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By Deliana Infante Reviewed by Lily Ramsey, LLM

The sweet debate
Exploring artificial options
Nature's sweetness
Sweetener safety and health
Beyond taste and health
Sweet decisions
References 
Further reading

Artificial and natural sweeteners are popular sugar substitutes. While artificial sweeteners promise zero calories, their health effects are controversial.

Natural sweeteners, such as honey and stevia, offer a healthier alternative but still require moderation. Ultimately, making informed dietary choices about sugar substitutes is critical to overall health and wellness.

Image Credit: Pheelings media/Shutterstock.com The sweet debate

Artificial sweeteners are chemically synthesized sugar substitutes designed to provide the sweetness of sugar without the calories and potential blood sugar spikes.1 Common examples include aspartame, sucralose, and saccharin, which are often found in "diet" or "zero-calorie" beverages and low-sugar processed foods.1

Natural alternatives, on the other hand, are sweeteners derived from natural sources, such as plants or fruits. They include stevia, honey, agave nectar, and more.1,2 Although these sweeteners contain calories, they often have a lower glycemic index than regular sugar, meaning they're less likely to spike blood sugar levels.1,2

The prevalence of these molecules in the modern diet is hard to ignore. Fueled by a global push toward healthier eating and weight management, their use has skyrocketed; the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) alone has approved six artificial sweeteners and designated several natural alternatives as "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS).3

In addition to providing a lower-calorie alternative to sugar, these sweeteners allow people with diabetes to enjoy sweet-tasting foods without disturbing their blood sugar levels.3 However, the health implications are still a topic of much debate, underscoring the need to make informed dietary choices. Exploring artificial options

Six artificial sugar substitutes have been approved by the FDA:

Saccharin (Sweet and Low, Sweet Twin, Sweet'N Low, and Necta Sweet), aspartame (Nutrasweet, Equal, and Sugar Twin), acesulfame potassium (Sunett and Sweet One), sucralose (Splenda), neotame (Newtame), and advantame (Advantame).3

They typically have a more complex chemical structure than regular sugar, as they are synthetically-made compounds that contain nitrogen, chlorine, and sulfur elements. The most common are aspartame and sucralose.1

Aspartame is known for its intense sweetness and low-calorie profile. It is made up of aspartic acid and phenylalanine.4 When metabolized, it breaks down into these amino acids and a small amount of methanol. Although it is up to 200 times sweeter than sugar, it provides zero calories.4

Sucralose is another high-intensity artificial sweetener that is about 600 times sweeter than sugar.1,4 It is chemically produced by sucrose chlorination. Sucralose remains stable under heat and over a wide range of pH conditions. That's why it's ideal for use in cooking or processed foods.1,4 These sweeteners underwent a rigorous approval process before they came to market.5

The FDA5 and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)6 take strict measures to ensure the safety of artificial sweeteners entering the market.5,6 The approval process begins when a manufacturer submits a detailed application for food ingredient approval, including scientific research and evidence to support the product's safety. 5,6

The agencies then review the evidence and compare the cumulative dietary exposure estimate with toxicological information on the sweeteners. 5,6 If the substance meets the standards, it is approved.  However, its safety continues to be monitored. 5,6

It's also important to remember that each sweetener has an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), an estimate of the amount of a substance a person can consume daily over a lifetime without health risks.4-6 Often, these limits far exceed the amounts people consume. 4-6 Difference Between Artificial Sweeteners And Real Sugar Play Nature's sweetness

In addition to their enhanced sweetness, natural sweeteners have a unique and rich nutritional profile.  Stevia, for example, is a zero-calorie sweetener derived from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, but its high-intensity sweetness doesn't affect blood sugar levels.4 Another example is Siraitia grosvenorii Swingle fruit extract, commonly known as monk fruit/luo han guo.4

Then there's thaumatin, a natural sweetener derived from the fruit of the West African katemfe fruit.4 It's estimated to be 2000 times sweeter than sugar but has a different flavor profile that includes lingering sweetness and delayed onset.4

