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By Dr. Chinta Sidharthan Jan 26 2024 Reviewed by Lily Ramsey, LLM

In a recent study published in Communications Biology, a team of scientists investigated how type 2 diabetes and genetic susceptibility to the disease impacted the severity of and mortality risk associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using data from the United Kingdom (U.K.) Biobank.

Study:  Type 2 diabetes and its genetic susceptibility are associated with increased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in UK Biobank . Image Credit: PeopleImages.com – Yuri A/Shutterstock.com Background

Despite widespread vaccination across the globe, the COVID-19 pandemic continues, albeit in a less virulent form, with new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

SARS-CoV-2 infections have been found to manifest in a wide range of symptoms, from asymptomatic to severe cases involving acute respiratory distress, pneumonia, and death.

A significant number of COVID-19 cases are also known to progress into post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, commonly known as long coronavirus disease (long COVID).

Extensive research also indicates that clinical factors such as age, smoking behavior, and the presence of comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and respiratory diseases are risk factors for severe COVID-19.

Genome-wide association studies have also shown that genetic variants linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, lung disease, and those involved in immune mechanisms are associated with a higher risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections. About the study

In the present study, the scientists used U.K. Biobank data to investigate whether type 2 diabetes and polygenic risk scores for type 2 diabetes were associated with increased severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections and a higher COVID-19 mortality rate.

Additionally, they examined the effect of vaccinations on this association and evaluated the impact of numerous SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the recently emerged Omicron variants. Related StoriesLong COVID's impact on cardiovascular health: what we do and do not knowNew research finds semen microbiome's impact on male fertilityPaxlovid treatment in 20% of COVID-19 patients could avert 850,000 hospitalizations, save up to $170 billion

The polygenic risk scores for type 2 diabetes from the genome-wide association study summary statistics obtained from the U.K. Biobank were first used to determine the genetic predisposition for type 2 diabetes.

Here, to account for the confounding impact of body mass index (BMI) on type 2 diabetes, the researchers included BMI as a covariate while calculating the type 2 diabetes polygenic risk scores in the genome-wide association study.

Subsequently, they used the proportional odds models to determine whether type 2 diabetes and the genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes were associated with increased severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections.

They also examined how type 2 diabetes or the genetic risk for type 2 diabetes impacted survival time when the individual was infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Furthermore, the impact on survival time was reexamined with respect to vaccination status and for a wide range of SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Lastly, the researchers also examined whether mortality rates were significantly different between three groups — COVID-19, type 2 diabetes, and genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes — using a stratified survivor analysis. Results

The findings indicated that type 2 diabetes, as well as polygenic risk scores for type 2 diabetes, were associated with increased COVID-19 severity. The mortality rate was also found to be higher for individuals with type 2 diabetes or a genetic predisposition to it.

Based on the time of infection, the mortality rate for type 2 diabetes patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 was two to seven times higher than for those who did not have SARS-CoV-2 infections.

The rate of fatalities was also found to be higher for the early SARS-CoV-2 variants, with the fatality risk decreasing across Alpha, EU1, and Delta variants to the Omicron variants.

Furthermore, vaccinated type 2 diabetes patients had a significantly lower risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections than non-vaccinated ones.

The association between polygenic risk scores for type 2 diabetes and increased risk of severe COVID-19 also indicates an interplay between the genetic factors underlying type 2 diabetes and COVID-19, providing potential research avenues to explore to understand the novel genetic factors that are linked to severe SARS-CoV-2 infections. Conclusions

To summarize, the study examined the relationship between type 2 diabetes or the polygenic risk scores for type 2 diabetes and the odds of developing severe COVID-19.

The findings suggested that individuals who have either the genetic predisposition for or have type 2 diabetes are at an increased risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections and a higher risk of mortality due to COVID-19.

