

Both companies are working to reduce their water footprint and become “water positive” by the end of the decade, meaning that they aim to replenish more water than they use.

Google plans to operate its data centers on carbon-free energy by 2030

It’s notable, however, that their latest water consumption figures were disclosed before the launch of their own respective ChatGPT competitors. The computing power needed to run Microsoft’s Bing Chat and Google Bard could mean significantly higher levels of water use over the coming months.

“With AI, we’re seeing the classic problem with technology in that you have efficiency gains but then you have rebound effects with more energy and more resources being used,” said Somya Joshi, head of division: global agendas, climate and systems at the Stockholm Environment Institute.

“And when it comes to water, we’re seeing an exponential rise in water use just for supplying cooling to some of the machines that are needed, like heavy computation servers, and large-language models using larger and larger amounts of data,” Joshi told CNBC during the COP28 climate summit in the United Arab Emirates.

“So, on one hand, companies are promising to their customers more efficient models … but this comes with a hidden cost when it comes to energy, carbon and water,” she added.

How are tech firms reducing their water footprint?

A spokesperson for Microsoft told CNBC that the company is investing in research to measure the energy and water use and carbon impact of AI, while working on ways to make large systems more efficient.

“AI will be a powerful tool for advancing sustainability solutions, but we need a plentiful clean energy supply globally to power this new technology, which has increased consumption demands,” a spokesperson for Microsoft told CNBC via email.

“We will continue to monitor our emissions, accelerate progress while increasing our use of clean energy to power datacenters, purchasing renewable energy, and other efforts to meet our sustainability goals of being carbon negative, water positive and zero waste by 2030,” they added.

Aerial view of the proposed site of the Meta Platforms Inc. data center outside Talavera de la Reina, Spain, on Monday, July 17, 2023. Meta is planning to build a 1 billion ($1.1 billion) data center which it expects to use about 665 million liters (176 million gallons) of water a year, and up to 195 liters per second during “peak water flow,” according to a technical report.

Paul Hanna | Bloomberg | Getty Images

Separately, a Google spokesperson told CNBC that research shows that while AI computing demand has dramatically increased, the energy needed to power this technology is rising “at a much slower rate than many forecasts have predicted.”

“We are using tested practices to reduce the carbon footprint of workloads by large margins; together these principles can reduce the energy of training a model by up to 100x and emissions by up to 1000x,” the spokesperson said.

“Google data centers are designed, built and operated to maximize efficiency – compared with five years ago, Google now delivers around 5X as much computing power with the same amount of electrical power,” they continued.

“To support the next generation of fundamental advances in AI, our latest TPU v4 [supercomputer] is proven to be one of the fastest, most efficient, and most sustainable ML [machine leanring] infrastructure hubs in the world.”

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Standard Chartered CEO expects blockchain to ‘eventually’ power nearly all global transactions

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Standard Chartered CEO expects blockchain to ‘eventually’ power nearly all global transactions

Standard Chartered Plc bank branch in Hong Kong

Bloomberg | Bloomberg | Getty Images

Bill Winters, CEO of Standard Chartered, foresees a future in which nearly all global transactions are conducted on a digital blockchain ledger, he told a crowd in Hong Kong on Monday, as crypto adoption amongst mainstream banking and finance institutions grows. 

“Our belief, which I think is shared by the leadership of Hong Kong, is that pretty much all transactions will settle on blockchains eventually, and that all money will be digital,” the UK-based multinational bank’s CEO said during a panel at Hong Kong FinTech Week. 

“Think about what that means: a complete rewiring of the financial system,” he said, adding that experimentation is required to determine what that rewiring looks like. 

Standard Chartered — which is listed in both London and Hong Kong — has been ramping up its involvement with digital assets in recent years, including through digital asset custody services, trading platforms, and tokenized products. 

Winters made the comments while discussing Hong Kong’s role in the global digital assets space, crediting the city for leadership on experimentation and regulation, alongside Hong Kong Financial Secretary Paul Chan. 

Hong Kong has been working to establish itself as a regional crypto hub through a digital asset licensing regime, as well as tokenization pilots in which Standard Chartered is a participant.

A tokenized asset is a digital representation of a real-world asset, like stocks, bonds, or commodities, that can be recorded and traded on a blockchain or distributed ledger. Stablecoins, which are pegged to a currency, are often held up as an early example of a tradable tokenized asset.

Standard Chartered, in partnership with blockchain venture capital firm Animoca Brands and telecommunications company HKT, is planning to launch a Hong Kong dollar-backed stablecoin under a new regulatory framework the city launched in August.

Winters said Monday he believed that Hong Kong dollar stablecoins can represent an interesting new medium of exchange for international trade on digital terms.

Other global fintech leaders have also made bullish predictions for tokenized assets in recent months.

Robinhood Markets CEO Vlad Tenev said last month that tokenization was a “freight train,” coming to most major markets in the next five years.

Larry Fink, CEO of BlackRock, the world’s largest money manager, said in April that every asset from stocks to bonds to real estate can be tokenized in what will represent a “revolution” for investing.

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CNBC Daily Open: U.S. stocks’ gains in October owe much to AI

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CNBC Daily Open: U.S. stocks' gains in October owe much to AI

Jensen Huang, CEO of Nvidia, reacts during the 2025 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) CEO Summit in Gyeongju, South Korea, October 31, 2025.