In the case of honey and maple syrup, these two natural sweeteners are composed primarily of fructose and glucose and have a moderate effect on blood sugar levels, but have interesting antioxidant and antibacterial properties.7,8 Sweetener safety and health

Scientific evidence shows that the health effects of artificial sweeteners vary. Aspartame, for example, is metabolized to methanol, which at high levels can lead to toxic health effects and has been linked to the development of cancer.4,9 On the other hand, sucralose (Splenda) has been associated with gut permeability and changes in the microbiota, negative modulation of T-cell responses, inflammation, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity.9-11

The WHO's risk assessment of aspartame concluded that there was limited evidence to change the ADI previously established.12 In the case of sucralose and the rest of the sweeteners (natural and synthetic), the WHO recommended against their consumption for weight loss unless the individual suffers from pre-existing diabetes.13 Beyond taste and health

It is important to note that dietary choices about sweeteners can have an impact beyond health. The production of artificial sweeteners often involves complex, energy-intensive industrial processes that contribute to a larger carbon footprint.

They have also recently raised public concern for their potential negative impact on aquatic life, as they are resistant to wastewater treatment and remain as a new source of pollution in water bodies.14

On the other hand, natural sweeteners, such as honey, may have their own environmental and ethical implications, particularly concerning the welfare of bees. However, this calls for attention to the growing trend of sustainable and ethically sourced sweeteners.15 Locally produced honey, organic stevia, and maple syrup, for example, have less environmental impact and often support community economies and fair trade practices.15 Sweet decisions

When choosing between artificial sweeteners and natural alternatives, health goals and dietary needs must be considered. Artificial sweeteners are low in calories and may aid in weight management for individuals with certain health conditions or diseases such as diabetes, while natural sweeteners such as honey or maple syrup have different nutritional profiles and biological activities.

For diabetes management, artificial sweeteners may be preferred due to their minimal impact on blood glucose, while natural sweeteners should be used with caution. Moderation is key, as excessive consumption of either type can interfere with weight management and glycemic control. References Chattopadhyay S, et al.(2011). Artificial Sweeteners – a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51(4), 611–621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0571-1 Commissioner, O. of the. (n.d.). How sweet it is: All about sweeteners. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [Online]  https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/how-sweet-it-all-about-sweeteners Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. (n.d.-b). High-intensity sweeteners. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [Online]  https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/high-intensity-sweeteners Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. (n.d.-a). Aspartame and other sweeteners in food. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.  [Online] https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/aspartame-and-other-sweeteners-food Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. (n.d.-c). Understanding how FDA regulates food additives and Gras ingredients. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [Online]  https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-and-gras-ingredients-information-consumers/understanding-how-fda-regulates-food-additives-and-gras-ingredients Food Additives. European Food Safety Authority. (n.d.). [Online]  https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/food-additives Samarghandian S, et al. (2017). Honey and Health: A Review of Recent Clinical Research. Pharmacognosy Res. 9(2):121-127. doi: 10.4103/0974-8490.204647. PMID: 28539734; PMCID: PMC5424551. Mohammed F, et al.(2023). Nutritional, pharmacological, and sensory properties of Maple Syrup: A comprehensive review. Heliyon, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19216 Artificial Sweeteners and cancer. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). [Online]  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/artificial-sweeteners-fact-sheet#:~:text=Six%20artificial%20sweeteners%20are%20approved,sucralose%2C%20neotame%2C%20and%20advantame. Schiffman S.S, et al. (2023). Toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties of sucralose-6-acetate and its parent sucralose: in vitro screening assays. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 26(6), 307–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2023.2213903 Zani F, et al. (2023). The dietary sweetener sucralose is a negative modulator of T cell-mediated responses. Nature, 615(7953), 705–711. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05801-6 World Health Organization. (n.d.-a). Aspartame hazard and risk assessment results released. World Health Organization. [Online] https://www.who.int/news/item/14-07-2023-aspartame-hazard-and-risk-assessment-results-released World Health Organization. (n.d.-b). Who advises not to use non-sugar sweeteners for weight control in newly released guideline. World Health Organization. [Online]  https://www.who.int/news/item/15-05-2023-who-advises-not-to-use-non-sugar-sweeteners-for-weight-control-in-newly-released-guideline Naik A.Q, et al. (2021). Environmental impact of the presence, distribution, and use of artificial sweeteners as emerging sources of pollution. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2021, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6624569 Choudhury, N. R. (2023, August 17). Are naturally derived sweeteners more sustainable?. Food Beverage Insider. [Online]  https://www.foodbeverageinsider.com/sweeteners/naturally-derived-sweeteners-sustainability-and-eco-friendliness Further reading What are the Effects of Artificial Sweeteners on Gut Health? Sucralose: Safety and Evidence Are Sweeteners Healthy?