However, COVID-19 vaccinations were found to decrease the risk of severe COVID-19 and mortality in these groups. Journal reference:

Lee, A., Seo, J., Park, S., Cho, Y., Kim, G., Li, J., Liang, L., Park, T., & Chung, W. (2024). Type 2 diabetes and its genetic susceptibility are associated with increased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in UK Biobank. Communications Biology, 7(1), 122. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003024057991. https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-05799-1

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Politics

Starmer vows to fight any plots to oust him – as Labour MPs fear major budget backlash

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Starmer vows to fight any plots to oust him - as Labour MPs fear major budget backlash

Sir Keir Starmer is vowing to fight any challenge to his leadership rather than stand aside, amid claims of plotting by MPs being compared to TV’s The Traitors.

Number 10 is going on the attack ahead of a difficult budget this month, with fears it could prove so unpopular that Labour MPs may move against Sir Keir.

But Sky News political editor Beth Rigby reports the prime minister “has no intention of giving way”, with allies warning any challenge would lead to a “drawn-out leadership election, spook the markets, and create more chaos that further damages the Labour brand”.

One senior figure told Rigby any move against Sir Keir would be more likely to arrive after next May’s elections, rather than the budget.

They said many Labour MPs could probably get behind measures like tax rises for wealthier workers, pensioners and landlords, as well as scrapping the two-child benefit cap, if that’s what the chancellor announces on 26 November.

But there are a series of potentially damaging elections in May, including in London and for the Senedd in Wales, as Labour face a challenge from Reform UK on the right and parties like the Greens and Plaid Cymru on the left.

Rigby said there is a “settled view among some very senior figures in the party that Starmer lacks the charisma and communication skills to take on Nigel Farage and win over the public, particularly if or when he breaks a bunch of manifesto pledges”.

Sir Keir and Rachel Reeves have refused to rule out breaking their manifesto promises not to raise income tax, national insurance, or VAT at the budget.

The Number 10 operation to ward off a challenge comes after Sky News deputy political editor Sam Coates likened the febrile mood in the Labour high command to the TV hit The Traitors.

Speaking on the Politics At Sam And Anne’s podcast, he said: “A minister got in touch at the start of the weekend to say they believe that there’s some quite substantial plotting going on.

“They say there was at least one cabinet minister telling colleagues that Keir Starmer, and I quote, is finished.”

We’ve been here before…


John Craig

Jon Craig

Chief political correspondent

@joncraig

When Boris Johnson was facing mutiny from Conservative MPs, his allies launched “Operation Save Big Dog”.

When Margaret Thatcher was about to be ousted by her rebellious MPs in 1990, she declared: “I fight on, I fight to win.”

And Harold Wilson, constantly paranoid about plots, famously quipped in 1969: “I know what’s going on. I’m going on.”

Boris Johnson was ousted less than six months after “Operation Save Big Dog”, Margaret Thatcher resigned the following morning after saying “I fight on”, and Harold Wilson lost a general election to Edward Heath a year after vowing that he would go on.

Just saying.

Read more:
What tax rises will Reeves announce?

Coates said the cabinet minister “absolutely and totally denies they are up to anything nefarious whatsoever”.

“I actually do think that this is all in the style of The Traitors, because I’m not sure that there is hard and fast evidence of plotting – there might be some hints from some quarters,” he added.

“But what seems to be completely logical is that if you’re a bit worried in Number 10, you’re trying to pitch roll and ward off people who are maybe thinking about the need to position themselves by starting to get out rumours of plots and hoping that the political system turns against them for disloyalty.”

Who is plotting to unseat the PM? Pic: PA
Image:
Who is plotting to unseat the PM? Pic: PA

Cloak-and-dagger

Reports emerged on Tuesday night in The Times, The Guardian, and from the BBC of a “bunker mode” in Number 10, “regime change”, and “plotting” to replace Sir Keir.

Responding to the reports, Health Secretary Wes Streeting denied he was seeking to oust the prime minister.

A spokesperson for Mr Streeting told Sky News: “These claims are categorically untrue.

“Wes’s focus has entirely been on cutting waiting lists for the first time in 15 years, recruiting 2,500 more GPs and rebuilding the NHS that saved his life.”

