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By Priyanjana Pramanik, MSc. Jan 3 2024 Reviewed by Lily Ramsey, LLM

A recent study published in JAMA Network Open investigated the accuracy and reliability of nutrition information provided by two versions of Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer  (ChatGPT) chatbots.

Their findings indicate that while chatbots cannot take the place of nutritionists, they can improve communication between health professionals and patients if they are refined and strengthened further.

Study:  Consistency and Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence for Providing Nutritional Information . Image Credit: Iryna Imago/Shutterstock.com Background

Many people today depend on the internet to access health, medicine, food, and nutrition information. However, studies have indicated that nearly half of the nutrition information online is low quality or inaccurate.

Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots have the potential to streamline how users navigate the vast array of publicly available scientific knowledge by providing conversational, easy-to-understand explanations of complex topics.

Previous research has evaluated how well chatbots can disseminate medical information, but their reliability in providing nutrition information remains relatively unexplored. About the study

In this cross-sectional study, researchers followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guideline. They assessed the accuracy of the information that ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 provided on macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) and energy content of 222 foods in two languages – Traditional Chinese and English.

They provided a prompt that asked the chatbot to generate a table containing the nutritional profile of each food in its uncooked form. This search was conducted in September-October 2023. Related StoriesNutrition and aging: A two-way relationshipNew artificial intelligence algorithms facilitate diagnosis of difficult cancersAI-powered radiation therapy revolutionizes cancer treatment at Henry Ford West Bloomfield Hospital

Each search was conducted five times to assess consistency; the coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated across these five measurements for each food.

The accuracy of the chatbot’s responses was judged by cross-referencing its reactions with the recommendations of nutritionists according to the food composition database maintained by the Food and Drug Administration of Taiwan.

A response was considered accurate if the chatbot’s estimate of energy (in kilocalories) or macronutrients (in grams) was within 10% to 20% of that provided by the nutritionists.

The researchers also calculated whether the chatbots’ responses significantly differed from the nutritionists’ recommendations and between the two versions of ChatGPT. Findings

There were no significant differences between the estimates provided by the chatbots and nutritionists regarding the fat, carbohydrate, and energy levels of eight menus for adults. However, the researchers found that protein estimations varied significantly. The chatbot responses were considered accurate for energy content in 35-48% of the 222 included foods and had a CV lower than 10%. ChatGPT-4, the more recent version, performed better than ChatGPT-3.5 overall but tended to overestimate protein levels. Conclusions

The study shows that chatbot responses compare well with nutritionists’ recommendations in certain respects but can overestimate protein levels and also show high levels of inaccuracy.

As they become widely available, they have the potential to be a convenient tool for people who wish to look up macronutrient and energy information about common foods and do not know which resources to consult.

However, the authors stress that chatbots are not a replacement for nutritionists; they can improve communication between patients and public health professionals by providing additional resources and simplifying complex medical language in conversational, easy-to-follow terms.

They also note that the foods they included in the search may not be frequently consumed, which has implications for the relevance of their findings.

AI chatbots cannot provide users with personalized dietary advice or precise portion sizes, nor can they generate specific dietary and nutrition-related guidelines. Moreover, chatbots may be unable to tailor their responses to the region where the user resides.

Portion sizes and consumption units differ greatly from country to country, as well as by the type of food and how it is prepared. Chatbots cannot factor in crucial cultural and geographic differences or provide the relevant household units for each consumer.

Arguably, the most important limitation is that ChatGPT is a general-purpose chatbot – not one trained specifically on dietetics and nutrition.

The cutoff for the training dataset was September 2021, so more recent research would not have been included. Users must not mistake chatbots for search engines, as their responses are a product of their training datasets as well as the wording of the prompts.

However, considering the immense popularity of chatbots and other forms of generative AI, future products will overcome these limitations and provide increasingly accurate, updated, relevant, and practical information on diet and nutrition. Journal reference:

Chen, Y.C., Ho, D.K.N.H., Chiu, W., Cheah, K., Mayasari, N.R., Chang, J. (2023) Consistency and accuracy of artificial intelligence for providing nutritional information. Hoang, Y.N., JAMA Network Open. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.50367. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2813295

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Politics

Government takes first step in appealing court ruling banning asylum seekers from Epping hotel

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Government takes first step in appealing court ruling banning asylum seekers from Epping hotel

The government has taken the first step in appealing a court’s decision that asylum seekers cannot be housed in an Essex hotel.

The Home Office is seeking permission to intervene in the case, which, if granted, will allow it to appeal the interim judgment handed down last week.

Epping Forest District Council sought an interim High Court injunction to stop migrants from being accommodated at The Bell Hotel in Epping, which is owned by Somani Hotels Limited.

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Councils vs migrant hotels: What next?

The interim injunction demanded the hotel be cleared of its occupants within 14 days.

In a ruling on Tuesday, Mr Justice Eyre granted the temporary block, but extended the time limit by which it must stop housing asylum seekers to 12 September.