Last Updated: Feb 16, 2024

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‘We need help’: Workers say shoplifting is ‘out of control’ as brazen thefts explode

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'We need help': Workers say shoplifting is 'out of control' as brazen thefts explode

A woman casually walks into a convenience store and starts filling a bread crate with goods from one of the aisles.

A shop assistant tries to stop her, but she shrugs him off, undeterred. With the crate now full of items, she leaves without paying.

It is a scenario that is played out day in and day out across Britain, as retailers warn the surge in shoplifting is now “out of control”.

A Nisa supermarket storefront
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Four in five store owners tell Sky News they’ve experienced shoplifting in the last week.

I’m sitting in the security office of a busy city centre shop and I’m watching as a schoolboy walks in and helps himself to a sandwich, stuffing it into his jacket.

Watching with me is shop worker Anton Mavroianu who positions himself by the main entrance waiting for the youngster to leave.

When the boy does leave, Anton demands the item back. Instead of being frozen with fear that he’s been caught, the boy laughs and walks off.

“All we can do is try to stop them,” Anton tells me. “But this is just another day for us.”

Anton Mavroianu
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Anton Mavroianu said he has been threatened with a knife while trying to stop shoplifters

A few weeks earlier, when Anton tried to stop a shoplifter who had stolen from the store, the man pulled out a knife and tried to attack him.

This terrifying incident is an example of the very real threat posed to shop workers as they try to stem the tide of brazen thefts.

Shoplifting offences recorded by police in England and Wales have risen to the highest level in 20 years.

The British Retail Consortium (BRC) also reports that theft-related losses cost the retail sector millions each year, adding strain to an industry already grappling with post-pandemic recovery and economic uncertainty.

For small businesses, which lack the resources of larger chains, persistent theft can threaten their very survival.

Read more on shoplifting:
Why legion of shoplifters is causing an explosion in crime
Theft and fraud costs Co-op nearly £40m in just 6 months

CCTV of a Nisa supermarket

Ricky Dougall owns a chain of convenience stores and says shoplifting cost his business around £100,000 last year.

“Shoplifting is a huge problem and it is what stops us from growing the business.

“People come in and help themselves like they own the place and when you call the police, most of the time, they don’t turn up.”

Supermarket owner Ricky Dougall - who says shoplifting cost his business around £100,000 last year
Image:
Ricky Dougall said part of the problem is how shoplifting is classified during sentencing

Mr Dougall says part of the problem is how this type of crime is classified.

Sentencing guidelines for thefts of under £200, so-called “low level shoplifting”, were relaxed in 2016. That is being blamed for the surge in cases.

An exclusive Sky News and Association of Convenience Stores survey shows that 80% of shopkeepers surveyed had an incident of retail crime in the past week.

The poll also found 94% of shopkeepers say that in their experience, shoplifting has got worse over the last year, with 83% not confident that the police will take action against the perpetrators of retail crime on their premises.

Paul Cheema from the Association of Convenience Stores says retailers are looking to Government to support them.