Kim Soo-hyeon | Reuters

Traders who shorted the S&P 500 — essentially, betting that it would go down — last month were in for a rude surprise. The broad-based index ended the month 2.3% higher, defying “Octoberphobia,” a term that arose because of the market crashes in 1929 and 1987 that happened during the month.

The Nasdaq Composite had an even better month than the S&P 500. The tech-heavy index climbed 4.7%, giving a hint of what helped ward off the arrival of any ill omens: the technology sector.

On Friday, Amazon shares popped 9.6% on robust growth in its cloud-computing unit and as CEO Andy Jassy pointed to “strong demand in AI and core infrastructure.” The news pushed up other artificial intelligence-related stocks such as Palantir and Oracle too.

AI’s ascent in the market wasn’t a one-day event. In October, Nvidia, the poster child of AI, became the first company to reach a valuation of $5 trillion, with CEO Jensen Huang describing the technology as having formed a “virtuous cycle” in which usage growth will lead to an increase in investment, in turn improving AI, which will boost usage, which will… You get the idea.

Indeed, during their earnings disclosures last week, Big Tech companies announced dizzying increases in their capital expenditure, most of which will likely go toward AI infrastructure.

All that is to say that the enthusiasm over AI looks, for now, less like the immediate sugar rush of a candy bar (and the subsequent crash), and more like the sustained energy boost from a fiber-rich pumpkin.

What you need to know today

China’s factory activity slows down in October. The RatingDog China General Manufacturing PMI, compiled by S&P Global, came in at 50.6 for the month, dipping from the six-month high of 51.2 in September. Analysts polled by Reuters were expecting a reading of 50.9.

Baidu’s weekly robotaxi rides hit 250,000. That’s according to a spokesperson for Apollo Go, Baidu’s robotaxi unit, who said the firm surpassed that figure as of Oct. 31. It’s roughly the same number of weekly driverless rides as Waymo, according to report in late April.

Berkshire Hathaway operating profit rebounds. Year on year, that figure surged 34% to $13.485 billion in the third quarter. Warren Buffett’s conglomerate now holds $381.6 billion in cash, the highest on record — but it isn’t looking at stock buybacks yet.

U.S. markets ended Friday higher. On Sunday night stateside, futures tied to major U.S. indexes were little changed. Asia-Pacific markets rose Monday. Japan’s Nikkei 225 and South Korea’s Kospi were up more than 2%, as of 2 p.m. Singapore time (1 a.m. ET).

[PRO] Stocks enter November on a high. The S&P 500 is beginning November more than 16% up for the year. This week, investors should still keep an eye out for a Supreme Court case on Trump tariffs and earnings from firms like Advanced Micro Devices and Palantir.

And finally…

CHENGDU, CHINA – JANUARY 05: Lee Teuk, Ye Sung, Dong Hae and Kim Ryeo Wook of South Korean boy group Super Junior attend a press conference on January 5, 2020 in Chengdu, Sichuan Province of China. (Photo by VCG/VCG via Getty Images)

Vcg | Visual China Group | Getty Images

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China’s Baidu says it’s running 250,000 robotaxis a week — same as Alphabet’s Waymo did this spring

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China's Baidu says it's running 250,000 robotaxis a week — same as Alphabet's Waymo did this spring

Chinese tech company Baidu announced Monday it can sell some robotaxi rides without any human staff in the vehicles.

Baidu

BEIJING — As Baidu ramps up its robotaxi operations worldwide, fully driverless weekly rides as of Oct. 31 have now surpassed 250,000 orders, according to a spokesperson for the company’s driverless car unit Apollo Go.

That’s on par with what Waymo reported in late April for its weekly paid U.S. rides. When contacted by CNBC, Waymo did not have a new specific figure to share. The Alphabet-backed robotaxi operator primarily operates in San Francisco and Los Angeles in California and Phoenix, Arizona. Waymo partners with Uber in Austin and Atlanta.

The ramp up in Baidu’s robotaxi capabilities comes as Chinese and U.S. companies have been competing for leadership in advanced technology, including artificial intelligence, electric cars and autonomous driving.

It was not clear for how long Apollo Go has been operating 250,000 rides a week. For the quarter ended June 30, the company averaged about 169,000 rides a week based on CNBC calculations of the 2.2 million fully driverless robotaxi rides disclosed for the period.

Baidu’s Apollo Go primarily operates robotaxis in Wuhan and parts of Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen in mainland China. The company is also expanding to Hong Kong, Dubai, Abu Dhabi and, most recently, Switzerland. Robotaxis typically must undergo phases of public testing before local regulators allow companies to charge fares.

Apollo Go said it has received 17 million robotaxi ride orders to date, and that its cars have driven 240 million kilometers (149 miles), with 140 million fully driverless rides.

Phoenix Mayor Kate Gallego on being first to take the robotaxi risk

On safety, Apollo Go disclosed on average there has been one airbag deployment incident for every 10.1 million kilometers driven, but so far there’s has not been any major accident involving human injury or death.

Baidu is scheduled to next release its quarterly results on Nov. 18 before U.S. market open. The company is set to hold its annual tech conference in Beijing on Nov. 13.

Weekly robotaxi figures from Chinese rivals Pony.ai and WeRide were not immediately available. Waymo did not immediately respond to a request for an update to the figures shared in April.

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