Somani Hotels will now appeal against the court order blocking the use of the hotel as accommodation for asylum seekers, the company’s solicitors have said.

Meanwhile, security minister Dan Jarvis said on Friday that closing hotels housing asylum seekers must be done “in a managed and ordered way” as he unveiled government plans to challenge the High Court’s decision.

More on Asylum

He told broadcasters: “This government will close all asylum hotels and we will clear up the mess that we inherited from the previous government.

“We’ve made a commitment that we will close all of the asylum hotels by the end of this parliament, but we need to do that in a managed and ordered way.

“And that’s why we’ll appeal this decision.”

An analysis by Sky News has found 18 other councils are also actively pursuing or considering similar legal challenges to block asylum hotels – including Labour-run Tamworth and Wirral.

Disquiet with the use of asylum hotels is at a high after the latest statistics showed there were more than 32,000 asylum seekers currently staying in hotels, marking a rise of 8% during Labour’s first year in office.

The number of small boat crossings in the Channel is also up 38% on the previous 12 months.

Following the Epping case, a wave of protests is expected outside of asylum hotels across the country in the coming days.

Stand Up To Racism is preparing to hold counter-protests outside the asylum hotels on Friday, including in Bournemouth, Cardiff and Leeds, with further demonstrations expected on Saturday.

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‘We can’t take them’: Wirral residents on migration

In its case, Epping Forest District Council argued that the owners of the Bell Hotel did not have planning permission to use the premises to accommodate asylum seekers.

It argued that the injunction was needed amid “unprecedented levels of protest and disruption” in connection with the accommodation.

Shadow justice secretary Robert Jenrick said the people of Epping who protested and its council have “led the way”, writing in The Telegraph that “our country’s patience has snapped”.

His Conservative colleague Chris Philp, the shadow home secretary, said on Thursday that people have “every right” to protest over asylum hotels in their areas.

Kemi Badenoch, the Tory leader, has urged councils to explore legal challenges – with Conservative-run Broxbourne Council announcing that it would do so.

Read more:
A council-by-council breakdown of asylum seekers in hotels
Who says what on asylum hotels?
Labour smell dirty tricks over asylum hotel court ruling

Hillingdon Council, which is also controlled by the Tories, also said it was exploring its options.

Meanwhile, former Reform chairman Zia Yusuf told Sky News three councils run by his party had the power to mount legal challenges.

He said West Northamptonshire, which Reform seized control of in May’s local elections, would be doing so.

In a further headache for Sir Keir Starmer, Labour-controlled councils are also considering legal action, including Wirral and Tamworth.

Paula Basnett, the Labour leader of Wirral council, said: “We are actively considering all options available to us to ensure that any use of hotels or other premises in Wirral is lawful and does not ride roughshod over planning regulations or the wishes of our communities.”

Carol Dean, the Labour leader of Tamworth Borough Council, said she understood the “strong feelings” of residents about the use of a local hotel to house asylum seekers, and added: “We are closely monitoring developments and reviewing our legal position”.

Labour-controlled Stevenage council added: “The council takes breaches of planning control seriously and we’re actively investigating alleged breaches relating to the operation of hotels in Stevenage.”

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UK

Government takes first step in appealing court ruling banning asylum seekers from Epping hotel

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on

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Government takes first step in appealing court ruling banning asylum seekers from Epping hotel

The government has taken the first step in appealing a court’s decision that asylum seekers cannot be housed in an Essex hotel.

The Home Office is seeking permission to intervene in the case, which, if granted, will allow it to appeal the interim judgment handed down last week.

Epping Forest District Council sought an interim High Court injunction to stop migrants from being accommodated at The Bell Hotel in Epping, which is owned by Somani Hotels Limited.

Please use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player

Councils vs migrant hotels: What next?

The interim injunction demanded the hotel be cleared of its occupants within 14 days.

In a ruling on Tuesday, Mr Justice Eyre granted the temporary block, but extended the time limit by which it must stop housing asylum seekers to 12 September.

Somani Hotels will now appeal against the court order blocking the use of the hotel as accommodation for asylum seekers, the company’s solicitors have said.

Meanwhile, security minister Dan Jarvis said on Friday that closing hotels housing asylum seekers must be done “in a managed and ordered way” as he unveiled government plans to challenge the High Court’s decision.

More on Asylum

He told broadcasters: “This government will close all asylum hotels and we will clear up the mess that we inherited from the previous government.

“We’ve made a commitment that we will close all of the asylum hotels by the end of this parliament, but we need to do that in a managed and ordered way.

“And that’s why we’ll appeal this decision.”

An analysis by Sky News has found 18 other councils are also actively pursuing or considering similar legal challenges to block asylum hotels – including Labour-run Tamworth and Wirral.

Disquiet with the use of asylum hotels is at a high after the latest statistics showed there were more than 32,000 asylum seekers currently staying in hotels, marking a rise of 8% during Labour’s first year in office.

The number of small boat crossings in the Channel is also up 38% on the previous 12 months.