“I would say officials do not give a s*** about us retailers,” he tells me. “The losses are too big and I don’t think we can sustain that anymore.

“I would urge Keir Starmer to come and meet us and see up close the challenges that we are facing.”

Retailers have responded by investing heavily in security measures, from advanced surveillance systems to hiring more security staff.

But these investments come at a cost, often passed down to consumers through higher prices.

Read more from Sky News:
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I get chatting to Matt Roberts, head of retail in the store I am in. He worries about shoplifting, but he worries about the staff more.

“I would imagine they dread coming to work because they’re always on tenterhooks wondering whether something is going to happen today, whether they are going to have to try and confront someone.

“It’s a horrible feeling. It’s out of control and we need help.”

Matt Roberts, head of retail at a Nisa supermarket
Image:
Matt Roberts says he is concerned for his staff, who have to confront shoplifters

The government has acknowledged the urgency of the issue. Home Secretary-led discussions with retail associations and law enforcement are underway to craft a comprehensive strategy.

In the King’s Speech, the government outlined details of a Crime and Policing Bill, which promised to “introduce stronger measures to tackle low level shoplifting”, as well as introducing a separate offence for assaulting a shop worker.

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Two-thirds of teens living with fear of violence, charity warns

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Two-thirds of teens living with fear of violence, charity warns

Children do not feel safe, a charity has warned, as a survey finds two-thirds of teens in England and Wales have a fear of violence.

The charity, which surveyed 10,000 children aged 13-17, found that 20% of teenagers have been victims of violence in the past 12 months.

“I think what shocked me most is how this is a problem that affects all of our children,” said Jon Yates, CEO of the Youth Endowment Fund.

“We found that two-thirds of all teenage children are afraid. And that fear is pretty real for a lot of them.”

He said it’s a fear so palpable that many teenage children are changing their patterns of behaviour, or have had it influence their daily decisions.

One third of teenage children – 33% – reported avoiding areas, whilst around 27% alter their travel routes or avoid public transport altogether to stay safe.

More worryingly, however, some say the fear of violence has led to mental health challenges, with 22% reporting difficulties sleeping, reduced appetite and concentrating in school.

More on Children

Weapon carrying is also a concern for the charity, especially among vulnerable groups.

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From September: Young gangs of Wolverhampton

In England and Wales, 5% of all 13-17 year olds reported carrying a weapon in the past year, but that figure jumps to 21% for those suspended from school and 36% for children who have been excluded from school.

But Mr Yates said “shockingly” only 12% of children who repeatedly commit violence get any sort of support.

“That’s madness,” he said.

Jay*, 23, from Birmingham said depending on your environment, sometimes violence is hard to avoid.

“I’ve had friends be shot, I’ve got friends who have been stabbed, I had a friend die last month to be fair,” Jay told Sky News.

He said it is “damaging” because you never really get the opportunity to “heal”. He is now being supported by the charity Project Lifeline, but says before then it was difficult to find any hope.

“If you don’t have hope,” Jay added, “you can’t really get anywhere. It’s about finding that hope.”

Read more from Sky News:
Zombie knives just part of problem, says mum of stabbed teen

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Mark Rodney, CEO of Lifeline Project, mentors at-risk young children and said he has learned that “not only the perpetrator carries the knife, the victim sometimes carries the knife”.

“And not only the perpetrator does the killing,” he added. “The victim sometimes does the killing, because that’s where we’re at.”

He said far too many families ask themselves “is my child safe going to school or coming home from school?” and adds the government must “actually start addressing people’s concerns”.

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From September: Home Sec vows to halve knife crime

The report also found that in 93% of cases where teenage children repeatedly harm others, adults intervene with punishments such as school discipline or police involvement.

However, only 12% of these children are offered support aimed at addressing the root causes of violence and preventing further harm.

Mr Yates said: “They go to school, they do something violent. They get excluded.”

