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The annual cost of enjoying a moderate standard of living in retirement has risen by £8,000 in a year, according to the pensions industry body.

The Pensions and Lifetime Savings Association (PLSA) put the yearly price of a retirement income deemed “moderate” for a single person at £31,300 for 2023 to 2024 – up from £23,300 a year earlier.

The increase has come due to the rising cost of living – as food inflation and energy bills remain high – and higher expectations about retirement lifestyles.

A “moderate” level of retirement means retirees can afford a monthly meal out and financially help family members with a budget of £1,000.

Costs rose for a “comfortable” level of retirement but the rise was less sharp as research groups said a couple would need only one small second-hand car rather than two cars, which had been seen as needed to retire comfortably in previous years.

The retirement living standards are calculated by the centre for research in social policy at Loughborough University on behalf of the PLSA.

The pandemic is behind an increased desire for socialising expenditure in pension age.

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“Following the COVID pandemic, this latest research highlights a pronounced need and enthusiasm among the public for shared experiences beyond the confines of their homes, including activities like eating out and holidays,” said Professor Matt Padley, co-director of the centre for research in social policy at Loughborough University.

It follows the publication of the state pension age and demographic change report saying the UK state pension age will have to rise to 71 for middle aged workers.

To have a “minimum” retirement standard, as judged by the research, a single person would need to put away an average of £14,400 every year, up an extra £1,600 from £12,800 a year earlier.

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This living standard includes around £95 for a couple’s weekly groceries, a week’s holiday in the UK, eating out about once a month and some affordable leisure activities about twice a week.

A couple hoping to attain the “moderate” pension needs to bank £43,100 a year, up from £34,000 in 2022 to 2023.

In this category a couple could spend around £100 a week on groceries, £60 a week on eating out, run a small second-hand car, have a week holidaying in Europe and a long weekend break in the UK.

Those looking to retire with a “comfortable” living standard, including regular beauty treatments, theatre trips and two weeks’ holiday in Europe a year, need to put aside £43,100 annually, for a single person (up from £37,300 a year earlier) or £59,000 a year for a couple, an increase from £54,500 12 months prior.

The state pension, and the forthcoming 8.5% increase to just over £11,500 per year from April, continued to be a substantial foundation of retirement income, the study said, and this was a reason median average earners could achieve most aspects of the moderate level.

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Tesco eyes delivery of Crown Post Office branches

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Tesco eyes delivery of Crown Post Office branches

Tesco has expressed interest in acquiring more than 100 Crown Post Offices whose future has been placed under review as the state-owned company explores shifting them to a franchise model.

Sky News has learnt that Nigel Railton, the Post Office chairman, told a group of MPs this week that Britain’s biggest retailer had informed it of a potential interest in taking over the sites.

One MP who attended the talks on the future of the directly managed branches said that Mr Railton had given the impression in his remarks that Tesco was among a small number of suitors which could take over the entire 108-strong network.

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The fate of the Crown Post Offices was called into question last autumn as part of a wider strategic review initiated by Mr Railton, who took over as chair of the company following Henry Staunton’s sacking by Kemi Badenoch, the then business secretary.

Collectively, the branches employ close to 1,000 people, with many of those jobs likely to be safeguarded in the event of an acquisition of the whole network by a single retailer.

The meeting between Mr Railton and more than 20 MPs was organised to discuss the future of the directly managed branches, which form a very small part of the wider Post Office network.

Trade union officials have expressed concern about the company’s plans.

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Following several enquiries, Tesco eventually responded by saying it would not comment.

A Post Office spokesperson said: “We are fully committed to engaging openly and transparently with MPs regarding any potential plans related to our Directly Managed Branch (DMB) network.

“Since inviting expressions of interest for 108 Post Offices that we currently operate, we have received interest from retail partners and independent postmasters in the hundreds.

“We remain committed to engaging with our trade unions over the potential future ownership of our Directly Managed Branches, which are loss-making for us, into March before updating our colleagues who work in these branches on any potential next steps.”

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The strategic review outlined in November is designed to bolster sub-postmasters’ pay substantially during the coming years.

The loss-making Post Office requires an annual subsidy from the Treasury, with its future called into question as the Horizon IT scandal continues to sow controversy.

Sky News revealed last year that the Department for Business and Trade had drafted in consultants from BCG to explore options for turning the Post Office into a mutual.

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‘Godfather’ of AI warns arms race risks amplifying dangers of ‘superhuman’ systems

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'Godfather' of AI warns arms race risks amplifying dangers of 'superhuman' systems

An arms race for artificial intelligence (AI) supremacy, triggered by recent panic over Chinese chatbot DeepSeek, risks amplifying the existential dangers of superintelligence, according to one of the “godfathers” of AI.

