US stocks have fallen for five days running as traders nervously await a speech from Federal Reserve chairman Jerome Powell.

Central bankers are gathering for an annual summit in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, where Mr Powell could indicate whether interest rates will be cut soon.

The Fed hasn’t reduced the cost of borrowing since December – despite repeated calls from Donald Trump to do so.

By contrast, the European Central Bank has slashed rates four times in 2025, with the Bank of England opting for three cuts so far this year.

Money blog: Top tips for entering US under Trump

The US president has nicknamed the Fed chairman “Too Late” Jerome Powell on social media – and has repeatedly called for his resignation.

But Mr Powell has argued that interest rates can only be lowered when there are clear signs that inflation is returning to its 2% target.

Today will mark his final keynote speech at Jackson Hole before his eight-year tenure at the Federal Reserve ends in May 2026.

Past addresses have been known to move the markets, with reaction often amplified because of lower trading volumes during the summer months.

Figures from the CME FedWatch tool show expectations for a US interest rate cut when policymakers next meet in September are on the decline.

One week ago, the probability of a 0.25 percentage point cut was priced in at 85.4%. But that fell to 82.4% on Thursday – and has dropped further to 73.3% at the time of writing.

It comes as other senior officials within the Federal Reserve, speaking on the sidelines of the three-day summit in Jackson Hole, continued to express caution.

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Beth Hammack, president of the Cleveland Fed, told Yahoo Finance: “With the data I have right now and with the information I have, if the meeting was tomorrow, I would not see a case for reducing interest rates.”

Of particular concern is the impact that Donald Trump’s tariffs are having on inflation – both in terms of costs for businesses, and what consumers ultimately pay.

Just this week, Walmart – the world’s biggest retailer – warned tariffs are squeezing its profit margins and leading to higher prices at the till.

It’s been a confusing week.

The Monday gathering of European leaders and Ukraine’s president with Donald Trump at the White House was highly significant.

Ukraine latest: Trump changes tack

The leaders went home buoyed by the knowledge that they’d finally convinced the American president not to abandon Europe. He had committed to provide American “security guarantees” to Ukraine.

The details were sketchy, and sketched out only a little more through the week (we got some noise about American air cover), but regardless, the presidential commitment represented a clear shift from months of isolationist rhetoric on Ukraine – “it’s Europe’s problem” and all the rest of it.

Yet it was always the case that, beyond that clear achievement for the Europeans, Russia would have a problem with it.

Trump’s envoy’s language last weekend – claiming that Putin had agreed to Europe providing “Article 5-like” guarantees for Ukraine, essentially providing it with a NATO-like collective security blanket – was baffling.

Russia gives two fingers to the president

And throughout this week, Russia’s foreign minister Sergei Lavrov has repeatedly and predictably undermined the whole thing, pointing out that Russia would never accept any peace plan that involved any European or NATO troops in Ukraine.

“The presence of foreign troops in Ukraine is completely unacceptable for Russia,” he said yesterday, echoing similar statements stretching back years.

Remember that NATO’s “eastern encroachment” was the justification for Russia’s “special military operation” – the invasion of Ukraine – in the first place. All this makes Trump look rather weak.

It’s two fingers to the president, though interestingly, the Russian language has been carefully calibrated not to poke Trump but to mock European leaders instead. That’s telling.

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The bilateral meeting (between Putin and Zelenskyy) hailed by Trump on Monday as agreed and close – “within two weeks” – looks decidedly doubtful.

Maybe that’s why he went along with Putin’s suggestion that there be a bilateral, not including Trump, first.

It’s easier for the American president to blame someone else if it’s not his meeting, and it doesn’t happen.

NATO defence chiefs met on Wednesday to discuss the details of how the security guarantees – the ones Russia won’t accept – will work.

European sources at the meeting have told me it was all a great success. And to the comments by Lavrov, a source said: “It’s not up to Lavrov to decide on security guarantees. Not up to the one doing the threatening to decide how to deter that threat!”

The argument goes that it’s not realistic for Russia to say from which countries Ukraine can and cannot host troops.

Would Trump threaten force?

The problem is that if Europe and the White House want Russia to sign up to some sort of peace deal, then it would require agreement from all sides on the security arrangements.

The other way to get Russia to heel would be with an overwhelming threat of force. Something from Trump, like: “Vladimir – look what I did to Iran…”. But, of course, Iran isn’t a nuclear power.

Something else bothers me about all this. The core concept of a “security guarantee” is an ironclad obligation to defend Ukraine into the future.

Future guarantees would require treaties, not just a loose promise. I don’t see Trump’s America truly signing up to anything that obliges them to do anything.

A layered security guarantee which builds over time is an option, but from a Kremlin perspective, would probably only end up being a repeat of history and allow them another “justification” to push back.

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Image and reality don’t seem to match

Among Trump’s stream of social media posts this week was an image of him waving his finger at Putin in Alaska. It was one of the few non-effusive images from the summit.

He posted it next to an image of former president Richard Nixon confronting Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev – an image that came to reflect American dominance over the Soviet Union.

That may be the image Trump wants to portray. But the events of the past week suggest image and reality just don’t match.

The past 24 hours in Ukraine have been among the most violent to date.

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What’s it like on the streets of DC right now, as thousands of federal police patrol the streets?

Who is Steve Witkoff, the US envoy regularly meeting Vladimir Putin and Benjamin Netanyahu to broker peace in Ukraine and Gaza?

And why is Californian Governor Gavin Newsom now tweeting like Donald Trump?

Martha Kelner and Mark Stone answer your questions.

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