It's not me, insists Wes Streeting. Pic: Reuters
Image:
It’s not me, insists Wes Streeting. Pic: Reuters

However, there is clearly a co-coordinated campaign by allies of the increasingly unpopular Sir Keir to try to prevent a leadership challenge by a cabinet minister or stalking horse.

Sir Keir’s biographer Tom Baldwin questioned the logic of those briefing from within the corridors of power.

“I’m at a loss to understand why anyone would think this sort of briefing will help Keir Starmer, the government, or even their own cause,” he said on social media. “Some people just can’t resist, I guess, but it’s all a bit nuts.”

What next?

It comes ahead of Prime Minister’s Questions this lunchtime, handing Tory leader Kemi Badenoch the chance to make it an awkward afternoon for Sir Keir.

The health secretary will start his day on Sky News’ Morning With Ridge And Frost and will then speak at an NHS providers’ conference.

Watch and follow live coverage across Sky News – including in the Politics Hub.

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UK

Starmer vows to fight any plots to oust him – as Labour MPs fear major budget backlash

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By

Starmer vows to fight any plots to oust him - as Labour MPs fear major budget backlash

Sir Keir Starmer is vowing to fight any challenge to his leadership rather than stand aside, amid claims of plotting by MPs being compared to TV’s The Traitors.

Number 10 is going on the attack ahead of a difficult budget this month, with fears it could prove so unpopular that Labour MPs may move against Sir Keir.

But Sky News political editor Beth Rigby reports the prime minister “has no intention of giving way”, with allies warning any challenge would lead to a “drawn-out leadership election, spook the markets, and create more chaos that further damages the Labour brand”.

One senior figure told Rigby any move against Sir Keir would be more likely to arrive after next May’s elections, rather than the budget.

They said many Labour MPs could probably get behind measures like tax rises for wealthier workers, pensioners and landlords, as well as scrapping the two-child benefit cap, if that’s what the chancellor announces on 26 November.

But there are a series of potentially damaging elections in May, including in London and for the Senedd in Wales, as Labour face a challenge from Reform UK on the right and parties like the Greens and Plaid Cymru on the left.

Rigby said there is a “settled view among some very senior figures in the party that Starmer lacks the charisma and communication skills to take on Nigel Farage and win over the public, particularly if or when he breaks a bunch of manifesto pledges”.

Sir Keir and Rachel Reeves have refused to rule out breaking their manifesto promises not to raise income tax, national insurance, or VAT at the budget.

The Number 10 operation to ward off a challenge comes after Sky News deputy political editor Sam Coates likened the febrile mood in the Labour high command to the TV hit The Traitors.

Speaking on the Politics At Sam And Anne’s podcast, he said: “A minister got in touch at the start of the weekend to say they believe that there’s some quite substantial plotting going on.

“They say there was at least one cabinet minister telling colleagues that Keir Starmer, and I quote, is finished.”

We’ve been here before…


John Craig

Jon Craig

Chief political correspondent

@joncraig

When Boris Johnson was facing mutiny from Conservative MPs, his allies launched “Operation Save Big Dog”.

When Margaret Thatcher was about to be ousted by her rebellious MPs in 1990, she declared: “I fight on, I fight to win.”

And Harold Wilson, constantly paranoid about plots, famously quipped in 1969: “I know what’s going on. I’m going on.”

Boris Johnson was ousted less than six months after “Operation Save Big Dog”, Margaret Thatcher resigned the following morning after saying “I fight on”, and Harold Wilson lost a general election to Edward Heath a year after vowing that he would go on.

Just saying.

Read more:
What tax rises will Reeves announce?

Coates said the cabinet minister “absolutely and totally denies they are up to anything nefarious whatsoever”.

“I actually do think that this is all in the style of The Traitors, because I’m not sure that there is hard and fast evidence of plotting – there might be some hints from some quarters,” he added.

“But what seems to be completely logical is that if you’re a bit worried in Number 10, you’re trying to pitch roll and ward off people who are maybe thinking about the need to position themselves by starting to get out rumours of plots and hoping that the political system turns against them for disloyalty.”