Canadian machine learning pioneer Yoshua Bengio, author of the first International AI Safety Report to be presented at an international AI summit in Paris next week, warns unchecked investment in computational power for AI without oversight is dangerous.

“The effort is going into who’s going to win the race, rather than how do we make sure we are not going to build something that blows up in our face,” Mr Bengio says.

He warns that military and economic races “result in cutting corners on ethics, cutting corners on responsibility and on safety. It’s unavoidable”.

Mr Bengio worked on neural networks and machine learning, the software architecture that underpins modern AI models.

He is in London, along with other AI pioneers to receive the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering, the most prestigious global award for engineering, in recognition of AI and its potential.

He’s enthusiastic about its benefits for society, but the pivot away from AI regulation by Donald Trump‘s White House and frantic competition among big tech companies for more powerful AI models is a worrying shift.

‘Superhuman systems becoming more powerful’

“We are building systems that are more and more powerful; becoming superhuman in some dimensions,” he says.

“As these systems become more powerful, they also become extraordinarily more valuable, economically speaking.

“So the magnitude of, ‘wow, this is going to make me a lot of money’ is motivating a lot of people. And of course, when you want to sell products, you don’t want to talk about the risks.”

But not all the “godfathers” of AI are so concerned.

Take Yann LeCun, Meta’s chief AI scientist, also in London to share in the QEPrize.

Yann LeCun, Meta's Chief AI scientist
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Yann LeCun, Meta’s Chief AI scientist

“We have been deluded into thinking that large language models are intelligent, but really, they’re not,” he says.

“We don’t have machines that are nearly as smart as a house cat, in terms of understanding the physical world.”

Within three to five years, Mr LeCun predicts, AI will have some aspects of human-level intelligence. Robots, for example, that can perform tasks they’ve not been programmed or trained to do.

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But, he argues, rather than make the world less safe, open-source AI models such as DeepSeek – a chatbot developed by a Chinese company that rivals the best of America’s big tech with a tenth of the computing power – demonstrates no one will dominate for long.

“If the US decides to clam up when it comes to AI for geopolitical reasons, or, commercial reasons, then you’ll have innovation someplace else in the world. DeepSeek showed that,” he says.

The Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering prize is awarded each year to engineers whose discoveries have, or promise to have, the greatest impact on the world.

Previous recipients include the pioneers of photovoltaic cells in solar panels, wind turbine technology and neodymium magnets found in hard drives, and electric motors.

Science minister Lord Vallance, who chairs the QEPrize foundation, says he is alert to the potential risks of AI.

Organisations such as the UK’s new AI Safety Institute are designed to foresee and prevent the potential harms AI “human-like” intelligence might bring.

Science minister Lord Vallance
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Science minister Lord Vallance

But he is less concerned about one nation or company having a monopoly on AI.

“I think what we’ve seen in the last few weeks is it’s much more likely that we’re going to have many companies in this space, and the idea of single-point dominance is rather unlikely,” he says.

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Treasury Committee demands HMRC answers on sanctions regime after Sky News investigation

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Treasury Committee demands HMRC answers on sanctions regime after Sky News investigation

The Treasury Select Committee has sent a formal notice to HM Revenue & Customs demanding answers to critical questions about how it has been enforcing trade sanctions on Russia, following a Sky News investigation into the government department.

Last month Sky News reported that while HMRC had issued six fines in relation to sanction-breaking since 2022, it would not name the firms sanctioned or provide any further detail on what they did wrong. HMRC also admitted it had no idea how many investigations it was currently carrying out into sanction-breaking.

The admissions raised questions about the robustness of Britain’s trade sanctions regime, described by government ministers as the toughest in British history.

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How robust are UK-Russia sanctions?

While the UK has introduced rules preventing the export of certain goods to Russia, banned items are still flowing into the country via third countries in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Some suspect that part of the reason these flows continue is that HMRC is not enforcing the rules as robustly as it could be.

Following Sky News’ investigation, the chair of the Treasury Select Committee (TSC), Dame Meg Hiller, has written a letter to the chief executive of HMRC, Sir Jim Harra, with 10 questions about HMRC’s conduct in the enforcement of sanctions.

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Among the questions, the TSC chair asks: “Why doesn’t HMRC publish information on breaches in sanctions in a similar way to the Office for Financial Sanctions Implementation (OFSI), which gives the details of the company, how it breached sanctions and the amount of penalty issued?”

Many other countries around the world – most notably the United States – routinely “name and shame” those who break sanctions, in part as a deterrent and in part to inform other businesses about what it takes to break the rules. But HMRC instead protects the privacy of those who break sanctions.

The TSC has been scrutinising the sanctions regime in recent months, examining loopholes in the legislation and its enforcement. HMRC has been asked to respond to the letter by 17 February.

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