Following the Epping case, a wave of protests is expected outside of asylum hotels across the country in the coming days.

Stand Up To Racism is preparing to hold counter-protests outside the asylum hotels on Friday, including in Bournemouth, Cardiff and Leeds, with further demonstrations expected on Saturday.

Please use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player

‘We can’t take them’: Wirral residents on migration

In its case, Epping Forest District Council argued that the owners of the Bell Hotel did not have planning permission to use the premises to accommodate asylum seekers.

It argued that the injunction was needed amid “unprecedented levels of protest and disruption” in connection with the accommodation.

Shadow justice secretary Robert Jenrick said the people of Epping who protested and its council have “led the way”, writing in The Telegraph that “our country’s patience has snapped”.

His Conservative colleague Chris Philp, the shadow home secretary, said on Thursday that people have “every right” to protest over asylum hotels in their areas.

Kemi Badenoch, the Tory leader, has urged councils to explore legal challenges – with Conservative-run Broxbourne Council announcing that it would do so.

Read more:
A council-by-council breakdown of asylum seekers in hotels
Who says what on asylum hotels?
Labour smell dirty tricks over asylum hotel court ruling

Hillingdon Council, which is also controlled by the Tories, also said it was exploring its options.

Meanwhile, former Reform chairman Zia Yusuf told Sky News three councils run by his party had the power to mount legal challenges.

He said West Northamptonshire, which Reform seized control of in May’s local elections, would be doing so.

In a further headache for Sir Keir Starmer, Labour-controlled councils are also considering legal action, including Wirral and Tamworth.

Paula Basnett, the Labour leader of Wirral council, said: “We are actively considering all options available to us to ensure that any use of hotels or other premises in Wirral is lawful and does not ride roughshod over planning regulations or the wishes of our communities.”

Carol Dean, the Labour leader of Tamworth Borough Council, said she understood the “strong feelings” of residents about the use of a local hotel to house asylum seekers, and added: “We are closely monitoring developments and reviewing our legal position”.

Labour-controlled Stevenage council added: “The council takes breaches of planning control seriously and we’re actively investigating alleged breaches relating to the operation of hotels in Stevenage.”

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Technology

Kimbal Musk on Elon’s Tesla pay package: ‘My brother deserves to be paid’

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Kimbal Musk on Elon's Tesla pay package: 'My brother deserves to be paid'

FILE PHOTO: Kimbal Musk speaks onstage at Move Over NFTs. Here Come the DAOs during the 2022 SXSW Conference and Festivals at Austin Convention Center on March 14, 2022 in Austin, Texas.

Chris Saucedo | Getty Images

Kimbal Musk, the younger brother of the world’s wealthiest person, said Elon Musk “deserves to be paid,” as Tesla remains locked in a legal saga over its CEO’s pay package.

“I think my brother deserves to be paid,” Kimbal Musk said on CNBC’s “Squawk Box” on Friday. “He has zero pay for the past six to eight years. I don’t think that’s right. I’ll let Tesla shareholders make that decision, but I believe that it does need to be. He needs to be paid.”

Elon Musk isn’t paid a salary or any cash bonuses at Tesla. He is compensated through “performance awards” of valuable stock options that are granted based on Tesla hitting certain milestones.

Earlier this month, Tesla granted Elon Musk an “interim” pay package of 96 million shares, which would be worth about $29 billion. The package includes shares that vest in two years as long as he continues as CEO or in another key executive position.

The pay plan was approved by a “special committee” of the Tesla board, with Elon Musk and Kimbal Musk recusing themselves, board members Robyn Denholm and Kathleen Wilson-Thompson said in an Aug. 4 letter to shareholders.

The award came after a Delaware judge in December ordered Tesla to revoke Elon Musk’s $56 billion pay package from 2018, which was the largest compensation plan in U.S. history for a public company executive.

Read more CNBC tech news

Before the Delaware ruling on his 2018 pay plan, in January 2024, Musk said he wanted even more pay and control of Tesla in a post on X, which was formerly known as Twitter.

“I am uncomfortable growing Tesla to be a leader in AI & robotics without having ~25% voting control,” Musk wrote at the time. “Enough to be influential, but not so much that I can’t be overturned. Unless that is the case, I would prefer to build products outside of Tesla.”

He was already building products outside of Tesla, including at his newest artificial intelligence venture, xAI, which was formed in Nevada in March 2023.

The new pay package was granted to Musk without a shareholder vote, and will only apply if Musk and Tesla lose on appeal in Delaware.

An investment group that works with pension funds, the SOC Investment Group, sent a letter this week to Nasdaq asking them to investigate Tesla, saying its board should have attained shareholder approval for the new package under Nasdaq listing policies.

Denholm and Wilson-Thompson wrote in the letter that the special committee is working to “address a longer-term CEO compensation strategy,” which it plans to put to a shareholder vote at Tesla’s upcoming annual meeting in November.

— CNBC’s Lora Kolodny contributed to this report.

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