He added: “We need to be much better at saying, ‘we’re not going to lose that child. We’re going to keep providing support to them. We’re going to keep providing a mentor’.

“Instead, we let them fall through the cracks”.

A government spokesperson said: “Halving knife crime in a decade is a clear mission this government has set out.

“It is vital to protect vulnerable young people who are too often the victims or perpetrators of this crime.”

*names have been changed

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Corporate America is investing in record levels of solar and storage

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Corporate America is investing in record levels of solar and storage

Corporate America is investing in clean energy at record levels, with tech giants taking the top spots for users of solar.

Meta, Google, and Amazon are leading the charge in solar and battery storage adoption, according to the Solar Energy Industries Association’s (SEIA’s) latest “Solar Means Business” report.

Meta continues to hold the title of the top solar user in corporate America, with nearly 5.2 gigawatts (GW) of solar capacity installed. Meanwhile, Google leads the way in energy storage, boasting 936 megawatt-hours (MWh) of installed battery capacity. Through the first quarter of 2024, these companies have added the most solar capacity to their electricity portfolios, with major players like General Motors, Toyota, and US Steel also climbing the ranks.

The report reveals that US businesses have installed nearly 40 GW of solar capacity both onsite and offsite through Q1 2024, and corporate storage use now exceeds 1.8 gigawatt-hours (GWh). Even more growth is coming: Companies have over 3 GWh of battery storage under contract that will come online in the next five years.

“Some of the largest industrial and data operations in the world continue turning to solar and storage as a reliable, low-cost way to power their operations,” said SEIA president and CEO Abigail Ross Hopper.

Technology companies are at the forefront of this shift as data center growth drives skyrocketing electricity demand. Amazon, for example, leads the US with 13.6 GW of solar procurements under contract, while Meta and Google each have nearly 6 GW under contract – pipelines over 10 times larger than the next company in the rankings.

Target remains the US’s leading onsite corporate solar user for the ninth year in a row, with Prologis, Walmart, Amazon, and Blackstone also making the top five. For the first time, the “Solar Means Business” report is also tracking corporate battery energy storage, with Google, Apple, Meta, Target, Walmart, Home Depot, and Kohl’s among the top 10 companies using storage to meet more of their energy needs in real-time.

Looking ahead, both offsite and onsite energy storage are expected to play a bigger role in corporate renewable energy strategies. Medical companies like Kaiser Permanente are already using batteries to power microgrids, making their facilities more resilient to outages.

Carolyn Campbell, Meta’s head of clean and renewable energy, East, highlighted the importance of expanding solar capacity to match the company’s global operations with 100% clean energy: “We’re thrilled to rank number one for corporate solar procurement in SEIA’s report this year, and we continue to find ways to grow the grid to benefit everyone.”

Target’s vice president of property management, Erin Tyler, said of Target’s 20-year-old solar program, “Through our commitment to solar, we’re well on our way to achieving our corporate goal of sourcing 100% of electricity from renewable sources by 2030.”

The “Solar Means Business” report also looks at the policies driving corporate America’s adoption of solar. Many companies are taking advantage of the Inflation Reduction Act’s long-term clean energy incentives. To further accelerate their renewable energy investments, businesses are calling for improvements in interconnection processes, new community solar legislation, and simpler tax credit monetization.

Read more: A 100-MW solar farm just broke ground in Wisconsin


If you live in an area that has frequent natural disaster events, and are interested in making your home more resilient to power outages, consider going solar and adding a battery storage system. To make sure you find a trusted, reliable solar installer near you that offers competitive pricing, check out EnergySage, a free service that makes it easy for you to go solar. They have hundreds of pre-vetted solar installers competing for your business, ensuring you get high quality solutions and save 20-30% compared to going it alone. Plus, it’s free to use and you won’t get sales calls until you select an installer and share your phone number with them.

Your personalized solar quotes are easy to compare online and you’ll get access to unbiased Energy Advisers to help you every step of the way. Get started here. –trusted affiliate link*

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