Who is plotting to unseat the PM? Pic: PA
Image:
Who is plotting to unseat the PM? Pic: PA

Cloak-and-dagger

Reports emerged on Tuesday night in The Times, The Guardian, and from the BBC of a “bunker mode” in Number 10, “regime change”, and “plotting” to replace Sir Keir.

Responding to the reports, Health Secretary Wes Streeting denied he was seeking to oust the prime minister.

A spokesperson for Mr Streeting told Sky News: “These claims are categorically untrue.

“Wes’s focus has entirely been on cutting waiting lists for the first time in 15 years, recruiting 2,500 more GPs and rebuilding the NHS that saved his life.”

It's not me, insists Wes Streeting. Pic: Reuters
Image:
It’s not me, insists Wes Streeting. Pic: Reuters

However, there is clearly a co-coordinated campaign by allies of the increasingly unpopular Sir Keir to try to prevent a leadership challenge by a cabinet minister or stalking horse.

Sir Keir’s biographer Tom Baldwin questioned the logic of those briefing from within the corridors of power.

“I’m at a loss to understand why anyone would think this sort of briefing will help Keir Starmer, the government, or even their own cause,” he said on social media. “Some people just can’t resist, I guess, but it’s all a bit nuts.”

What next?

It comes ahead of Prime Minister’s Questions this lunchtime, handing Tory leader Kemi Badenoch the chance to make it an awkward afternoon for Sir Keir.

The health secretary will start his day on Sky News’ Morning With Ridge And Frost and will then speak at an NHS providers’ conference.

Watch and follow live coverage across Sky News – including in the Politics Hub.

Continue Reading

UK

Government to reconsider whether to give compensation to Waspi women

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Government to reconsider whether to give compensation to Waspi women

A decision not to award compensation to the Waspi women will be reconsidered by the government because of undisclosed “evidence”, the Work and Pensions Secretary has said.

Waspi women – Women Against State Pensions Inequality – are those born in the 1950s who say they were not given sufficient warning of the state pension age for women being lifted – to be in line with men – from 60 to 65.

Politics Live: Who are the Waspi women and what happened to them?

They have long argued that this was done too quickly, leaving some women financially unprepared to cope with the number of years when they were no longer able to claim their state pension.

The government said in December that they would not be compensated, because most women knew the changes were coming.

Waspi campaigners at a protest in Westminster in October last year. Pic: PA
Image:
Waspi campaigners at a protest in Westminster in October last year. Pic: PA

But Pat McFadden told the Commons on Tuesday: “Since then, as part of the legal proceedings challenging the government’s decision, evidence has been cited about research findings from a 2007 report.”

The cabinet minister was referring to the rediscovery of a 2007 Department for Work and Pensions evaluation which had led to officials stopping sending automatic pension forecast letters out.

Mr McFadden said: “In light of this, and in the interest of fairness and transparency, I have concluded that the government should now consider this evidence. This means we will retake the decision made last December as it relates to the communications on State Pension age.”

Read more from Sky News:
Unemployment rate jumps to highest level since late 2020
Chancellor all but confirms she’ll break tax promises

Around 3.6 million women were impacted by the change to the state pension age. The government has previously said compensating them could cost £10.5bn.

Mr McFadden stressed that reviewing the decision should not be taken as an indication that the government will “decide that it should award financial redress”.

Angela Madden, the chair of Waspi, said the decision was a “major step forward”.

“The government now knows it got it wrong, and we are pleased they are now trying to do it properly,” she said.

“The only correct thing to do is to immediately compensate the 3.6 million Waspi women who have already waited too long for justice.”

The decision to refuse compensation was made despite a recommendation by the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman (PHSO) that the women should be paid up to £2,950 each.

The PHSO’s findings are not binding, and last year the then-work and pensions secretary Liz Kendall said that the cost could not be justified as most women knew about the changes.

Sir Keir Starmer also said compensation would “burden” the taxpayer.

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